Beck Depression Inventory Scale Research Articles

Anxiety, depression and coping strategies among chronic medical patients with coronavirus disease-2019: a multicenter follow-up cohort study

BackgroundStudies have shown that COVID-19 patients experience high levels of anxiety, depression, and stress during the pandemic. Patients adopt different coping strategies to reduce their psychological distressAimTo compare the immediate and long-term psychological impact of COVID-19 disease on patients with and without chronic medical illnesses (CMI) and identify coping styles of both groups during the peak of COVID-19 disease in Egypt.MethodsThis is a cohort follow-up study, that included an online survey consisting of General Health Questionnaire-12, Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, Beck Depression Inventory and Brief-COPE scale. The Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist was completed after 6 months. Questionnaires were distributed to adult patients with a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 virus infection during their quarantine in Egypt.ResultsThere was no significant difference between the two groups regarding anxiety and depression during the acute infection. Patients without CMI relied significantly on the use of informational support to cope with COVID-19 disease. Patients with CMI continued to show significant depressive symptoms after 6 months without significant PTSD symptoms.ConclusionsCOVID-19 has similar immediate psychological impact on patients with and without CMI. However, patients with CMI continue to show depression on long-term follow-up.

Psychological Assessment in Children With Epilepsy and Their Mothers

Objective: Epilepsy is a chronic disease with high morbidity. Our study aims to investigate the scores of anxiety and depression in children with epilepsy and their mothers and the role of parental attitudes in these children. Material and Methods: The study included 35 children with epilepsy and their mothers. Control group consisted of 35 healthy children of similar age and sex to the study group and their mothers. Parenting Style Inventory (PSI), Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale - Parent version (RCADS-P) scales were used in the patient and control groups. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between mother anxiety and depression scores in terms of BDI and BAI scales. There were no significant differences between the total and subscale scores of the anxiety and depression in the children of study and control groups in terms of RCADS-P. Strictness/supervision subscale of PSI average was statistically significantly higher in the patient group but the Psychological Autonomy subscale average was found lower. The mean scores of Excessive Maternity and Obsession and Discipline subscale of PARI were significantly higher in the patient group. Conclusion: Mothers of children with epilepsy may be overprotective or authoritarian. Overprotective or authoritative parental attitudes in children can lead to loss of self-esteem. Therefore, besides the treatment of children with epilepsy, attention should be paid to improving the wrong attitudes of their parents.

Stressful life events and openness to experience: Relevance to depression

BackgroundStressful life events are known as risk factors for depression, though there is considerable heterogeneity in how people respond to stress. Previous studies have found an association between experience of stressful life events and the personality trait of openness to experience, which itself has been associated with intelligence, creativity, risk-taking, and other clinically relevant behaviors. In this study we explore the association between stressful life events and openness to experience as a potential developmental pathway to depression in the Amish and Mennonites, rural populations with high degree of social and environmental homogeneity. MethodsParticipants in the Amish Connectome Project (n=531) were assessed with the NEO personality inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Maryland Trait and State Depression scales, a Life Stressors Inventory, and cognitive tests. ResultsWe found that stressful life events were significantly associated with openness to experience; that participants with a history of depression exhibited higher levels of openness; and that openness to experience was related to overall intelligence but not processing speed or working memory. We found evidence that openness to experience partially mediates the relationship between stressful life events and depression. LimitationsThis was a cross-sectional study, limiting interpretation of causal pathways. High levels of inter-relatedness among participants may have led to exaggerated effects compared to the general population. ConclusionsTogether these findings indicate a complex developmental influence of major stressful life events, which paradoxically by enhancing openness may be associated with both greater intellectual engagement as well as psychopathology.

Association between Visceral Adiposity Index, Binge Eating Behavior, and Grey Matter Density in Caudal Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Severe Obesity.

