Beautiful Flowers Research Articles

Identifikasi Hama dan Penyakit Pada Tanaman Anggrek Bulan (Phalaenopsis amabilis)

<pre><em>Orchid is the general name for all types of plants in the family Orchidaceae (family of orchids). This family is one of the largest groups among other flowering plants. It is estimated that worldwide there are around 15,000-20,000 species of orchids with 900 genera (clans) that grow endemic to forests scattered in various countries. Of all orchid species in the world, 5,000 of them are in Indonesia. Broadly speaking, the classification of orchids is divided into 5 subfamilies, 16 tribes (tribes), and 28 subtribes. Phalaenopsis is a genus of orchids which is popular for its diversity and beauty of flowers. The government through presidential decree (Kepres) No. 4 of 1993, on January 9, 1993, designated the moon orchid as a charm flower named Latin Phaleonopsis amabilis, this orchid grows attached to a tree trunk or branch and is one type of orchid endemic to Indonesia. The development of orchid cultivation has never been separated from disease and pest problems. With few disease infections and pest attacks, the beauty will change, of course, the selling price will fall. Orchid plants require extra care to grow with beautiful flowers. Orchid disease can be caused by bacteria, fungi or viruses. Diseases and pests that attack orchid plants can cause death if allowed to continue. Besides that, mishandling can also cause the death of orchids. The purpose of this study was to determine the pests and diseases of the Phalaenopsis amabilis plant.</em></pre><pre><em>This research was conducted on December 2, 2020 and January 13-14, 2021 in Carikan Sukoharjo with 10 samples of Phalaenopsis amabilis plants. The tools needed in this research include writing tools, tables, loops and documentation tools (cellphone cameras). The variables to be observed were diseases and pests that attacked. The methods used were direct observation and interviews, the data obtained were analyzed by qualitative descriptive.</em><em></em></pre><p><em>Research conducted on 10 samples of Phalaenopsis amablis, found 6 pests and 2 diseases. Pests on the Phalaenopsis amabilis Moon Orchid plant are found that very often attack such as ants, snails, grasshoppers, mealybugs, mites and caterpillars. Whereas in the disease of the Moon Orchid plant (Phalaenopsis amabilis) in the search for Sukoharjo, the fungus Fussarium oxyporum and Rhizoctonia solani attack the leaves, stems, roots of Phalaenopsis amabilis. This disease enters the plant tissue through stomata or wounds in plants. In general, the characteristics of a fungal attack include small spots on the leaves, blisters like being scalded, watery, either cloudy or clear.</em></p>

Three New Compounds Isolated from Bauhinia variegata Plant

Amedicinally important plant Bauhinia variegata found in tropical region is a beautiful flowering plant which is used as food additive among its various other uses. Viewing its importance, we worked to explore its hidden phytochemicals through isolation and characterization. Therefore, in this work, ethyl acetate fraction of B. variegata furnished three new compounds. Initially the compounds were isolated and purified through column chromatography using different solvent systems in order of increasing polarity and then the obtained compounds were analyzed by mass spectrometry, IR spectrophotometry, and NMR spectroscopy techniques. According to HREI-MS data, Variegat C was assigned the molecular formula of C22H26O4 (m/z = 354.1831), Variegat D as C31H36O6 (m/z = 504.2512), and Variegat E as C25H26O7 (m/z = 438.1679). Based on the results of spectral analysis and structure elucidation, the three compounds were identified as (1) 3-acetyl-7-ethoxy-4-methyl-5-(2-methyl-propenyl)-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, (2) 10-hydroxy-2-(2-oxo-propyl)-7-propyl-anthracene-1,6-dicarboxylic acid 1-methyl ester 6-(2,2,4-trimethyl-pent-3-enyl) ester, and (3) 3-ethoxy-1,8-dihydroxy-4-(2-methylpropenyl)-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydro-anthracene-2-carboxylic acid secbutyl ester for compounds Variegat C, D and E, respectively.

