Beck Anxiety Inventory Research Articles

Understanding the Pathology of Major Depression in a Non-clinical Student Sample: The Role of Mental Pain, Cognitive Emotion Regulation, Self-Compassion, and Anxiety

Background: Severe psychological or mental pain is an experience of discomfort that can be associated with mental illness (such as major depression) or loss (such as the death of a child). Objectives: The aim of this study is to understand the pathology of major depression using a non-clinical student sample by assessing the roles of mental pain, cognitive emotion regulation, self-compassion, and anxiety. Methods: This cross-sectional study selected a sample (n = 300) using a multi-stage random cluster sampling method. Data was collected using the Orbach & Mikulincer Mental Pain Questionnaire (OMMP), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), the Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BD-II). Results: The results of the forward multiple linear regression model showed significant standardized beta coefficients for the following variables: Anxiety and depression (β = 0.21, P = 0.002), mental pain and depression (β = 0.436, P < 0.001), maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depression (β = 0.21, P = 0.002), negative dimensions of self-compassion and depression (β = 0.082, p = 0.041), adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depression (β = -0.135, P = 0.031), and positive dimensions of self-compassion and depression (β = -0.078, P = 0.042). Additionally, the results indicated that 56% of the variance in depression is explained by mental pain, cognitive emotion regulation, self-compassion, and anxiety (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that therapies focused on emotional regulation and self-compassion can effectively address emotional problems, anxiety, and depression in individuals with depression.

Comparing the Anxiety of Patients with Epilepsy Before and After Drug Treatment

Background: Epilepsy is a neurological disease that affects people of all ages. Anxiety in patients with epilepsy is more prevalent than in other patients and can significantly contribute to disability in these individuals. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the anxiety levels of epilepsy patients before and after drug treatment. Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, participants were epilepsy patients who referred to the clinics of public hospitals. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were taking the drugs prescribed by their attending physician. The tools used included a demographic information form, the Health Anxiety Inventory (HAI), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). These tools were administered before the patients began taking the drug and at intervals of one, three, and six months after starting the drug, with follow-ups conducted by the patients. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 software. Results: The results showed that 59.5% of the patients were male, 33.5% had an education level of high school, and 42% were employed. The mean ± SD age of the patients was 44.72 ± 8.64 years. The mean ± SD HAI score before drug administration was 43.82 ± 7.29, and six months after drug administration, it was 17.52 ± 8.08. For the BAI, the mean ± SD score before drug administration was 48.66 ± 9.84, and six months after drug administration, it was 19.73 ± 10.73. Additionally, the BAI score indicated that drug administration in the first month had no significant effect on reducing the BAI score (P = 0.41). Conclusions: Considering the positive effect of drug administration on reducing the HAI and BAI scores of the patients, it is suggested that drug interventions be implemented to improve the health of these patients.

Associations between constipation risk and lifestyle, medication use, and affective symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: a multicenter cross-sectional study.

To investigate the association between lifestyle and atypical antipsychotic drug use in patients with schizophrenia and the risk of constipation and to assess the impact of anxiety and depressive symptoms on constipation risk. Cross-sectional convenience sampling was employed, and 271 participants aged 20-65 were enrolled. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire comprising participants' demographic data, medication information, dietary behavior assessment, and the Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory-II, and Beck Anxiety Inventory. IBM SPSS 24.0 with multivariate logistic regression was used for data analysis. We performed a subgroup analysis of anticholinergic drugs via multivariate logistic regression. In total, 180 participants had functional constipation; risk factors included female sex, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, and quetiapine and aripiprazole use. Patients who drank more than 3,000cc of water daily or used risperidone were less likely to have functional constipation. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were risk factors even after adjusting for sex, use of anticholinergics and laxatives, consuming two servings of fruit, consuming three servings of vegetables, consuming more than 3,000cc of water daily, physical activity, medical comorbidity, chlorpromazine equivalent dose, and atypical antipsychotic use. Similar associations were found for two affective symptoms and functional constipation in the subgroup analysis of anticholinergic drugs. The prevalence of functional constipation in patients with schizophrenia was 66.4%. The risk factors included female sex, anticholinergics, aripiprazole, quetiapine, and depressive and anxiety symptoms. Risperidone users and those who drank 3000cc of water daily were less likely to have constipation.