Visceral adipose tissue accumulation is an important determinant of metabolic risk and can be estimated by the visceral adiposity index (VAI). Visceral adiposity may impact brain regions involved in eating behavior. We aimed to examine the association between adiposity measurements, binge eating behavior, and grey matter density. In 20 men and 59 women with severe obesity, Grey matter density was measured by voxel-based morphometry for six regions of interest associated with reward, emotion, or self-regulation: insula, orbitofrontal cortex, caudal and rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Binge eating behavior, depression and impulsivity was assessed by the Binge Eating Scale, Beck Depression Inventory and UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale, respectively. Men and women were distinctively divided into two subgroups (low-VAI and high-VAI) based on the mean VAI score. Women with high-VAI were characterized by metabolic alterations, higher binge eating score and lower grey matter density in the caudal ACC compared to women with low-VAI. Men with high-VAI were characterized by a higher score for the sensation-seeking subscale of the UPPS–Impulsive Behavior Scale compared to men with low-VAI. Using a moderation–mediation analysis, we found that grey matter density in the caudal ACC mediates the association between VAI and binge eating score. In conclusion, visceral adiposity is associated with higher binge eating severity in women. Decreased grey matter density in the caudal ACC, a region involved in cognition and emotion regulation, may influence this relationship.

Comparative Study: Mental Health of Indian Citizens and Indians Overseas

India is becoming the leading nation of immigrant origin in. Every year many people emigrate from India to other countries. Immigration is not easy and comes with its own troubles and has a profound impact on mental health. The aim of the study was to compare the mental health of Indian citizens and Indians overseas (NRIs and POIs). Samples (N=100) were collected from people living in India, Canada and USA falling in the age group of 21-75years. Two self-rated scales Beck depression inventory and Zung self-rated anxiety scale was used to collect the data. The results show that a total of 23% of the samples were suffering from depression. 16% were dealing with mild mood disturbances, 2% with borderline clinical depression, 3% moderate depression, 1% severe depression and 1% extreme depression as self-rated depression and for anxiety the results show that 27% of the sample population were suffering from anxiety issues. 25% had minimal to moderate anxiety levels and 2% had marked to severe anxiety levels as self-rated anxiety. ANOVA analysis was used to compare the two groups it showed that over all there was no significant difference between the two groups. Although while comparing the population in age groups it was found 21-30year old Indian citizen mental health was better than Indians overseas. No significant difference was found in the age groups 330-50years and 50and above.

Different scoring rules for respiratory event-related leg movements: effects on the prevalence of periodic limb movements during sleep and their association with depressive symptoms in patients with obstructive sleep apnea

BackgroundWe compared the prevalence of periodic leg movements during sleep (PLMS) according to two different scoring rules of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) 2012 and World Association of Sleep Medicine (WASM) 2016 and determined their association with depressed mood in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). MethodsPLMS, defined as a periodic leg movements index of >15, were diagnosed on a diagnostic and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) titration polysomnography using the AASM 2012 and WASM 2016 rules. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were used, and multiple regression analyses were performed. ResultsAmong 160 OSA patients, the proportion with PLMS scored by the WASM 2016 criteria was significantly higher than that scored by the AASM 2012 criteria in a diagnostic study (20.6% vs. 16.3%, respectively; P = 0.016) but not in CPAP titration study and only in patients with severe OSA. In adjusted models, PLMS were positively associated with BDI scores and a BDI of ≥10 on both diagnostic and CPAP titration studies when scored by the WASM 2016. By contrast, when scored by the AASM 2012, PLMS were associated with BDI scores (but not BDI of ≥10) only in a CPAP titration study. ConclusionsThere are significant differences in the prevalence of PLMS and their association with depressed mood depending on the scoring rules in patients with OSA. The current AASM scoring criteria underestimate the prevalence of PLMS, and PLMS are more likely associated with depressed mood according to the WASM scoring criteria.

Physiotherapy versus Consecutive Physiotherapy and Cognitive Treatment in People with Parkinson's Disease: A Pilot Randomized Cross-Over Study.

