Beat Time Research Articles

Analysis and optimization of industrial engineering and management operating environment based on human factors engineering

Abstract In today’s society, which attaches great importance to humanization, human factors engineering has become a hot topic of research in industrial engineering to improve enterprises and factory sites. This paper aims to optimize the efficiency of industrial engineering by adopting industrial engineering (IE) methods, combing the methodological study of the production process and applying job measurement methods to improve engineering efficiency. The study results show that after the improvement of two-handed operation, the left and right-handed operation time is reduced to 25.78 seconds, which is 31.8% lower compared to the pre-improvement period. The overall process was optimized to minimize the bottleneck beat time from 1.379 seconds/piece to 1.333 seconds/piece, and the maximum production capacity increased from 51,308 pieces/day to 52,204 pieces/day. In addition, labor requirements in the industrial workflow were reduced by 20%, from 610 to 486 people. As for the improvement of the operating environment, the noise levels were kept below 73.9 dB(A), especially for the dust collector, which was significantly reduced from 86.4 dB(A) to 72.9 dB(A). This optimization of industrial engineering and its operating environment by applying human factors engineering principles ensures the production quality. It achieves the maximum output with minimum resource input, laying a solid foundation for the continuous optimization of industrial engineering.

Informatization Integration Strategy of Modern Popular Music Teaching and Traditional Music Culture in Colleges and Universities in the Era of Artificial Intelligence

Abstract In this paper, a music teaching aid is constructed based on the automatic analysis technique of music elements. The auxiliary tool uses constant Q transform and note onset detection technology to process and recognize students’ input audio. The logical operation of music longitudinal structure and spectral structure and the logical conversion of beat and rhythmic time nodes are used to realize the integration of popular music and traditional music teaching informationization. Using two corpora of 22 kHz, the effect of teaching the fusion of musical elements of auxiliary tools was analyzed with the regular transformation of curves in the sound intensity envelope. The results showed that the peaks of the overlap between elements of popular music and traditional music appeared at 56.8 FPs, 148.9 FPs, and 343.7 FPs, respectively, corresponding to the peaks of 48.3 Hz, 59.4 Hz, and 51.6 Hz, respectively. The integration of traditional music culture into popular music teaching was successfully realized. This study effectively examined an effective method and strategy for integrating teaching, which has a positive impact on the promotion and development of traditional music culture.

An Enhanced Social Engineering Optimizer for Solving an Energy-Efficient Disassembly Line Balancing Problem Based on Bucket Brigades and Cloud Theory

A disassembly line is an industrialized and automated production line which should be scheduled with high production efficiency. Although many disassembly line balancing optimization studies are contributed recently, they increase or reduce the number of workstations to balance the disassembly line. From real-world managerial settings, an increase or decrease workstations, is too expensive and not realistic. The bucket brigades' disassembly line is self-balancing and self-organizing, which is not constrained by the workstation beat time and only needs to distribute workers on the line according to certain rules to achieve line balancing after a period of time. In this paper, a bucket brigades disassembly line balancing optimization method considering uncertainty is proposed, in which a cloud model is used to represent the uncertain disassembly time. The proposed model handles multiple objectives including smoothness, disassembly cost and disassembly energy consumption to be minimized. To solve this complex problem, this study innovates a new heuristic method based on the social engineering optimizer as an enhanced local search metaheuristic. Finally, a ball collector is used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method and extensive analysis is done to compare the performance of proposed model with other recent algorithms.

Mixed pulp formulations of jambolan and acerola for the foam-mat drying process

Jambolan is a fruit with a sweet taste, slightly bitter and astringent, with a purple color. Acerola is a popular fruit in Brazil, rich in vitamin C. Both stand out for the high content of antioxidant compounds, whose importance has generated growing interest. In view of this, the present work was carried out with the objective of elaborating formulations with the mixed pulp of jambolan and acerola, incorporating foam promoting additives for drying by the foam-mat drying method and evaluating them for the beat time, density, volumetric expansion (overrun) and foam stability according to the beat time and physicochemical characteristics. Three formulations were made with the mixed pulp, all containing 1% albumin combined with 0.5% xanthan gum, 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose and 0.5% guar gum. The formulations were analyzed for stability, density, volumetric expansion, beating time, between 5 and 30 minutes, layer thickness, water content and volume drained at temperatures of 50 to 80 ºC. All the elaborated foams were suitable for drying by the foam-mat process; the best results of density, beating time, overrun, stability (volume drained), drying time and yield were obtained with the albumin/guar gum combination, followed by albumin/CMC; the incorporation of additives and the foaming mixture changed the composition of the formulations in relation to the mixed pulp (control), increasing the TSS/TTA ratio, the protein content and reducing the levels of ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids and carotenoids, yield, shorter drying time, water content in dry base and wet base.