Response of Flamboyant seeds (Delonix regia) subjected to different dormancy overcoming methods

Flamboyant has great ornamental use, because it has beautiful flowers, having a great use in urban afforestation and park ornamentation. The seeds have a low germination rate because they have dormancy caused by the impermeability of the integument. In this sense, the objective was to determine the most efficient method to overcome dormancy in flamboyant seeds. The experimental design was fully randomized with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments consisted of: 1-Witness (non-scarified seeds); 2- Hot water at 90º C for 5 minutes; 3- Concentrated sulfuric acid 98% for 60 minutes; 4- Mechanical scarification with sandpaper number 80. The characteristics evaluated were: emergency, emergency speed index, seedling height and root length. A significant difference can be observed in the treatments evaluated only for the emergency speed index where the scarification treatment with sandpaper was higher than the others, for the other characteristics evaluated there was no difference

English

Ornamental plants are still one of the components of plant biodiversity, due to their beautiful flowers or folia, fruits and, shape that are of aesthetic, economic and cultural interest for people. The purpose of this study is to make an inventory of ornamental plants and their local uses in the municipalities of Bangui and Begoua areas that can be used to establish a database of horticultural flora of Central African Republic. Ethnobotanical surveys have made it possible to collect information on the scale of households and furnished areas. This inventory shows an important diversity. Thus, 196 species targeted as ornamental plants divided into 122 genera and 65 families have been reported. The Fabaceae family (9 genera and 14 species) is the most represented, followed by the Euphorbiaceae (8 genera and 11 species), Araceae (7 genera and 9 species); Liliaceae (7 genera and 8 species) and, Malvaceae (6 genera and 8 species). Herbs are the most represented morphological types (39, 80%) followed by shrubs and, trees (21, 94%), and lianas (14, 58%). Out of all the uses reported, food plants were the most represented (65) followed by medicinal plants (55). The decoction (52%) and the infusion (20%) are respectively the methods of preparation of the most cited recipes followed by crushing (13%). The leaves (38%) and flowers (10%) are the most used organs. Reproduction by seeds is the most widely used method of propagation (53, 27%) followed by cuttings (30, 65%). Key words: Ornamental plants, diversity, local uses, Central African Republic.

Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Saponaria officinalis L.: A review

Saponaria officinalis is an important medicinal plant cultivated in different parts of the globe for its beautiful flowers. Species is commonly known as soapwort. Central Europe is considered as native place for the species and has been introduced in Northern Asia, West Asia, Northern Europe and America. Plant of the species are perennial, stem erect, branched, leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, inflorescence dense cymes, calyx green or reddish, often cleft, petals pink to white, fruit capsules, seeds tuberculate-reniform and numerous per fruit. Indigenous people of different parts of the world use this species to cure various ailments. Traditionally roots of the species have been used as urine remover. It is also used for cough, bronchitis, stomach disorders, bone deformations, rheumatism, pimples, skin diseases, bile disorders, liver problems and respiratory system diseases. The leaves were rubbed on the skin as a repellent and also used as sanitizer, diuretic and in liver diseases. Saporins are ribosome inhibitory proteins and play important role for anticancer properties. Different types of saponins are synthesized by the species exhibit anticancer, antimicrobial, insecticidal and antioxidant properties. The present review is focused on the traditional medicinal uses of species along with phytochemical and pharmacological studies. This review will provide a ground for future research of the species.

Respon Plantlet In Vitro dan Induksi Ketahanan Bibit Phalaenopsis amabilis terhadap Dickeya dadantii Menggunakan Asam Salisilat