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by motor and cognitive dysfunctions that can usually be treated by physiotherapy or cognitive training, respectively. The effects of consecutive physiotherapy and cognitive rehabilitation programs on PD deficits are less investigated. Objective: We investigated the effects of 3 months of physiotherapy (physiotherapy treatment group) or consecutive physiotherapy and cognitive (physiotherapy and cognitive treatment group) rehabilitation programs on cognitive, motor, and psychological aspects in 20 PD patients. Methods: The two groups switched programs and continued rehabilitation for another 3 months. The outcomes were score improvement on cognitive (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Frontal Assessment Battery, Trail Making Test, Verbal Phonemic Fluency, Digit Span, and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning), motor (Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale-III, Berg Balance Scale, Two-Minute Walking Test, and Time Up and Go), and psychological (Beck Depression Inventory and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) scales. Results: Between-group comparison revealed a significant difference in functional mobility between the two rehabilitation programs. Improvements in walking abilities were noted after both interventions, but only the patients treated with consecutive training showed better performance on functional mobility and memory tasks. Conclusion: Our findings support the hypothesis that consecutive physiotherapy plus cognitive rehabilitation may have a greater benefit than physiotherapy alone in patients with PD.

#3031 Outcome and evaluation of an outpatient multidisciplinary group-based rehabilitative therapy programme for functional neurological disorder

AimsWe report findings from an eight-week rehabilitative therapy programme, delivered in a neuropsychiatric outpatient setting, with co-primary aims to (1) reduce symptom severity, and (2) improve functional mobility, in selected adults with a diagnosis of Functional Neurological Disorder (FND). Effectiveness of the programme was assessed in regard to outcome data routinely collected throughout the programme, and at three-month follow-up.MethodFollowing appropriate referral, criteria screening and initial assessment, suitable individuals attended as day patients for two days per week over an eight-week period, and a follow-up session provided at three months. The programme comprised individual sessions of Physiotherapy (PT), Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and self-management, as well as group physiotherapy workshops and psycho-educational sessions. Outcome measures included the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-ii), Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS), and clinician-rated observation of mobility-aid requirement. Mobility-aid requirement was categorised as follows: unaided, walking-aid, and wheelchair user. Analyses included only data from individuals completing both treatment and follow-up (n = 31). Friedmans ANOVA assessed overall change in outcome measure scores over time. Dunn-Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used to compare pairs of time-points (Weeks 1, 8, three-month follow-up).ResultsThere were statistically significant overall improvements on the BAI,χ2(2) = 15.35, p <.001,BDI-ii,χ2(2) = 24.61, p <.001,WSAS,χ2(2) = 24.61, p =.001, and in category of mobility-aid requirement, χ2(2) = 19.50, p <.001.Descriptive statistics indicated that 45% of patients could mobilise unaided prior to programme attendance, with 84%able to mobilise unaided at follow-up. Post-hoc Dunn-Bonferroni tests indicated that reductions in scores were significant between Week 1 and Week 8 for the BAI, p =.004, BDI-ii, p <.001, and WSAS, p =.004, and between Week 1 and three-month follow-up for the BAI, p =.002, BDI-ii, p =.001, and WSAS, p =.006.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that an outpatient rehabilitative therapy programme can be a beneficial treatment approach, as patients reported reduced symptom severity in terms of anxiety, depression, and functional impairment, as demonstrated by scores on the BAI, BDI-ii and WSAS, and displayed improvements in mobility, as determined by reduced mobility-aid requirement. Although further evaluation would be encouraged to address limitations of these findings, they serve as a positive indication of an effective alternative to inpatient treatment.