Timing, Tempo and “Typical and Structural Rhythmic Composition” Evaluation of Zeybek Music

Batı Anadolu’da, geçmişte haksızlığa uğrayanın yanında olan zeybekler, özellikle Millî Mücadele yıllarında vatanın özgürlüğü için savaşmalarıyla, halkın sevgilisi haline gelmiş, halk her yerde her ortamda ve her şekilde zeybeklerin yanında olmuş, onlara sıkı sıkı sarılmış ve bağlanmışlardır. Halk, bu duygu, düşünce ve anlayışla, zeybeklere takdir ve hayranlıklarını içeren türküler yakmışlardır. Bu sebeple zeybekliğe ithaf edilen hatta zeybeklik kurumunun içerisinden çıkan müziklerin; kahramanlık, savaş, hasret, sevgi, ayrılık, üzüntü gibi konular üzerine kurulduğu bilinmektedir. Bu yakılan türkülerin kültürel değerleri vardır ve gelecek nesillere aktarımı, eksiksiz, net bir şekilde sağlanmalıdır. Buradan yola çıkarak; ezgileri notalayan kişilerin veya kurumların, müzik ölçülerinin zaman tespitinde veya birim değer tespitlerinde yeteri kadar özenli davranmadığı saptanmıştır. Eski alışkanlıklara göre konulmuş birim değerler veya zamanlar ile notalama yapılmamalıdır. Notalar, hız ile belirlenen birim değerlere göre yazılmalıdırlar. Ayrıca, 27 zamanlı ölçülerin, 9 zamanlı ölçü içerisine zorlama yapılarak notaya alanların da olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu tür yanlışlıkların doğru algılandığı durumlarda ise karışıklık çıkması elbette kaçınılmazdır ve gelecek nesillere aktarımda karmaşaya sebep olabilecektir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; günümüze kadar gelen zeybek müzik repertuvarı içerisinde tespit ettiğimiz sorunları, bilimsel bir tabana oturmayan ezgi derlemelerini, notaya alımları ve bunların sonucunda oluşan zamansal, tempo ve bireşimsel karışıklığı gidermektir. Çalışma, bugüne kadar doğru bilinen yanlışları karşılaştırmalı yöntem kullanarak, araştırmalar sonucunda varılan zamansal, tempo ve bireşimsel özellikleri farklı örneklerle ortaya koymayı hedeflemektedir.

Keamanan Kunci Ruang Dosen Elektro UMSIDA Menggunakan Ketukan Berbasis Arduino

The development of modern technology now are much more advanced and it can make doing a job much easier such as security problems for door locks that are applied to the electrical lecturer room UMSIDA. This tool is designed to run a solenoid lock by using a knock code applied to the door locking system by using microcontroller and piezo electric sensor which will be seen with a security system with knock method. The purpose of this study was to determine the constraints of the door safety device using an electric piezo sensor based on the Atmega328 microcontroller and the system can correctly recognize the beat pattern received and process it. This tool system works when there is an input in the form of a password code through the beats detected by electric piezo if the password code is applied correctly then the microcontroller provides input on relay to activate the solenoid and stepper motor, so the door would open. The result of this research shows that it can identify the correct number of beats a maximum of 15 beats, if it is more than 15 times the beat is wrong. From the result of the trial, fast or not a knock is declared true if the beat time ratio is slow by 4 times knock and the door opens. If the knock pattern is different from what has been determined, then the knock is declared wrong and the door can not open. The test results indicated that it can be concluded that from the test or trial carried out by the object provides true overall results even though the results do not provide 100% results. The results of the analysis of the trial carried out by each objects for 15 times, which affects fast or slow beats, number of beats, the ratio of time between knock

Order-indeterminant event-based maps for learning a beat.

The process by which humans synchronize to a musical beat is believed to occur through error-correction where an individual's estimates of the period and phase of the beat time are iteratively adjusted to align with an external stimuli. Mathematically, error-correction can be described using a two-dimensional map where convergence to a fixed point corresponds to synchronizing to the beat. In this paper, we show how a neural system, called a beat generator, learns to adapt its oscillatory behavior through error-correction to synchronize to an external periodic signal. We construct a two-dimensional event-based map, which iteratively adjusts an internal parameter of the beat generator to speed up or slow down its oscillatory behavior to bring it into synchrony with the periodic stimulus. The map is novel in that the order of events defining the map are not a priori known. Instead, the type of error-correction adjustment made at each iterate of the map is determined by a sequence of expected events. The map possesses a rich repertoire of dynamics, including periodic solutions and chaotic orbits.