Phalaenopsis merupakan salah satu anggrek yang terkenal karena keindahan bunganya dengan variasi warna yang tinggi dan periode pembungaan yang lama. Salah satu masalah dalam budidaya anggrek adalah Penyakit Busuk Lunak (PBL) yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Dickeya dadantii. Induksi resistensi dengan Asam Salisilat (AS) merupakan metode alternatif dalam mengendalikan PBL pada Phalaenopsis. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan November 2018 sampai Maret 2019, di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan Tanaman, Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura IPB. Penelitian terdiri dari dua percobaan. Percobaan 1 bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi keragaman respon planlet in vitro asal biji hasil penyerbukan sendiri P. amabilis terhadap D. dadanti dengan inokulasi pada daun terpisah dan menentukan tingkat ketahanannya. Sebanyak 7 dari 158 planlet yang diuji, memiliki respon agak tahan terhadap D. dadantii, sedangkan sisanya rentan atau sangat rentan. Percobaan 2 bertujuan untuk membandingkan respon bibit P. amabilis terhadap D. dadantii pada 1 hari setelah perlakuan asam salisilat (AS) pada konsentrasi 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, dan 90 ppm menggunakan metode inokulasi daun pada bibit yang masih menempel di tanaman. Percobaan 2 menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok lengkap teracak (RKLT). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlakuan AS 75 ppm paling baik dalam menginduksi ketahanan bibit P. amabilis terhadap patogen penyebab busuk lunak D. dadantii. Tanaman pada perlakuan tersebut menghasilkan nilai CFU dan AUPDC lebih rendah dan aktivitas peroksidase lebih tinggi dibanding perlakuan lainnya.
 Kata kunci: daun terpisah, daun pada tanaman, keparahan penyakit, metode inokulasi, penyakit busuk lunak

Floristic finds in the south-eastern part Altai Krai

Many species of the Liliaceae family Juss. and Orchidaceae Juss. known not only as beautiful flowering plants, they also have medicinal, food, decorative and many other qualities. All this has long attracted human attention to daylilies and orchids, contributes to their extermination, which necessitates the protection. Expanding tourist and recreational development of the territory and economic activities also aggravate the process of reducing such plants. In this regard, the study of rare species of the family Liliaceae Juss. and Orchidaceae Juss. are relevant. The purpose of this work is to Supplement current data on the habitats of individual representatives of daylilies and orchids in the Altai territory. For the South-Eastern part of the region, new information is provided about 13 habitats of four rare plant species: Hemerocallis lilio-asphodelus L., Cypripeum calceolus L., Cypripeum macranthon Sw. and Cypripeum ventricosum Sw., information about which is not available in the third edition of the regional red book.

Pemanfaatan Kecibeling (Strobilanthes crispa) Sebagai Obat Tradisional dan Bioaktivitasnya

Kecibeling or Strobilanthes crispa (SC) has long been used by local people as traditional medicine. This study aims to explain the relationship between the use of SC as a traditional medicine with its bioactivity so that its side effects can be minimized. The method used is a literature study published online on Google Scholar using the keywords such as: Strobilanthes crispa and bioactivities of Strobilanthes crispa. The obtained literature is synthesized so that it can explain the utilization and bioactivity of SC. The SC has beautiful flowers, so its easy to find in home yards that are used as ornamental plants or living fences. The results of ethnobotany research found that SC as a drug for wounds, treat kidney stone, treat urine system disorders, treat of appendicitis and treat of diabetes mellitus. The SC has bioactivity as anti-cancer, antidiabetic mellitus, anti-cholesterol, anti-kidney stone and anti-microbial. The bioactivity SC as an anti-cancer is more prominent and is cytotoxic against breast cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, liver cancer and corrective cancer, therefore it can be developed as an alternative medicine in dealing with cancer.

Advances in the Chemical and Biological Characterization of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids and Natural Analogues Isolated in the Last Decade.

Amaryllidaceae are bulbous wild and cultivated plants well known for their beautiful flowers and pharmaceutical applications, essentially due to the alkaloids and flavonoids content. Hundreds of alkaloids have been isolated until now and several scientific publications reported their sources, chemical structures, and biological activities. During the last decade, some unstudied Amaryllidaceae plants were the object of in-depth investigations to isolate and chemically and biologically characterize new and already known alkaloids as well as some analogues. This review describes the isolation and chemical and biological characterization of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, and their analogues obtained in the last decade, focusing the discussion on the new ones.