Validation of the Nepali version of beck anxiety inventory

Validation of the Nepali version of beck anxiety inventory

Parental care and overprotection predict worry and anxiety symptoms in emerging adult students

Anxiety disorders represent a prevalent mental health concern, with escalating rates, especially among emerging adults. University students, in particular, face a myriad of academic and life stressors that can amplify feelings of worry and anxiety. While early parental bonding seem to predict anxiety disorders later in life, the applicability to emerging adult students and its applicability to predict sub-clinical and transdiagnostic anxiety features remain unclear. This study aims to examine i) the relationship between demographic variables and key features of anxiety disorders (i.e., worry and anxiety symptoms); and ii) the predictive association between early parental bonding and anxiety-related features. A sample of 370 university students in Italy (n = 279 females; M age = 20.84 years, SD age = 1.81 years) completed the Parental Bonding Instrument, the Penn State Worry Questionnaire, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Females reported higher levels of worry and anxiety compared to males. Significantly higher worry and anxiety symptoms were reported by individuals who experienced affectionless control (low care and high overprotection) as compared to those exposed to optimal parenting (high care and low overprotection). Predictive models indicated that scores of parental care (i.e., the principal component between maternal and paternal care scores) and parental overprotection (i.e., the principal component between maternal and paternal overprotection scores) are robust predictors of worry and anxiety symptoms. However, this relationship showed a gender-specific pattern: lower parental care was more significant in predicting anxiety features in males, while high overprotection was more significant in females. The findings contribute to the comprehension of the risk factors influencing the susceptibility of emerging adult students to anxiety disorders.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PURSED LIP BREATHING AND DISTRACTIVE AUDITORY STIMULI REGARDING ANXIETY IN COPD PATIENTS

Anxiety of COPD patients is related to perceived clinical depression such as fear of acute dyspnea attacks with a sense of suffocation and fear of death. Anxiety can be treated by providing non-pharmacological therapies, namely Pursed lip breathing and distractive auditory stimuli. Pursed lip breathing is a breathing technique that helps more effectively in increasing oxygen saturation, which trains to exhale more slowly so that breathing will feel easy and more comfortable both when resting or doing activities. Distractive auditory stimuli (DAS) using classical music with a tempo of 60-80 beats/minute so as to increase patient calmness and control patient breathing patterns. This study was conducted to determine the difference between Pursed lip breathing and distractive auditory stimuli on the anxiety of COPD patients. Experimental research method two group pre-posttest design with 40 respondents taken using purposive sampling technique which each group consists of 20 respondents. Anxiety measurement tools using beck anxiety inventory. Bivariate analysis using man-whitney test . The results showed that the p-value of the Mann-Whitney test was 0.006. Conclusion: there is a difference in Pursed lip breathing and distractive auditory stimuli, indicating a decrease in the anxiety level of COPD patients

Stigma in maintenance hemodialysis patients: A cross-sectional study

This study aimed to explore stigma and its predictors among patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. We utilized corresponding scales to measure both stigma and quality of life, and examining their correlations. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained through self-reported scales and medical records, screening for possible predictors associated with stigma. We recruited 115 patients in this study, with an average age of 52.14 ± 11.84 years. The level of stigma indicated correlations with all modules of the SF-36 scale. Specifically, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role-emotional, and mental health modules had significant relationships with stigma (P < 0.05). Internalized stigma was significantly related to uremic pruritus and the duration of hemodialysis (P < 0.05). Enacted stigma revealed a significant relationship with uremic pruritus, the Beck Depression Inventory score, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory score (P < 0.05). Overall, stigma appears to exert negative impacts on the quality of life of patients undergoing incident hemodialysis. The occurrence of internalized stigma may be related to uremic pruritus and the duration of hemodialysis, while enacted stigma may be associated with uremic pruritus, depression, and anxiety.

