Bearers Of Tradition Research Articles

From the Village to the Táncház: The Revival Metamorphosis of a Peasant Flute Player

AbstractDuring an inevitable rural-to-urban conforming process, the Hungarian revival movement, known as táncházmozgalom, has left marks of change on the knowledge of tradition bearers, which is the very source and condition of its existence. The aim of preserving original cultural frames of music and dance in its new environment was obvious, and still active village musicians and dancers have been respected (or even idolized) as the protagonists of the movement from the onset. Still, their original social roles as well as the status and function of their knowledge have been misinterpreted in multiple cases. Despite deliberate attempts to maintain authenticity, the result is a brand-new milieu with new musical phenomena, differing greatly from the original forms of musical tradition. The case study presented here concerns one of the last living Hungarian peasant musicians, András Hodorog. He and his unique technique of playing the furulya (flute) are highly regarded in the movement. After nearly two decades of recording, learning, and researching Hodorog's flute technique, comparatively monitoring changes in his instrumental style and repertoire, I have discovered that certain aspects of his musical profile would not have evolved without the impact and demands of the Hungarian revival movement.

Pasto varnish: 3D virtualization of an intangible cultural heritage

The artisanal technique of "barniz de Pasto" (Pasto varnish) in Colombia is an example of an Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) that requires urgent safeguarding processes due to a number of factors, including weakened practices, disrupted transmission, and environmental deterioration. The term "Pasto varnish" refers to an ancient artistic tradition from southern Colombia, which was designated as an Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) by UNESCO in 2020. This technique entails the decoration of diverse surfaces, including metal and wood, through the application of a thin, malleable film of natural resin derived from the mopa-mopa shrub (Elaeagia pastoensis L.E. Mora), which exhibits the capacity to adhere to a range of surfaces. This article presents the results of the 3D virtualization process of 22 heritage pieces from this technique, which are exhibited on the Virtual Pasto Varnish (VPV) website. The construction of this website entailed the implementation of three domains of virtualization: (i) 3D Documentation, wherein data pertinent to the heritage were collated; (ii) 3D Representation, wherein 3D material corresponding to the heritage artifact was created; and (iii) 3D Dissemination, which facilitated the dissemination and conservation of the 3D data. The results of this project demonstrate that virtual heritage can serve as a collaborative instrument for the integration, safeguarding, and promotion of research on ICH through the data, paradata, and metadata obtained during the 3D virtualization process. This article puts forth the proposition that virtual heritage makes significant contributions to ICH, particularly in regard to the continual recreation of living heritage through self-recognition, the dynamic conservation of its artifacts, and the contextualized research of its data. It can be concluded that for ICH materialized in artifacts—such as the case of Pasto varnish—virtual heritage becomes an important preservation tool when tradition bearers can be actively engaged in the process of "reviving the aura" of the heritage data.

Network for forest by-products charcoal, resin, tar, potash (COST Action EU-PoTaRCh)

COST Action EU-PoTaRCh establishes a network focused on the past, present and future use of the major forest by-products in Europe. The Action emphasizes forest by-products, mainly potash, tar, resin, and charcoal (PoTaRCh), as representatives of the traditional heritage of forest exploitation, including extractives used along the time for their specific chemical, biological activity and therapeutic effect. The scientific objective of the Action is to demonstrate the value of these products for the communities and their socio-economic growth, as well as their impact on biodiversity and climate throughout time. The general aim is to identify and assess changes in production and use of PoTaRCh and extractives, along with their social and environmental impacts on sustainable development, and draw lessons for the future based on this legacy. In this way, the Action supports the sustainable use of forests and the transfer of knowledge about circular economy practices, as a contribution to the systemic shift to the new circular bio-economy. A key component of the Action is to support stakeholders that are knowledgeable about PoTaRCh goods and are interested in them because they are used in production, education and promotion of our natural and cultural heritage. The Action meets a wide range of demands thanks to the participation of partners with various activity profiles (museums, state forests, forest industry, tradition bearers associations, tourism industry, etc.). The EU-PoTaRCh Action highlights three COST inclusivity policies: the participation of inclusivity Target Countries with a long history of developing PoTaRCh, a special emphasis on gender balance, and the involvement of young researchers in leadership positions.