Enhancement of Conventional Beat Tracking System Using Teager–Kaiser Energy Operator

Beat detection systems are widely used in the music information retrieval (MIR) research field for the computation of tempo and beat time positions in audio signals. One of the most important parts of these systems is usually onset detection. There is an understandable tendency to employ the most accurate onset detector. However, there are options to increase the global tempo (GT) accuracy and also the detection accuracy of beat positions at the expense of less accurate onset detection. The aim of this study is to introduce an enhancement of a conventional beat detector. The enhancement is based on the Teager–Kaiser energy operator (TKEO), which pre-processes the input audio signal before the spectral flux calculation. The proposed approach is first evaluated in terms of the ability to estimate the GT and beat positions accuracy of given audio tracks compared to the same conventional system without the proposed enhancement. The accuracy of the GT and average beat differences (ABD) estimation is tested on the manually labelled reference database. Finally, this system is used for analysis of a string quartet music database. Results suggest that the presence of the TKEO lowers onset detection accuracy but also increases the GT and ABD estimation. The average deviation from the reference GT in the reference database is 9.99 BPM (11.28%), which improves the conventional methodology, where the average deviation is 18.19 BPM (17.74%). This study has a pilot character and provides some suggestions for improving the beat tracking system for music analysis.

EVALUATION INDEX OF ADULT MALE BLOOD VESSEL AGE-BASED ON PULSE WAVE WAVEFORM CHARACTERISTIC PARAMETERS

The aim of this study was to find a non-invasive pulse wave waveform index that was highly correlated with cardiovascular disease and to establish an effective model for cardiovascular health assessment in middle-aged men to provide early warning of possible cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Considering the characteristics of pulse wave easy to detect and rich physiological information, the paper collected pulse waves of healthy males at six age groups, and collected 50 samples per age group. The pulse wave waveform parameters of each sample were extracted, including inflow time, outflow time, total beat time, fast inflow time, inflow time ratio and waveform coefficient [Formula: see text] value, the differences of which in different age groups were analyzed. Stepwise regression analysis was used to establish the relationship between age and pulse waveform parameters. The results show that the indicators of inflow time, inflow time ratio and fast inflow time have obvious differences with age, and with the increase of age, these three indicators show a steady upward trend. The indicators of outflow time, total beat time, and waveform coefficient are not sensitive to age changes. A predictive model of vessel age was established: [Formula: see text] time ([Formula: see text]). The pulse wave inflow time of hypertensive patients was substituted into the above-mentioned model, and the calculated blood vessel age was greater than the actual age. The age difference is greater than 5 years old. This study suggests that the pulse wave parameters of inflow time, fast inflow time and inflow time ratio has a significant and stable trend with age, indicating that they are closely related to vascular elasticity, compliance and stiffness, and can be used as predictors of cardiovascular disease.

Visibility graph analysis of heart rate time series and bio-marker of congestive heart failure

Study of RR interval time series for Congestive Heart Failure had been an area of study with different methods including non-linear methods. In this article the cardiac dynamics of heart beat are explored in the light of complex network analysis, viz. visibility graph method. Heart beat (RR Interval) time series data taken from Physionet database [46, 47] belonging to two groups of subjects, diseased (congestive heart failure) (29 in number) and normal (54 in number) are analyzed with the technique. The overall results show that a quantitative parameter can significantly differentiate between the diseased subjects and the normal subjects as well as different stages of the disease. Further, the data when split into periods of around 1 hour each and analyzed separately, also shows the same consistent differences. This quantitative parameter obtained using the visibility graph analysis thereby can be used as a potential bio-marker as well as a subsequent alarm generation mechanism for predicting the onset of Congestive Heart Failure.