Being highly sensitive person negatively impacts on cognitive and psychosocial fatigue in multiple sclerosis patients: A cross-sectional, monocenter study

BackgroundFatigue is a common symptom in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), but its determinants are not clarified yet. Sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) is a personality trait characterized by enhanced sensitivity towards endogenous and exogenous stimuli, and higher attention toward minimal stimuli, resulting in overarousal and fatigue. Objectiveto evaluate the association between SPS and fatigue in MS patients. Methods192 consecutive MS patients (age of 43.3 ± 12.1 years; females 67.2 %; median EDSS of 2.5 (0 – 7)) underwent clinical (EDSS, age, gender), cognitive (BICAMS, Trial Making Test [TMT]), psychosocial (Beck Anxiety Inventory [BAI], Beck Depression Inventory [BDI], Modified Fatigue Impact Scale [MFIS]) and sensitivity evaluation (Highly Sensitive Person [HSP]Scale). Patients were classified as HSP if the score was greater than 14. A stepwise regression model was applied to explore association between SPS and MFIS total scores and sub-scores, by accounting for age, gender, education, EDSS, Cerebral FS scores, TMT-Part A and part B scores, BAI, BDI, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). ResultsTotal HSP was 17.2 ± 6.8 and 129 patients (67 %) were classified as highly sensitive persons (HSP). HSP patients were more female patients (p = 0.02) with a longer disease duration (p = 0.03). HSP people showed higher total MFIS score (27.6 ± 20.6 vs 13.2 ± 14.1, p < 0.001), higher physical MFIS score (p < 0.001), higher cognitive MFIS score (p < 0.001), higher psychosocial MFIS score (p < 0.001) vs non-HSP patients. Higher total MFIS was associated with SPS trait (coeff. 6.9, p = 0.006). Specifically, SPS trait was associated with higher cognitive MFIS (coeff. 5.3, p < 0.001) and higher psychosocial MFIS (coeff. 0.7, p = 0.02). ConclusionSPS was associated with fatigue. Since SPS could be easily and quickly assessed in clinical settings, SPS could unveil a higher propensity of a patient toward fatigue occurrence over the disease course and could provide hints for possible preventive cognitive behavior therapy.

Outcome clusters and their stability over 1 year in patients with SLE: self-reported and performance-based cognitive function, disease activity, mood and health-related quality of life

ObjectiveTo determine if self-reported fatigue, anxiety, depression, cognitive difficulties, health-related quality of life, disease activity scores and neuropsychological battery (NB) cluster into distinct groups in patients with SLE based on...

Evaluation of the coping attitudes of Alzheimer patients' relatives from the perspectives of depression, anxiety and guilt

This study aims to assess coping attitudes in primary caregivers of individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease residing in an institution, and to evaluate the association between coping attitudes and levels of guilt, depression, and anxiety among caregivers. The sample of this study consists of 150 individuals with relatives diagnosed with Alzheimer. The Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Coping Attitudes Scale, the Guilt Inventory, and the Beck Depression Inventory were used in the present study. It was determined that the participants' coping levels were below the average score and that they frequently used problem focus coping attitudes. A positive relationship was found between the emotion focused, nonfunctional coping levels of the participants and their continuous guilt, anxiety and depression levels. Depression and guilt has a strong effect on coping attitudes, while anxiety was determined to be a moderate predictive variable. Findings show that caregivers with depression, anxiety and continuous guilt use non-functional and emotional coping more frequently.

Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation modulates masseter muscle activity, pain perception, and anxiety levels in university students: a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial.

Chronic anxiety is a statemarked by sustained activation of the masseter muscle, manifesting in both mental and physical strain. This prolonged tension can significantly impact mental wellbeing and cognitive abilities, posing a risk for a range of health complications. This double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial investigated the impact of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (TAVNS) on masseter muscle activity, pressure pain threshold (PPT), and anxiety levels in university students with elevated anxiety. Forty-two participants meeting inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to either active TAVNS or sham TAVNS groups. Various parameters, including masseter muscle electromyographic (EMG) signals, PPT, and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) scores, were assessed before pretreatment, immediately after the intervention week, and 2 weeks follow-up. Active TAVNS significantly reduced both left and right masseter activation during resting mandibular position, persisting for 2 weeks post-intervention. Additionally, TAVNS induced a lasting decrease in both left and right masseter PPT, indicative of altered pain perception. Notably, BAI scores showed a substantial reduction, emphasizing TAVNS as a potential intervention for anxiety, with effects maintained at the 2-week follow-up. This study provides comprehensive insights into the multifaceted effects of TAVNS on physiological and psychological aspects associated with anxiety in university students. The promising results underscore TAVNS as a potential neuromodulatory intervention for anxiety-related conditions, warranting further research and clinical exploration. https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-4s4kt2r.