Depression among attendants of the Sudanese National Association of the Blinds in Khartoum, Sudan

BackgroundBlindness has profound consequences for the victim, family, and society. The impact of vision loss on daily life activities could lead to psychological stress. Early treatment of depression may reduce the added disability that is associated with vision loss. This study aimed to assess the extent and associated factors with depression among the Sudanese blind people in Khartoum, Sudan. A cross-section facility-based study was conducted, in which depression among the participants was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory Scale. A chi-square test was implemented to determine the relationship between categorical variables and the significance level for all analyses was set at p < 0.05.ResultsA total of 185 participants were included in the study. Out of them, 84.3% were male and near half of the participants (42.2%) were born blind. The prevalence of depression among the participants was 11.4%. There were significantly higher rates of depression in those who were illiterate (χ2 = 6.233, p = 0.044) and in those whose loss of vision was due to accidents or traumatic causes and loss of vision due to accidents or traumatic causes (χ2 = 12.840, p = 0.002). There was significantly lower rate of depression in those who were born with blindness compared to others (χ2 = 10.504, p = 0.005).ConclusionsPeople who were born blind have a lower rate of depression and people who lost their sight due to trauma have a higher rate of depression, and therefore, requiring more psychiatric support. Despite the relatively low percentage of depression, establishing programs for early identification and combating depression among the blind population in our setting is highly recommended.

In-Treatment Changes in Quality of Life-Related Variables in Therapeutic Communities for Cocaine Abusers: Are These Changes Associated with Clinical Outcomes?

Background: Few studies have explored changes in quality of life during the first three months of admission to a therapeutic community for addictions. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between these changes and treatment outcomes at discharge. Methods: We undertook a prospective longitudinal study of 142 cocaine-dependent patients treated at a therapeutics community. All of these patients reached the 3-month evaluation and were subsequently followed until discharge. All participants completed the following measures: Health-Related Quality of Life for Drug Abusers Test; Beck Depression Inventory; State–Trait Anxiety Inventory; Opiate Treatment Index; Dual Diagnosis and Discharge Checklist. Results: At the 3-month assessment, scores on the Health-Related Quality of Life for Drug Abusers Test had increased significantly (Cohen’s d: 0.92), while scores on the Opiate Treatment Index (Cohen’s d: 0.86) and Beck Depression Inventory (Cohen’s d: 0.20) scales both decreased significantly. A higher proportion of the patients considered to have achieved “clinically relevant” treatment outcomes at discharge versus those without clinically relevant outcomes were considered “recovered” according to the Reliable Change Index. Conclusions: An improvement in quality of life-related variables from baseline to the 3-month assessment was associated with better outcomes at discharge from the therapeutic community. The findings of this study may help us to optimise therapeutic interventions.

Effect of exercise on depression and fatigue in breast cancer women undergoing chemotherapy: A randomized controlled trial

BackgroundDepression and fatigue are common consequences of breast cancer that lead to dysfunction and reduced quality of life of patients. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of exercise program on depression and fatigue in breast cancer women undergoing chemotherapy. MethodsThis randomized controlled trial study was performed on 60 breast cancer women undergoing chemotherapy in Kermanshah hospitals from 2017-2018. Participants were selected using convenience sampling and were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Data collection tools included demographic information form and standard Beck depression inventory (BDI-II) and fatigue severity scale (FSS). The intervention group performed the 20-30-minute indoor exercise program 3 sessions a week for 6 weeks. Questionnaires were completed before, immediately, and one month after the intervention by both groups and data analysis was carried out using SPSS ver.22. ResultsThere was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of the mean fatigue intensity and depression scores before the intervention; however, the mean fatigue intensity scores were significantly decreased in the intervention group as compared to the control group immediately and one month after the intervention (P = 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of mean depression score immediately and one month after the intervention (p > 0.05). ConclusionConsidering that indoor exercises reduced fatigue in breast cancer women undergoing chemotherapy, patients are recommended to perform exercise interventions as a non-pharmacological, safe, easy, and non-invasive solution to improve their physiological capacities and functional abilities as well as Quality of life. On the other hand, since exercise program had no effect on depression among breast cancer women in the present study, longer studies with larger sample size are recommended.