Colchicine-induced tetraploidy in Dendrobium cariniferum and its effect on plantlet morphology, anatomy and genome size

Dendrobium cariniferum Rchb. f. is an important crossing parent that is primarily used to produce aromatic Dendrobium orchid cultivars due to its beautiful flowers and pleasant orange fragrance. However, there are no offspring within the limited progenies that fully inherit this odor trait. Thus, converting diploid D. cariniferum into tetraploids for interploid hybridization is another promising approach to creating a new orange aroma germplasm. This study reports a novel in vitro colchicine-induced chromosome doubling protocol that would effectively convert diploid D. cariniferum protocorms into tetraploids. A total of 120 tetraploid genotypes were identified by flow cytometry. The tetraploid induction rate was significantly affected by interaction between the colchicine concentration and exposure time. Treatment with 0.05% colchicine for 24 h produced the optimal results, yielding 54% surviving regenerated plantlets with a 33% tetraploid induction rate. The tetraploid plantlets displayed obvious morphological variations (broader, thicker leaves and greater stem and root diameters) than the diploid plantlets. Tetraploidization also caused a significant change in the leaf anatomical structure, including larger stomata with lower densities, more chloroplasts per stomata, thicker spongy tissues, larger leaf veins and decreased adaxial epidermal cell and trichome densities. We were the first to observe that there are one to five branched trichomes in the leaf sheath in both diploids and tetraploids, and we propose that the leaf adaxial epidermal cell density can be used to identify tetraploids. Moreover, tetraploids exhibited a 1.75-fold greater genome size than diploids. Our study lays the foundation for breeding triploid aromatic Dendrobium orchids. Autotetraploidy causes morphological, anatomical and genome size variations. This is the first report of trichome types in the leaf sheath. Leaf adaxial epidermal cell density is useful for identifying tetraploids.

Origin, Distribution, Impact and Management of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solm): A Review

Water hyacinth is one of the world’s worst invasive weeds. It is native to South America and extremely invaded many tropical and subtropical countries of all the continents. The ability to produce via runners, stolons and seed; fast growth; seed persistence in the soil and its beautiful flower facilitates the spread of the weed from region to regions from time to time. Blockage of irrigation, electric power generation, fish production and water way transportation are the major economic impacts of the weed. Manual and mechanical removal of water hyacinth in small areas at early time is effective in controlling the weed for short period of time. Use of biological control agents; arthropods ( Neochetina brunchi, Neochetina eichhorniae, Niphograpta albiguttalis and Orthogalumna terebrantis ) and parasitic fungi ( Cercospora rodmanii, Alternaria alternata and Alternaria eichhorniae ) play a role in controlling the weed. In addition Chemical control with 2, 4-D dimethyl amine, glyphosphate and acetic acid are effective to control water hyacinth in extreme cases. Integrated use of herbicidal and mechanical control measures is effective in control, economically safe and environmentally friendly than a single control measures. Keywords: Alternaria, Aquatic weed, Invasive weed, Neochetina, Weed control, Weevils DOI: 10.7176/JEES/10-10-02 Publication date: October 31 st 2020

Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activity of Dendobium lasianthera J.J.Sm. from Papua

The aims of the study are to evaluate bioactive compounds, antibacterial and cytotoxic potential of D. lasianthera. This orchid grows well all over New Guinea Island as an ornamental plant because of their beautiful flowers. Orchids also known rich of its phytochemical compounds which already used as a traditional medicine in many countries around the world. However, research in pharmacological fields is still limited. In this study, leaves and stem of D. lasianthera were powdered and extracted with ethanol followed by fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol solvent. Extract as well as fraction were tested for phytochemical screening and determined antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using Disc Diffusion Method. Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) was used to observe cytotoxic potential of leaves and stem extract and fraction at 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 ppm. The results showed that the leaves and stem extract contained tannin and alkaloids, separately. The ethanol extract of D. lasianthera showed 7.35 mm (leaves) and 7.43 mm (stem) inhibition zone against S. aureus Furthermore, the maximum inhibition zone of ethanol fraction of leaves and n-hexane fraction of stem were 8.42 mm and 8.10 mm separately. The LC50 of stem extract and fractions in these study were 699.3 ppm (ethanol extract), 602.1 ppm (ethyl acetate), 329.6 ppm (n-hexane fraction) and 676 ppm (ethanol fraction), whereas for leaves, only ethyl acetate fraction has toxict activity with an average LC50 833.2 ppm. Key words: D. lasianthera; phytochemical screening; antibacterial; cytotoxicity; Papua.Â