Impact of alexithymia, attachment styles, and childhood traumas on the severity of body-focused repetitive behavior disorders

It is known that childhood traumas is associated with attachment problems, alexithymia and lead to some psychiatric disease. This study was investigated the relationship of body focused repetitive behavior disorders (BFRBDs) to childhood trauma, attachment styles, and alexithymia, and the impact of these factors on the severity of the disorder. 105 patients with BFRBDs and 90 healthy controls matched for age and sex were comprised in the study. Participants were administered sociodemographic data form, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Clinical Global Impression (CGI), Toronto Alexythimia Scale (TAS-20), Experiences in Close Relationships-II (ECR-II) and Childhood Traumatic Experiences Questionnairre (CTQ-28). Presence of childhood trauma, depression and anxious attachment score were found to be risk factors for the occurrence of BFRBDs. Physical neglect was found to have an indirect effect on the disease severity through the high score of externally-oriented thinking. Therefore, it should be kept in mind that patients who tend to present themselves as normal and do not express their problems/conflicts have a high severity of disease. In addition, it may be important to plan therapeutic interventions in patients according to their comorbidities such as alexithymia, attachment and childhood trauma.

Prospective Impacts of Social Participation Activities on Cognitive and Psychopathological Statuses in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

ABSTRACT Objectives This study investigated the impact of social activities on cognitive functioning and psychopathological symptoms. Methods Participants aged 55 or older were enrolled through communities. Initial measures assessed demographic data, neuropsychological functioning, psychopathological state, and happiness. Social activities were evaluated using a modified 12-item tool, with 3–4 activities as the cutoff. Follow-up after 6–9 months included Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Beck Depression Inventory – II (BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), and Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) measurements. Predictive models for psychiatric and cognitive statuses were built using multiple linear regression, adjusting for baseline conditions. Results Initially, 516 older individuals enrolled, with 403 undergoing follow-up. During follow-up, the low participation group reported lower MMSE scores, higher BAI scores, and increased PHQ-15 risk. Negative correlations between social activity numbers and PHQ-15 results were found. Engagement in social clubs correlated positively with higher MMSE scores, while regular interactions with one’s adult child(ren) were linked to decreased BAI scores. Conclusions The quantity of social activities was associated with lower somatic distress. Social club engagement positively influenced cognition, and regular interactions with one’s adult child(ren) mitigated anxiety among older individuals. Clinical implications Enough types of social activities, participating in social clubs, and adequate interactions with children protected against psychopathologies.

Prevalence of anxiety symptoms in infertile men: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundInfertility in men causes problems in various aspects of their lives, including personal, family and social life. One of the most important of these problems is anxiety. Anxiety in infertile men can affect their health, quality of life, and response to treatment, highlighting the significance of anxiety in these men. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the prevalence of anxiety symptoms in infertile men.MethodsTo conduct this review study, two researchers independently searched international databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of sciences, Scopus, PsyINFO, and the Google scholar search engine in English without considering any time limit until January 2, 2024. Keywords such as "anxiety," "infertility," "prevalence," and "epidemiology" were used, taking into account the specific search method of each database. Using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS), the quality of the articles was evaluated by two researchers independently.ResultsIn the systematic part of the study, 27 studies were included, and given the variety of measurement tools (8 different tools) used to investigate anxiety symptoms in infertile men, 24 studies were analyzed in five subgroups of tools. The pooled prevalence of anxiety symptoms in infertile men was 21.37% (95% CI: 15.73–27.02). The lowest and highest prevalence of anxiety in infertile men were related to the Beck anxiety inventory (BAI) and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS), accounting for 7.08% (95% CI: 3.27–10.90) and 34.90% (95%CI: 28.90–40.90) values respectively. This prevalence was 19.80% (95%CI: 9.01–30.59) for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), 30.06% (95%CI: 18.59–41.52) for the Spielberger Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T), and 18.52% (95%CI: 7.76–29.29) for the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS).ConclusionThe results of this systematic review and meta-analysis indicated that the prevalence of anxiety symptoms in infertile men requires special attention to healthcare planning. The healthcare system of different countries should evaluate the symptoms of anxiety in infertile men and take appropriate measures to reduce them according to the culture of the countries. It is recommended that all infertile couples be assessed for anxiety symptoms using a standardized tool during their initial evaluation.