Audio-Visual Beat Tracking Based on a State-Space Model for a Robot Dancer Performing with a Human Dancer

[abstFig src='/00290001/12.jpg' width='300' text='An overview of real-time audio-visual beat-tracking for music audio signals and human dance moves' ] This paper presents a real-time beat-tracking method that integrates audio and visual information in a probabilistic manner to enable a humanoid robot to dance in synchronization with music and human dancers. Most conventional music robots have focused on either music audio signals or movements of human dancers to detect and predict beat times in real time. Since a robot needs to record music audio signals with its own microphones, however, the signals are severely contaminated with loud environmental noise. To solve this problem, we propose a state-space model that encodes a pair of a tempo and a beat time in a state-space and represents how acoustic and visual features are generated from a given state. The acoustic features consist of tempo likelihoods and onset likelihoods obtained from music audio signals and the visual features are tempo likelihoods obtained from dance movements. The current tempo and the next beat time are estimated in an online manner from a history of observed features by using a particle filter. Experimental results show that the proposed multi-modal method using a depth sensor (Kinect) to extract skeleton features outperformed conventional mono-modal methods in terms of beat-tracking accuracy in a noisy and reverberant environment.

Dependency Structures in Differentially Coded Cardiovascular Time Series.

Objectives. This paper analyses temporal dependency in the time series recorded from aging rats, the healthy ones and those with early developed hypertension. The aim is to explore effects of age and hypertension on mutual sample relationship along the time axis. Methods. A copula method is applied to raw and to differentially coded signals. The latter ones were additionally binary encoded for a joint conditional entropy application. The signals were recorded from freely moving male Wistar rats and from spontaneous hypertensive rats, aged 3 months and 12 months. Results. The highest level of comonotonic behavior of pulse interval with respect to systolic blood pressure is observed at time lags τ = 0, 3, and 4, while a strong counter-monotonic behavior occurs at time lags τ = 1 and 2. Conclusion. Dynamic range of aging rats is considerably reduced in hypertensive groups. Conditional entropy of systolic blood pressure signal, compared to unconditional, shows an increased level of discrepancy, except for a time lag 1, where the equality is preserved in spite of the memory of differential coder. The antiparallel streams play an important role at single beat time lag.

The cultural significance of the Turkish 9 rhythm: Timing, tradition, and identity

Folk music throughout Anatolia and Thrace contains significant information about a performers social experience and background. In Turkey social information is commonly communicated through rhythm. Types of traditional music, particularly types with specific rhythmic structures and patterns, are often indicative of an ethnic or regional Turkish identity, an origin or affiliation. The 9 beat rhythmic structures are very common in the Folk Music of Anatolia. They are seen nearly everywhere in different arrangements and tempo values.In this article I will discuss the 9 beat time signature and specific 9/8 timed music belonging to and performed by groups that are often considered somewhat marginal in the contemporary Turkish Republic. For example, distinct types of rhythms and music (and corresponding social dances) are performed among defined Turkish identity groups such as Alevi (9/8), Zeybek (9/4 or 9/2), Yörük (9/16), and Rom (9/8). I will pay special attention to nine rhythms and discuss in more detail how each unique rhythmic pattern communicates a great deal of social and regional knowledge in Turkey.

Quantifying Microtiming Patterning and Variability in Drum Kit Recordings

Human performers introduce temporal variability in their performance of music. The variability consists of both long-range tempo changes and microtiming variability that are note-to-note level deviations from the nominal beat time. In many contexts, microtiming is important for achieving certain preferred characteristics in a performance, such as hang, drive, or groove; but this variability is also, to some extent, stochastic. In this paper, we present a method for quantifying the microtiming variability. First, we transcribed drum performance audio files into empirical data using a very precise onset detection system. Second, we separated the microtiming variability into two components: systematic variability (SV), defined as recurrent temporal patterns, and residual variability (RV), defined as the residual, unexplained temporal deviation. The method was evaluated using computer-performed audio drum tracks and the results show a slight overestimation of the variability magnitude, but proportionally correct ratios between SV and RV. Thereafter two data sets were analyzed: drum performances from a MIDI drum kit and real-life drum performances from professional drum recordings. The results from these data sets show that up to 65 percent of the total micro-timing variability can be explained by recurring and consistent patterns.

Estimation of damping in rotors using complex morlet wavelet transform

In a rotor-bearing system running with uniform angular acceleration, after running through the resonance, typical beat vibrations occur because the response of the system consists of the natural and excited motion. Shortly after resonance both are vibrations with frequencies close to each other. The present study explains a method for estimating damping of rotor-bearing systems from transient beat characteristics observed during the run-up stage. A mathematical justification is provided that the transient response of the rotor-bearing system consists of a beat response when the system crosses resonance. It is also clear from the mathematical model that the beat phenomenon observed depends on the level of damping in the system. The beat time period is also dependent on the angular acceleration of the system. This beat response is considered for wavelet analysis and the damping is estimated. Angular acceleration (α) of the rotor often increases the damping effects. This paper investigates how the damping ratio changes with respect to different angular acceleration values of the rotor-bearing system. Experimental validation of the beat phenomenon and damping identification is done for a rotor-bearing system. Validation for the above proposed method is done by the half-power bandwidth method of the run-up response and logarithmic decrement method of the beat response. A damping estimation from the impulse response of the stationary rotor by using wavelet transforms is also presented and validated using the logarithmic decrement method.