Diagnosis and Severity of Depression Disease in Individuals with Artificial Neural Networks Method

Depression is a disease that causes physiological and psychological problems. Depression in individuals; sleep disturbance, constant fatigue, anorexia, inability to do daily activities, and feeling constantly tired and tired. Among the causes of depression; sociological, biological and psychological conditions are counted. The first step in treating depression is to make the correct diagnosis. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report scale developed by Beck et al. (1961) that evaluates the severity of depressive symptoms and the risk of depression, and consists of 21 questions in total. The purpose of BDI is not to define a diagnosis of depression, but to objectively quantify the degree of depression. The aim of this study is to determine the most successful algorithm from artificial neural network algorithms by using a data set of BDI scale. In this study, Random Forest, Decision Tree, Naive Bayes and Neural Network methods were used within the scope of algorithms and the best results; The training rate was 99.9%, the test rate was 98.5%, and the loss rate was 0.1% for training and 1.5% for testing. The lowest rates were obtained with the "Decision Tree" technique, with 90.8% training and 87.1% test rates. In addition, different results were obtained with Adam, SGD and L-BFGS-B optimizations used in ANN algorithms and the best success percentage was obtained as a test result in Adam technique.

Alexithymia in multiple sclerosis

Background: An independent psychological construct like alexithymia is the least studied in multiple sclerosis (MS). The objective of this study was to determine the level of alexithymia in patients with MS and the degree of influence on it of different social and demographic characteristics of patients, including gender, age, place of residence, marital status, level of education, clinical parameters of the disease, depression and anxiety. Materials and methods: 88 hospital patients with varying degrees of severity and type of MS were examined, according to the McDonald criteria, 2010. The following scales were used to assess the signs of depression, anxiety and alexithymia: the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-26). Results: The prevalence of alexithymia in patients with MS was 36.36%, while 34.09% represented the "marginal" group. A statistically significant positive correlation between alexithymia and depression and anxiety in patients with MS was established. High levels of alexithymia were detected with a high degree of depression on the BDI scale. None of the above socio-demographic and clinical variables influenced statistically significantly the presence of alexithymia. Conclusion: Alexithymia can be a key psychological factor that impedes the true emotional integration of disease-related changes.

The sensitivity to change of the cluster headache quality of life scale assessed before and after deep brain stimulation of the ventral tegmental area

BackgroundCluster headache (CH) is a trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia (TAC) characterized by a highly disabling headache that negatively impacts quality of life and causes limitations in daily functioning as well as social functioning and family life. Since specific measures to assess the quality of life (QoL) in TACs are lacking, we recently developed and validated the cluster headache quality of life scale (CH-QoL). The sensitivity of CH-QoL to change after a medical intervention has not been evaluated yet.MethodsThis study aimed to test the sensitivity to change of the CH-QoL in CH. Specifically we aimed to (i) assess the sensitivity of CH-QoL to change before and following deep brain stimulation of the ventral tegmental area (VTA-DBS), (ii) evaluate the relationship of changes on CH-QoL with changes in other generic measures of quality of life, as well as indices of mood and pain. Ten consecutive CH patients completed the CH-QoL and underwent neuropsychological assessment before and after VTA-DBS. The patients were evaluated on headache frequency, severity, and load (HAL) as well as on tests of generic quality of life (Short Form-36 (SF-36)), mood (Beck Depression Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Rating Scale), and pain (McGill Pain Questionnaire, Headache Impact Test, Pain Behaviour Checklist).ResultsThe CH-QoL total score was significantly reduced after compared to before VTA-DBS. Changes in the CH-QoL total score correlated significantly and negatively with changes in HAL, the SF-36, and positively and significantly with depression and the evaluative domain on the McGill Pain Questionnaire.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that changes after VTA-DBS in CH-QoL total scores are associated with the reduction of frequency, duration, and severity of headache attacks after surgery. Moreover, post VTA-DBS improvement in CH-QoL scores is associated with an amelioration in quality of life assessed with generic measures, a reduction of depressive symptoms, and evaluative pain experience after VTA-DBS. These results support the sensitivity to change of the CH-QoL and further demonstrate the validity and applicability of CH-QoL as a disease specific measure of quality of life for CH.