First Report of Colletotrichum karstii Causing Fruit Anthracnose of Carissa grandiflora in Spain.

The species Carissa grandiflora A. DC., commonly called Natal plum, is a shrub native to the coastal region of Natal, South Africa. In southern Spain, Natal plum is used as an ornamental plant due to its beautiful flowers and red ripen fruits. In March 2019 and 2020, we surveyed nine public gardens in the cities of Cadiz and Sanlucar de Barrameda (Andalusia, Spain); and Natal plum fruit showing anthracnose symptoms were observed in six (55% prevalence) of them. Affected fruits showed necrotic and circular lesions with acervuli in the center (Fig. 1a) causing the complete mummification of the fruit (Fig. 1b). Affected fruits were collected from four gardens and disinfested according to Moral et al. (2010). Six fungal isolates were recovered from small (3-4 × 1-2 mm) pieces of the affected fruits in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), and hyphal tips from them were transferred to fresh PDA to obtain pure cultures. The six isolates were initially identified as Colletotrichum karstii according to their morphology and the sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) region (Damm et al. 2012). The six Colletotrichum isolates showed similar colony morphology and their ITS sequences were identical. Overall, C. karstii isolates showed cylindrical and straight conidia that were 12.1 to 14.2 μm long and 4.9 to 5.6 μm wide (n = 50). The aerial mycelia of the fungus varied from grayish-white to dark gray. A multilocus approach was conducted for more precise identification of the Colletotrichum species. For that, ITS, beta-tubulin (TUB2), actin (ACT), partial sequences of the chitin synthase 1 (CHS-1), histone 3 (HIS3), and a 200-bp intron fragment of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) of a representative isolate (FITP19001) were amplified and sequenced according to Damm et al. (2012). GenBank Accession Nos. for ITS, TUB2, ACT, CHS-1, HIS3 and GADPH: MT757643, MT759805, MT759806, MT759807, MT759808 and MT759809, respectively. Sequences showed 100% identity with homologous sequences belonging to C. karstii (GenBank taxid:1095194). To test Koch's postulates, 10 unripen and 10 ripen C. grandiflora fruits, harvested from asymptomatic plants, were inoculated. For each group, five fruits were inoculated using a drop of 10 µl of 5 × 104 conidia per ml suspension of C. karstii (FITP19001) and another five fruits were inoculated using a mycelial plug of the same isolate. Inoculated fruits were incubated in a humid chamber at room temperature (19-24ºC) under light for two weeks. Non-inoculated control fruits were treated with sterile water or a PDA plug and incubated under the same conditions. The pathogenicity test was conducted twice. After 10 days, typical anthracnose symptoms developed on both unripen and ripen inoculated fruits, but not on non-inoculated controls. Overall, the severity of anthracnose lesions was higher on ripen fruits than in the unripen fruits. Likewise, the severity of symptoms was higher on the fruits inoculated using a mycelial plug than on those fruits inoculated with a spore suspension. The species C. karstii was reisolated from lesions of all inoculated fruits as described above but not from non-inoculated fruits. The species C. karstii has been described affecting numerous species worldwide (Damm et al., 2012). Previously, C. gloeosporioides was reported causing fruit anthracnose of Natal plum in Florida (Alfieri et al., 1984). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. karstii causing anthracnose on the fruit of Natal plum in Spain and worldwide.