The Mental Health Outcomes and Cost Estimates of Korean Medicine for Anxiety Disorder Patients.

Korean medicine (KM) is used to treat anxiety disorders, but there is limited research on its effects. This study aimed to examine the associations between improved QoL and reduced clinical symptoms and KM in patients with anxiety disorders. The medical records of patients with anxiety who were treated with KM (acupuncture, psychotherapy, Chuna therapy, aromatherapy, or herbal medicine) for at least 4 weeks were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical, QoL, and cost outcomes were measured at baseline and at weeks 4 and 12 (Anxiety: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI X-1 (state), X-2 (trait)], Beck Anxiety Inventory [BAI]; anger: State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory State [STAXI-S (state), T (trait)], Anger Expression Inventory [AXI-K-I (anger-in), AXI-K-O (anger-out), AXI-K-C (anger-control); depression: Beck Depression Inventory-II [BDI II], QoL: QoL-related instruments Euro Quality of Life 5 Dimensions utility score [EQ-5D], Euro QoL Visual Analog Scale [EQ-VAS]). The total costs for each item were calculated in terms of NHIS-covered costs and patients' out-of-pocket costs from the perspective of the healthcare system. The medical records of 67 patients were evaluated. The KM treatments were found to be associated with decreased anxiety (STAI X-1; STAI X-2; BAI, p < 0.0001), depression (BDI-II, p < 0.0001), and anger (AKI-K-I; AKI-K-O, p < 0.05) and increased QoL (EQ-5D; EQ-VAS, p < 0.0001). An average of USD 1360 was paid for the KM treatments for 4 weeks. The study findings suggested that KM may improve clinical symptoms and QoL outcomes in patients with anxiety disorders.

Vortioxetine treatment for neuropathic pain in major depressive disorder: a three-month prospective study.

Several studies revealed the therapeutic potential of vortioxetine (Vo) for pain. In this context, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Vo as a safe and tolerable novel pharmacologic agent in treating neuropathic pain (NP) in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). The population of this cross-sectional prospective study consisted of all consecutive patients who were newly diagnosed with MDD by a neurology doctor at a psychiatric clinic and had NP for at least 6 months. All patients included in the sample were started on Vo treatment at 10 mg/day. They were assessed with Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Self-Reported Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (S-LANSS), Douleur Neuropathique 4 Questions (DN4), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Neuropathic Pain Impact on Quality of Life (NePIQoL) at the beginning of treatment and during the follow visits conducted at the end of the first, second and third months of the treatment. During these follow-up visits, patients were also queried about any side effects of Vo. The mean age of 50 patients included in the sample, 76% of whom were female, was 45.8 ± 11.2 years. There was a significant reduction in patients' NP complaints based on DN4 and S-LANNS, the subscales of NePIQoL, and significant improvement in MoCA. There was a significant reduction in patients' NP complaints based on DN4 and S-LANNS scores and a significant improvement in scores of the subscales of NePIQoL and MoCA. The study's findings indicate that Vo, with its multiple mechanisms of action, can effectively treat NP independently of its mood-stabilizing effect. Future indication studies for Vo are needed to establish Vo's efficacy in treating NP.

A Simplified Version of the Chinese Tinnitus Disorder Scale and its Psychometric Characteristics.

This study aims to design a Concise and Practical Chinese Tinnitus Disorder Scale (CPCTDS), evaluate its psychometric measurement characteristics, and help doctors in making diagnoses and treatments. A sample of 482 tinnitus patients completed CPCTDS. The patients also completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and the Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI). The eight items of CPCTDS were extracted through its exploratory factor analysis, which had strong internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.855). The correlations between the total scores of CPCTDS and Tinnitus Disability Inventory (TDI; r = 0.960, P < 0.05) and TFI (r = 0.749, P < 0.05) indicated a good criterion validity. The correlation of the CPCTDS emotional subscale with the TFI emotional subscale (r = 0.650, P < 0.05), CES-D (r = 0.488, P < 0.05), and BAI (r =.384, p< 0.05) showed that the convergent validity of CPCTDS was satisfactory. CPCTDS and the original Chinese version of TDI were highly reliable and valid. This finding shows that the two scales can be reliably used to assess the severity of tinnitus in clinical areas.