Evaluation of a specialist service model for treating body dysmorphic disorder (BDD): application of National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Guidelines for BDD (NICE, 2006)

AimsBody dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is still poorly recognised with a dearth of research into treatment. The OCD/BDD Service (South West London St. George's Mental Health NHS Trust) is a specialist service offering treatment for BDD using the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) stepped care model for BDD as a basis for service provision.This is the only known study to date to evaluate the implementation of the NICE guidelines recommended treatment for BDD in clinical practice. Furthermore, a sample of patients and clinicians were interviewed to elicit their evaluation of treatment.MethodA total of 48 patients with a primary diagnosis of BDD who were offered treatment between 2006 and 2018 were identified. Questionnaires routinely completed at time of assessment were Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale for BDD (YBOCS-BDD); Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS); Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). Assessments were conducted by clinicians with expertise in BDD. Clinical data including risks and sociodemographic information were collated and analysed. Data were examined with intention to treat analysis. Thematic Analysis (TA) was used to analyse data from semi-structured interviews conducted with ten clinical staff and seven patients regarding their experiences of treatment. Qualitative data were coded and themes identified.ResultClinical data at assessment indicated impaired functioning plus high risks and substance misuse. There was a higher percentage of females (58%); average duration of BDD was 19.23 years. Clinical outcomes indicated significant improvements in the total sample from baseline on measures of BDD, depression and functioning (p = 0.001). Patients described their progress in terms of living skills, social interactions and quality of life. The main themes identified included the significance of the therapeutic relationship expressed by both patients and clinicians; the lack of early intervention and knowledge of BDD in healthcare.ConclusionCurrent recommendations for treating BDD were found to be beneficial overall. However, there are patients who are non-responders and including experiences of patients’ and clinicians’ perspectives provided valuable insights into other options for treatment which are lacking and could enhance current recommendations where CBT and medication have not enabled progress. The young onset age with long duration, highlights the need for developing awareness of BDD so that it is not a hidden disorder.

The ability to recognize odors in patients suffering from the schizophrenia spectrum disorders and depressive disorders

The works purpose was to study connection between smell malfunction that reduces level of smell recognition (anosmia) and current emotional condition of patients who suffer from schizophrenia spectrum disorders and patients with depressive disorders.&#x0D; Methods of research. Patients who suffer from schizophrenia spectrum disorders (F20, F21, F23, F25), depressive disorders (F32, F33), and healthy individuals were examined. Methods of evaluation of current emotional condition were Beck Depression Inventory and SnaithHamilton Pleasure Scale. To determine malfunction of smell function Professional olfactometric set of odorous substances RAMORA was used.&#x0D; Results. In patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, the level of smell recognition is significantly lower than in the group of patients suffering from depressive disorders and the group of healthy people. When comparing patients with depressive disorders with a group of healthy individuals, there is a slight decrease in the identification of odors, close to normal values. In patients with depressive disorders and patients with schizophrenia, an increase in the level of anhedonia and depression is detected in comparison with healthy subjects. The overall level of smell recognition is not related to the indicators of the current emotional state (depression and anhedonia) in both clinical groups. However, the relationships between the identification of individual odorants and the actual emotional state in the group of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders were revealed.&#x0D; Conclusions. A decrease in the level of odor identification (anosmia) is observed in patients with schizophrenia spectrum. These disorders are not typical for patients with depressive disorders and people who do not suffer from mental illness. The obtained results require additional research. It can be assumed that the indicators of olfactory processes can be an additional diagnostic method of the emotional and personal sphere of patients with the schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

Association between depressive symptoms and suicidal risk: Based on self-reported and clinical-interview measurements from a network perspective.