Action–perception coordination dynamics of whole-body rhythmic movement in stance: A comparison study of street dancers and non-dancers

This study investigated whether whole-body, rhythmic action–perception coordination in stance is organized in terms of dynamic principles. We observed whether phase transition and hysteresis occur during the execution of dancing movements. Nine skilled street dancers and 9 novice controls performed 2 types of rhythmic knee-bending movements to a metronome beat in the standing position. Participants performed down-on-the-beat (in which knee flexion coincides with the beat) and up-on-the-beat (in which knee extension coincides with the beat), which are both typical components of street dance. All participants were instructed not to intervene in the pattern change. The auditory stimulus beat rate increased or decreased between 60 and 220beats per minute (bpm) in steps of 20bpm. We calculated the phase angle of beat time that is superposed on knee movement trajectory on a phase plane. Under the up-on-the-beat condition, phase transition and hysteresis were observed. The bifurcation frequency at which phase transition occurred significantly differed between groups, indicating that dancers were able to perform up-on-the-beat at higher movement frequencies than non-dancers. This suggests that dynamical properties may differ between Dancers and Non-dancers. The present results provide additional evidence that whole-body action–perception pattern formation is governed by general and common dynamical principles.

Bypassing the bandwidth theorem withPTsymmetry

The beat time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{fpt}}$ associated with the energy transfer between two coupled oscillators is dictated by the bandwidth theorem which sets a lower bound ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{fpt}}\ensuremath{\sim}1/\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\omega}$. We show, both experimentally and theoretically, that two coupled active LRC electrical oscillators with parity-time ($\mathcal{PT}$) symmetry bypass the lower bound imposed by the bandwidth theorem, reducing the beat time to zero while retaining a real valued spectrum and fixed eigenfrequency difference $\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\omega}$. Our results foster design strategies which lead to (stable) pseudounitary wave evolution, and may allow for ultrafast computation, telecommunication, and signal processing.

Metronome Rate and Walking Foot Contact Time in Young Adults

It is assumed that when people walk guided by an audible constant rate, they match foot contact to the external pace. The purpose of this preliminary study was to test that assumption by examining the temporal relationship between audible signals generated by a metronome and foot contact time during gait. Ten healthy young women were tested in walking repetitions guided by metronome rates of 60, 110, and 150 beats/min. Metronome beats and foot contact times were collected in real time. The findings indicated that foot contact was not fully synchronized with the auditory signals; the shortest time interval between the metronome beat and foot contact time was at the prescribed rate of 60 beats/min., while the longest interval was at the rate of 150 beats/min. The correlation between left and right foot contact times was highest with the slowest rate and lowest with the fastest rate.

An efficient method of addressing ectopic beats: new insight into data preprocessing of heart rate variability analysis.

Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is affected by ectopic beats. An efficient method was proposed to deal with the ectopic beats. The method was based on trend correlation of the heart timing signal. Predictor of R-R interval (RRI) value at ectopic beat time was constructed by the weight calculation and the slope estimation of preceding normal RRI. The type of ectopic beat was detected and replaced by the predictor of RRI. The performance of the simulated signal after ectopic correction was tested by the standard value using power spectrum density (PSD) estimation, whereas the results of clinical data with ectopic beats were compared with the adjacent ectopic-free data. The result showed the frequency indexes after ectopy corrected had less error than other methods with the test of simulated signal and clinical data. It indicated our method could improve the PSD estimation in HRV analysis. The method had advantages of high accuracy and real time properties to recover the sinus node modulation.

Improving path failure detection in SCTP using adaptive heartbeat time intervals

Path failure detection in the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a key point to determine its viability as a transport protocol for mobile applications in wireless environments. Whereas most works have focused on how to optimize SCTP failure detection by modifying the retrans-mission algorithm inherited from TCP, we propose to change the SCTP heartbeat mechanism. In our proposal, the heart- beat time interval adapts to network conditions, so the more frequent the path failures are, the faster is the heartbeat pace. By simulation, we show that our approach detects inactive alternative destination addresses earlier, improving significantly the throughput of the SCTP connection.