Induced mutation by gamma rays on performance of MV3 Callistephus chinensis at lowland

Callistephus chinensis has beautiful flower with high sale price and usually grow at highland/plateau. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of induced mutation by gamma rays on performance of third generation (M1V3) Callistephus chinensis at lowland. Tiller of Callistephus chinensis was induced mutation by gamma rays at 0 Gy (Yo), 5 Gy (Y1), 10 Gy (Y2), 15 Gy (Y3) and 20 Gy (Y4) at first generation (M1V1). Plant from M1V2 was selected based on earlier flowering as plant material for M1V3. There were 12 genotypes selected. Twelve genotype and Y0 were planted at lowland (125 m above sea level) in Tembalang - Semarang. The results showed that induced mutation by gamma rays increased height, number of leaves, number of flower, flower stalk length of M1V3 Callistephus chinensis at lowland. Number of tiller were not significantly different between induced mutation plant and control, except for Y1-U4-11 and Y3-U3-10. Colour of flower was not significantly different between induced mutation plant and control, except for some of Y3-U3-10 genotype. Most flower colour was purple, while some of Y1-U4-9 genotype (Y1-U4-9-5) were pink. The conclusion was Callistephus chinensis can adapted in lowland due to induced mutation by gamma rays.

Effect of Exogenous Spermidine on Osmotic Adjustment, Antioxidant Enzymes Activity, and Gene Expression of Gladiolus gandavensis Seedlings Under Salt Stress

Salt stress is the main factor limiting plant growth. Researches on physiological and biochemical mechanisms of plant responses to salt stress are of great significance in exploring and improving plant salinity tolerance. Gladiolus gandavensis is an ornamental plant with beautiful flowers and good adversity adaptability that is native to the southeastern coast of China. The purpose of this study was to identify the salt tolerance level of G. gandavensis and explore the mechanism by which exogenous spermidine (Spd) adjusts the growth of G. gandavensis under different NaCl conditions. A pot experiment was conducted to examine the chlorophyll content, photosynthetic parameters, proline, reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations, antioxidant activities, and relative expression of the chlorophyll a/b response protein, CAT1, POD, MnSODM, P5CS, BADH genes and bZIP, DREB transcription factors in G. gandavensis seedlings under 0.3%, 0.6%, and 0.9% NaCl conditions, with and without 0.1 mmol·L−1 Spd. G. gandavensis seedlings exhibited reduced chlorophyll content; a decreased net photosynthetic rate (Pn); and increased relative electric conductivity (REC), malondialdehyde (MDA), proline and soluble protein contents, antioxidant activities, and relative expression of the CAT1, POD, MnSODM, P5CS, and BADH genes under 0.3%, 0.6%, and 0.9% NaCl conditions. And Spd spraying under 0.3% and 0.6% salt treatment reduced the decrease in chla content by approximately 55.2% and 23.4%, while increased Pn, proline content and the expression of CAT1, POD, MnSODM, P5CS, and BADH genes. Exogenously applied Spd effectively alleviated the damage caused by salt stress (0.3% and 0.6%) by upregulating the REC, proline content, gas exchange, antioxidant enzyme activity, and expression of CAT1, POD, MnSODM, P5CS, and BADH genes in G. gandavensis seedlings. However, when the seedlings were grown under 0.9% NaCl, no significant differences were found in the physiological and molecular responses between Spd-treated and non-Spd-treated plants. Therefore, the present study suggests that exogenous Spd can efficiently counteract the adverse effect of low (0.3%) and moderate (0.6%) salt stress on G. gandavensis seedlings.