Evaluating the Therapeutic Effectiveness of Music Therapy in Post-Laparoscopic Ovarian Cystectomy Patients: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.

The therapeutic effects of music therapy on improving negative emotions and reducing pain are increasingly acknowledged. However, limited clinical research exists on its use in patients post-laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy (LOC). A total of 147 patients undergoing LOC at our hospital were evaluated. Patients were divided based on the implementation time of music therapy: group A (72 patients, October 2020 to October 2021) received standard clinical treatment, while group B (75 patients, November 2021 to November 2022) received music therapy alongside routine care. The baseline data of patients and the scores of the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire were collected. Pain and psychological stress levels were compared on the first postoperative day and at discharge to assess the clinical value of each treatment approach. Group B exhibited significantly lower PSS, SF-MPQ, and BAI scores (P < 0.001 for all) and higher overall satisfaction at discharge (P < 0.001). These findings suggest that music therapy can reduce psychological stress, decrease pain levels, and improve mood in patients undergoing LOC. This study demonstrates that music therapy positively rehabilitates patients after LOC, offering new insights for future clinical treatment strategies.

Burden and predictors of anxiety disorder among HIV patients on ART in Nairobi Kenya

Anxiety disorders are prevalent among people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) globally, but data on the prevalence and factors associated with this mental illness are limited among HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Kenya. This study determined the prevalence and correlates of anxiety disorder among HIV patients receiving care and treatment at the Comprehensive Care Clinic (CCC) in Mbagathi Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya. This was a cross-sectional study where 205 eligible and consenting participants were systematically enrolled. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) Questionnaire was used to assess anxiety levels, with a score of 8 or more indicating moderate to severe anxiety. Structured questionnaires were used to collect information on factors associated with anxiety disorder. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used to analyze data. Of the enrolled 205 patients, 122 (59.5%) were female. The median age and household size were 49 years (Interquartile range IQR 39–54) and 3 people (IQR 2–3) respectively. A large proportion of the participants, 169 (82.4%) were on the first-line ART regimen and the median duration on ART was 13 years (IQR 7–18). Nearly a third of the participants 60 (29.3%) had anxiety disorder. Male participants (adjusted odds ratio—aOR 0.33; 95% confidence interval—CI 0.13–0.78) were less likely to have anxiety disorder. Self-employment (aOR 5.57; 95% CI 2.17–20.06), larger households (aOR 1.48; 95%CI 1.11–2.03) and no history of tuberculosis infection (aOR 2.9; 95% CI; 1.29–6.96) were factors associated with having anxiety disorder. Among PLHIV receiving ART in Nairobi County, Kenya, there is a considerable burden of anxiety disorder which was associated with gender, occupation, household population size and history of tuberculosis infection.

Investigating the Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Levels of Social Anxiety and Dental Anxiety in Adolescents

Background: Dental anxiety is a challenge faced by dental professionals when treating young children and adolescents. It is caused by several complex factors. This study aimed to investigate the association between different parenting styles and the levels of social anxiety and dental anxiety in adolescents. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 126 adolescents aged 12-19 and their mothers at a private pediatric dental clinic in Zahedan in 2021. The convenience sampling method was used to select participants. The Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were employed to measure dental anxiety and social anxiety, respectively. Mothers completed the Baumrind Parenting Styles Questionnaire. Statistical analyses included variance tests, post hoc (Tukey) tests, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression analysis. Results: According to the findings of this study, the number of mothers with permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative parenting styles was 4 (3.2%), 9 (7.1%), and 113 (89.7%), respectively. The means±standard deviations (SD) of dental anxiety in the authoritative, permissive, and authoritarian parenting styles were 45.80±28.0%, 45.31±11.83%, and 35.42±18.49%, respectively. In addition, the mean scores±SD of social anxiety in the authoritative, permissive, and authoritarian parenting styles were 22.61±17.71%, 48.81±5.24%, and 38.72 ±11.93%, respectively. According to the results, social anxiety and maternal parenting styles were significant and influential factors in dental anxiety in adolescents (P&lt;0.001). Conclusion: This study highlights the significant relationship between dental anxiety, social anxiety, and parenting styles in adolescents. Addressing social anxiety and understanding the impact of parenting styles can help reduce dental anxiety. Interventions should prioritize creating a supportive environment and attending to psychological well-being alongside dental care.