Theory of the nation in the scientific concept of Lev Rebet

The article analyzes the life and work of L. Rebet, his general theoretical views on the formation and development of the nation. Considerable attention is paid to the characterization of L. Rebet’s fundamental scientific works on the theory and history of the Ukrainian nation, in particular: “The Formation of the Ukrainian Nation”; “Theory of the Nation”; “The Origin of Ukrainians, Russians, Belarusians in the Light of Modern Soviet Theories”; “The Light and Shadows of the OUN”, etc. It is shown that in his scientific concept of the formation and development of the nation, Lev Rebet examined in detail the causes of the decline, economic and cultural isolation of the Ukrainian community during the Golden Horde, analyzed the causes of the territorial fragmentation of the Ukrainian principalities and determined the importance of the Galicia-Volhynia State for the continuation of the state life of the Ukrainian people. Using historical examples, L. Rebet identified the negative impacts on the Ukrainian population under the Lithuanian and Polish occupation of Ukrainian lands. L. Rebet rightly noted that during the revival of the Ukrainian people, religion and the Orthodox faith played an important role, opposing Catholicism and polonization and becoming the bearers of Ukrainian tradition and the formation of national consciousness. It was the Ukrainian bourgeoisie, part of the petty gentry, and artisans who proved to be the bearers of culture and state traditions. However, it was only the independent Ukrainian military Cossack stratum that became the military and organizational force that quickly acquired the features of a national state, and in the era of Bohdan Khmelnytsky’s hetmanship, thanks to the military and political success of the Cossacks, one of the most powerful Ukrainian states of that time emerged, which played a significant nation-building role and for several years “crystallized the Ukrainian community, approaching a higher type - the nation”, in which the Cossacks were the main political force. The article reveals that L. Rebet in his works considered nationalism as an ideology that should be based on feelings of national dignity, self-respect and national consciousness. L. Rebet convincingly argued in his writings that the Ukrainian people have the right to political self-determination and the creation of their own state. L. Rebet believed that in order to build one’s own state, first of all, it is necessary to raise the national consciousness and culture of the people. According to L. Rebbetzin, this requires the Ukrainian people to return to their national roots, to their own history and culture, in order to preserve and establish their national identity. In his scientific concept, Lev Rebet emphasized the importance of preserving Ukrainian culture and language, and of preserving the national identity of Ukrainians. Nationalism should be democratic and social. He sought to create a national liberation organization that would unite different segments of the population and work for the benefit of the entire Ukrainian people. L. Rebet favored the creation of national statehood, but believed that the source of power in the state should be the people, not the political elite. Rebet’s views on the importance of moral virtues and cultural values, such as freedom, justice, honesty, diligence, creativity, traditions, religion, and language, are particularly relevant. Rebet believed that these values are important for Ukrainian and other nations.

Identity and Culture Based on the Traditional Cuisine of Bello city, Antioquia, Colombia

The text focuses primarily on the peasant food and culinary culture that takes place inside the stoves and kitchens of the municipality of Bello - Antioquia - Colombia, in order to make the rural kitchen visible as an essential element in the constitution of the municipality’s identity. To this end, it starts from a bibliographic analysis that supports and structures the axes through which the project circulates: food and culinary culture, as well as the kitchen, understood as a feature of identity.The research was approached using a qualitative and ethnographic methodology, in which participant observation was applied, in-depth interviews with inhabitants and tradition bearers of the villages of the municipality of Bello, in addition to tools such as field diaries and photographs. In general, this article provides an overview of the peasant cuisine of the municipality of Bello, its continuities and changes, promoting the knowledge and dissemination of the traditional cuisines of the territory.

New data on the connections of ancient settlers of Nakhchivan with the Near East

Archaeological sites identified by studies of 2010–2021 on the territory of Nakhchivan made it possible to supply the gap between the Late Neolithic and Eneolithic Chalcolithic periods. The presence of ancient Eastern features – Halaf and Obeid ones – is noted in the materials of Nakhchivan Tepe, Uçan-Ağıl, Bulovkaya and Uzunoba. It can be assumed that the settlements of Nakhchivan Tepe and Bulovkaya were strongholds or colonies of newcomers – bearers of Middle Eastern cultural traditions.

ДЕВИАЦИИ ОБЛИКА НАЧАЛЬСТВУЮЩЕГО СОСТАВА РККА (ВТОРАЯ ПОЛОВИНА 1920-Х ГГ.)