Implementasi Random Forest Untuk Klasifikasi Motif Songket Palembang Berdasarkan SIFT

Indonesia memiliki berbagai warisan budaya tak benda salah satunya adalah kain songket. Kain songket memiliki banyak ragam sesuai ciri khas dari setiap daerah, khususnya songket Palembang. Kain songket Palembang memiliki keistimewaan dibandingkan songket dari daerah lain. Selain memiliki nilai sejarah, kain songket Palembang memiliki motif, mutu dan tingkat kerumitan yang tinggi dalam proses pembuatannya. Pada penelitian ini digunakan metode Random Forest untuk klasifikasi citra motif kain songket Palembang dengan mengunakan ekstraksi fitur Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT). Proses pembentukan fitur dengan metode SIFT melalui tahap scale space extrema detection, keypoint localization, orientation assignment, dan keypoint descriptor. Fitur yang dihasilkan digunakan untuk klasifikasi Random Forest. Citra motif songket yang digunakan pada penelitian ini sebanyak 115 citra dari setiap jenis motif, yaitu Bunga cina, Cantik Manis, dan Pulir. Pemilihan citra diambil dari 5 warna setiap motif songket Palembang. Data latih dan data uji yang digunakan masing-masing sebanyak 100 dan 15 untuk setiap motif Songket Palembang. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa metode SIFT dan Random Forest untuk klasifikasi citra motif kain Songket Palembang dapat memberikan akurasi yang cukup baik, dimana metode SIFT dan Random Forest mampu menghasilkan rata-rata overall accuracy 92,98%, per class accuracy 94,07%, presision 92,98%, dan recall 89,74%.

Efficacy of different primers on growth and yield of tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.)

Tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.) is an important and highly valuable flower of the cut flower industry. The most critical step in its cultivation is to break dormancy in order to initiate the growth, especially in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world. Therefore, the current research was conducted to break bulb dormancy and foster the growth of tulip in Potohar region with the help of different primers. The objective of this study was the selection of best primer at appropriate concentration level to enhance growth, yield and vase life of the flower. Tulip bulbs were treated with different primers: T0 (distilled water), T1 (chitosan @ 5 g/L), T2 (gibberellic acid @ 0.15 g/L), T3 (humic acid 160 g/L), T4 (imidacloprid 19 g/L) and T5 (salicylic acid 0.1 g/L) for 24 hours, respectively. The experiment was laid out using Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Statistical results revealed that characteristics including early germination, plant height, number of leaves, stalk length, fresh and dry weight of flower, weight of bulbs, diameter of bulbs and number of daughter bulbs were significantly increased in T2. Whereas, leaf area, diameter of stem and flower was maximum in T0. Plants under T3 showed an increase in chlorophyll content of leaves. While floral characteristics like early formation and opening of flower bud, more number of flowers and vase life were improved in T1. Thus, statistical results showed that priming can effectively help to improve morpho-physiological attributes of tulip.

Evaluation of usage and time of glycine amino acid application on growth and vegetative organs yield and antioxidant activity of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L .) under different irrigation conditions

IntroductionHyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) belongs to the family of Lamiaceae. woody, perennial, shrubs with short, four-stalks, with a height of 50 to 70 centimeters. Its small and reciprocal leaves, the sharp, perfect, very aromatic, and its beautiful flowers, dark blue to purple, white. This herb has a powerful, cough- Soothing, expectorant effect, more or less diuretic and stomach tonic. Drought stress, while decreasing green growth and yield, causes changes in antioxidant activity in this plant. In nature, different environmental stresses threaten the survival, yield and growth of plants. Drought stress is one of the most important environmental stresses limiting the production of plants around the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Drought stress generally destroys and breaks down chloroplates and decreases chlorophyll content and decreases the amount of enzymes activity in the Calvin cycle during photosynthesis and ultimately reduces the growth and yield of the crop. The accumulation of compatible solutes is one of the effective mechanisms for modulating the stresses of dehydration or salinity. This regulation is performed by the production of more organic materials such as protein, soluble sugars, and amino acids such as glycine, proline, alanine and valine in the air and root organs. Glycine is one of the important amino acids in the environmental stresses and chemical formula is NH2-CH2-COOH. This research were investigate the effects of foliar application of glycine amino acid and its application time on growth and yield and antioxidant compounds of Hyssop under different irrigation conditions.Materials and methodsThe experiment was conducted as split plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications of Yazd agricultural and natural resources research farm in 2016-2017. Irrigation at 25, 50, 75% of the available soil water from the soil, order to control, medium stress, severe stress as the main factor and foliar application treatments in two levels of distilled water (control) and glycine amino acid (2.5 per thousand) and two levels of foliar application (vegetative and just flowering, flowering) were considered as subplots. The measured traits included plant height, lateral branch number, leaf number, fresh and dry weight yield, total phenolic compounds flavonoid and anthocyanin levels. SAS software was used to analyze the data. Mean comparison was performed by LSD at the probability level of 5%.Results and discussionDifferent irrigation treatments reduced the number of lateral branches, number of leaf, fresh and dry weight yields, total phenol, but the anthocyanin content increased. No significant differences were observed between foliar application time treatments. Interaction effects showed that the combination of control irrigation and foliar application of glycine increased the height and number of lateral branches. Also this material in combination with irrigation mild and severe stress treatments levels increased leaf number, fresh and dry weight yield of plant compared to control. Conclusion The results of this present study indicated that the external application of glycine amino acid in addition to reducing the damage caused by water stress in the plant, also has increased the plant's ability to improve grow and enhance yield.