Suicide is commonly found in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), while the associations among depressive symptoms and their relationships with suicidal risk remain unclear. This study identified the symptoms associated with suicidal risk and the most central symptoms in the MDD networks based on both self-reported and clinical-interview scales. A total of 446 outpatients with MDD were recruited. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was used to assess the suicidal risk. The 13-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-13) and 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17) were used to measure the depressive symptoms. Network analysis was used to estimate the network models. Ten symptoms in the BDI-13 network were related to suicidal risk, among which sadness had the strongest association. Among the six symptoms in the HAMD-17 network that were associated with suicidal risk, guilty feeling was the strongest. Sense of failure was the most central symptom in the BDI-13 network, while depressed mood had the highest centrality in the HAMD-17 network. The depressive symptoms related to suicide risk and the clinical features of MDD showed different characteristics based on different assessment types. Combining self-reported and clinician-rated assessments in future studies and clinical practice might lead to some new findings.

Suicidal thoughts among undocumented migrants in Sweden

PurposeEarly identification of persons at risk is essential in suicide prevention. Undocumented migrants (UM) live under limited conditions and are to a high degree invisible, both in research and in suicide prevention programmes. The aim of this study was to investigate prevalence rates of suicidal thoughts among UM in Sweden.Design/methodology/approachThis cross-sectional study was part of the Swedish Health Research on Undocumented Migrants project (SHERUM). The study population consisted of 104 UM over 18 years of age recruited through informal networks. Data on 112 multiple choice questions was collected via trained interviewers in Gothenburg, Stockholm and Malmö during 2014–2016. To assess suicidal thoughts (the last two weeks) one item asking about suicidal thought in the Beck Depression Inventory scale (BDI-II) was used. Logistic regression and chi-square analyses were made to identify risk and protective factors.FindingsSuicidal thoughts were found in 43.2% of the 88 UM that answered the question on suicidal thoughts. Being a parent had some protective influence on the prevalence of suicidal thoughts while the housing situation, having been exposed to crime and having mental illness were all statistically significant risk factors for suicidal thoughts. However, due to low sample size, few variables presented statistically significant differences.Originality/valueThis study presents an alarmingly high prevalence of suicidal thoughts among undocumented migrants in Sweden, a difficult-to reach, vulnerable and rarely studied group. Targeted strategies are imperative to include undocumented migrants in suicidal prevention programmes.

Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire: Psychometric properties of the Tunisian version

ObjectivesThis study investigated the psychometric properties of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire in a Tunisian Arabic-Speaking population. MethodThe CERQ original version was translated and back-translated and then administrated to 360 participants. Afterwards, using the explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis, we studied the latent factor structure for CERQ. The internal consistency of the subscales was assessed by Cronbach's alfa coefficients, and the test-retest and interscale reliability were assessed with Pearson correlations. The criterion validity was also examined using correlations between the CERQ subscales and both the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scales at first evaluation and at a one year follow-up. ResultsThe Tunisian version was quite satisfactory with the nine-factor structure, as in the original CERQ. Moreover, all validity and reliability measures were comparable to the original CERQ. ConclusionThe present study is the first work devoted to a Tunisian adaptation of the CERQ. Our findings highlight that the Tunisian version is both reliable and valid for the measurement of cognitive emotion regulation strategies.

The Relationship between Social Media Use and Depression among Nursing Students at Governmental University

Context: Students in the modern world are busy using social media for different purposes and activities. Misuse of social media applications can negatively impact student's psychological health.&#x0D; Aim: To determine the relationship between social media use and depression among nursing students in governmental universities. Methods: Descriptive correlational study design was conducted among 267 nursing students in nursing college at a governmental university in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using the Social Media Use Integration Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory scale to assess the relationship between depression and social media use among nursing students.&#x0D; Results: Social media use among nursing students was high (50.90%) while 31.1% of them was overuse, while depression level was mild among 26% of study participants and there was a statistically significant relation between social media application used, number of hours spent on social media per day, and level of depression among nursing students at the governmental university.&#x0D; Conclusions: The collected data analysis revealed a statistically significant positive moderate correlation between used social media and depression among nursing students at the university. Hence, it is essential to establish an educational program through routine checkups for depression levels among nursing students besides arranging for weekly group discussion and consultation to express feelings and thoughts, creating a supportive academic environment.