The article examines the suicides of the commanding officers of the Red Army in the second half of the 1920s as a very specific and painful symptom of the breakdown of the old and the formation of a new society in general and the folding of its military-corporate structure in particular. This problem is one of the characteristic and poorly studied indicators of the social and moral characteristics and attitudes of military personnel in the conditions of post-war psychological trauma, radical social transformations, political struggle, new economic policy and the consequences of the "military reform of the USSR". The causes, motives and specifics of the official, material, everyday, value, emotional and even medical conditions of the Red Army servicemen have been identified, systematized and analyzed. Special attention is paid to the commanding staff, including former officers as bearers of military traditions and shortcomings of the old Russian army during the formation of continuity with the Red Army. His office and home psychological microclimate during the period under study was characterized by serious lability and deviations, which adversely affected both the purely military sphere and the general socio-political well-being. The bulk of the sources used are represented by archival documents, which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

Burials of the XIII–XIV centuries in the Egiin-Gol river valley (Northern Mongolia): burial rite features

The article analyzes of the results of studies, condacted in 1997–2000 by archaeologists in the Egiin Gol river valley, northern Mongolia. The findings of 3 burial grounds, where burials of the XIII–XIV centuries were excavated, were examined – Mukhdagiin am, Kholtost nuga and Elst hotol. Based on the characteristics of the funeral rite, 4 groups of burials have been identified. The first included 9 graves from the necropolises of Elst hotol and Kholtost nuga. Corpses in them were placed without additional intra-grave structures. They were laid on their backs. The body was oriented with the head facing northwest, north, northeast or east. A shin, head or part of the spine of small cattle were placed near the hands or feet of the deceased in the grave. The second group included 4 burials of the Mukhdagiin am burial ground. The deceased were placed in wooden coffins and were oriented with their heads to the north or northwest. The shin of a sheep was placed vertically near the head. The third group included single burial of the the Mukhdagiin am burial ground. It had an undercut in the grave pit, where the body was buried. The fourth group included a grave from the Kholtost nuga necropolis. In it the deceased was wrapped in birch bark. During the first half of the II millennium, in the lower part of the Egiin Gola valley, the dominant position was occupied by the bearers of burial traditions of the first group. Representatives of the second group of burials appear in this area in the XIII century, comparable to the Sayantui funeral rite. The burials of the third and fourth groups date back to the beginning of the II millennium.

Керамика древнеберингоморской культуры со стоянки возле утеса Кожевникова (мыс Шмидта): особенности технологии

During the excavations of a dugout at the Kozhevnikov Cliff site (Cape Schmidt), N.N. Dikov obtained a collection of pottery vessels of the Old Bering Sea culture (fourteen specimens). The technology of ceramic production was analyzed using the methodology developed by A.A. Bobrinsky. It was determined that potters selected iron-rich clays of two subtypes, differing in the amount of natural sand content, for pottery production. Five recipes for the molding clay were identified, including three unmixed: 1) clay + sand (7 specimens); 2) clay + wool (3 specimens); 3) clay + organic solution (2 specimens); and two mixed – 4) clay + sand + organic solution (1 specimen); and 5) clay + sand + wool (1 specimen). The vessels were made in a base form, and the shape was additionally formed by paddling. On the outer surface of one artifact, a strap handle with an ear for threading a cord was made, and the remaining hole on the inside was patched with a cloth scrap. The surfaces of the vessels were treated by mechanical smoothing with a hard-smooth tool and/or fingers. Firing took place at temperatures above clay calcination and could be done in bonfires or hearths. The heterogeneity of pottery traditions was found among the population living in the dugout. The two identified two-component recipes for molding clay were formed as a result of mixing the adaptive pottery skills of bearers of different traditions of making unmixed recipes for molding clay. This indicates the beginning of cultural integration processes among bearers of different pottery skills that began to occur under the dominance of the tradition of using low-sanded clay of the first subtype and artificial sand addition in a 1 : 1 concentration.