Application of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system for molecular breeding of orchids

Orchid is an important ornamental plant in Indonesia due to their natural beauty of flowers. In the tropical forest, orchids are being acquired for trading and commercial market. Thus, the effort is required to proliferate orchid in large quantities for conservation and improve the floral variation for plant breeding. The purpose of this study is to develop a firmed methodology of molecular breeding of orchids using CRISPR/Cas9 KO system. The plant material used was Phalaenopsis amabilis protocorms growth on NP medium+pepton (2 g/L). Protocorm were submerged in the culture of Agrobacterium tumefaciens that Ti‐plasmid had been filled with a T‐DNA construct of a pRGEB32 vector harboring sgRNA with PDS3 sequence. Detection for transformants was confirmed by PCR using HPT primers (545 bp), Cas9 primers (402 bp), PDS primers (280 bp) and trnL‐F (1200 bp) as an internal control. The results showed that 0.96% PDS transformants were obtained from PDS3T2 lines. Several transformant showed pale leaf color compared to non‐transformant plants. This study suggests that the target gene has successfully edited by CRISPR/Cas9 system and could be applied for that functional gene editing in orchids.

Breeding of Standard Rose ‘Pinky Luna’ with a Fragrance, and Pastel Color of Pale Pink for Cut Flowers

A new Rosa cultivar ‘Pinky Luna’ was bred at Jeollabuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services. In the year 2011, between ‘Rose Yumi’ of white color as a mother plant and ‘Ocean Song’ of light purple color as a father plant were artificially crossed, and 87 seeds were obtained, subsequently 66 seedling individuals were raised during the course of the next year. The ‘R111953-25’ line, which possessed pristine characteristics such as a beautiful flower shape and petal color, a fragrance, and good productivity, was selected via the characteristic trial during the years 2012 - 2013, then finally named as ‘Pinky Luna’ after investigating the characteristics, the preference, and the productivity during the years 2014 - 2015. ‘Pinky Luna’ cultivar was a standard type for cut flower with the pastel color of pale pink (petal’s surface - pinkish white, WN155C (RHS color chart), petal’s back – very pale purple, RP69D) and a sweet fragrance within the flower. The new bred cultivar possessed several morphological characteristics including medium elliptical leaf shape, a deep green (N137A) leaf color, circular flower shape, and a broad oval petal type. The flower width and height of ‘Pinky Luna’ was larger than the control cultivar ‘Ocean Song’ at 10.5 cm, and 4.1 cm. respectively, and the number of its petals were far more than those at 67.0, and in addition, the diameter of petal was wider. The cut flower length and leaf growth of ‘Pinky Luna’ were smaller than the control cultivar, however, the annual amount of average cut flowers per square of the new cultivar were 157.6, which was 10.2 more stems than ‘Ocean Song’. Vase l ife lasted longer for a period of 11.7 days, and additionally the consumer preference of cut flowers was higher than that of ‘Ocean Song’.