Lermontov’s reminiscences in the story of I. S. Turgenev “Bezhin Meadow”

The article examines the story of I.S. Turgenev “Bezhin Meadow” in the context of the novel “Hero of our Time” by M.Y. Lermontov, since the issues raised in “Bezhin Meadow” and in “Fatalist” have much in common: the heroes, bearers of the Western cultural tradition, are waiting for a “common man” to answer the question, whether there is such thing as predestination – the question they don’t get answered. An analysis of the progress of Turgenev’s work on the text of “Bezhin Meadow” and of its draft versions shows that Turgenev kept reworking his text by making it closer to the “Fatalist”. In the story “Bezhin Meadow” in the pair “a simple man / a bearer of Western cultural tradition”, a redistribution of roles occurs (in comparison with the “Fatalist”): the bearer of Western cultural tradition remains in doubt, but Pavlusha is a peasant boy who has determination and is a bearer of Russian consciousness. The worldview of the “common man” combines the incongruous: both the idea of determinism and absolute freedom, illustrating the ambivalence of the Russian consciousness. The collision of the doubting hero with the bearer of national consciousness does not resolve the doubts of the hero and, rather, confirms the hopelessness of his search. The emphasized (in relation to the “Fatalist”) activity of the “common man” makes it impossible to find a hero of the time among the “heirs of Pechorin” and opens a new stage in the search for a national hero. The correlation of the narrator from “A Sportsman’s sketches” with Pechorin allows us to take a fresh look at the problem of creative ties between Turgenev and Lermontov, to clarify the way Turgenev looked at Lermontov’s hero and at the problems raised in the novel “Hero of Our Time” in the early 1850s.

ALTAI IN THE PRE-TURKIC PERIOD: HISTORICAL FATE OF THE NOMADS OF THE DYALYAN TRADITION OF RITUAL PRACTICE

The article presents the study of the Dyalyan tradition of ritual practice characteristic of one of the groups of the Bulan-Koby archaeological culture of Altai in the last quarter of the 1st millennium BC – the first half of the 1st millennium AD. The key features of this tradition are identified, the most significant of which is the burial of an individual oriented to the western sector of the horizon, accompanied by a horse laid “above” or “at the feet” of the buried individual. 45 similar burials localized in the northern and central Altai have been excavated to date. These burials demonstrate the features of the formation and evolution of the Dyalyan tradition throughout the entire period of the existence of the Bulan-Koby culture. This group of the population had the greatest importance in the pre-Turkic period (second half of the 4th – first half of the 5th centuries AD). New materials from the excavations of the Choburak-I necropolis, one of the demonstrative objects of which is published and analyzed in the article, confirm that in the nomads of Dyalyan tradition were representatives of the local elite in the Northern Altai. This is evidenced by the composition of the accompanying inventory from the studied burials which included advanced models of weapons and defensive armament, equipment for a person and a riding horse. The possibilities of reconstructing the historical fate of the Dyalyan tradition bearers are presented. It should be stressed that the characteristic features of the rite were not continued in the funeral practice of the early medieval Turks. The available rather fragmentary materials make it possible to outline the western direction of the migrations of the “Dyalyans” (probably as part of the Rouran community), as well as to make an assumption about their participation in the formation of certain population groups of the Srostki culture of the Forest-Steppe Altai.

Pottery Assemblages from Vodoba II Settlement in the Light of Ideas about the Early Iron Age in Lake Beloye Region

The paper deals with the analysis of materials from the Vodoba II settlement that demonstrates a complicated process of development of Late Kargopol antiquities nearby Lake Beloye. The discovered pottery assemblages are syncretic. Several types of ceramics are distinguished: textile, brushed, smoothed with impressions of a comb stamp, ceramics of the Vyatka-Vetluga culture of the Ananyino cultural and historical area (ACHA) and hybrid. It is this combination in ceramic sets from ancient settlements that determines the specificity of Late Kargopol antiquities. Two major stages in the development of settlements in this region are identified: the first one corresponds to the first half of the I millennium BC, the second one is accompanied by the spread of the bearers of cultural traditions of the VyatkaVetluga culture ACHA and the development of hybrid shapes of pottery in the settlements (up to the 3rd century BC) in these areas in the middle of the I millennium BC. At the second stage Lake Beloye area settlements are included in a large "hybrid world" with ceramics of close types, having a certain originality in different regions, which is primarily associated with the traditions of pottery assemblages formation in the previous periods.

Михайло Грушевський і українська мова: у контексті творення політичної нації

The article presents the author’s reflection on the contribution of Mykhailo Hrushevsky (1866–1934), the outstanding Ukrainian scientist-historian, academician of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (1923), public and political figure, in substantiating the foundations of the independent state existence of Ukrainians within the context of the struggle for carrying out their education in mother-tongue and the national education system development in future. The chronological limits of the study are the first decades of the XX century. The role of socio-political and journalistic activities of M. Hrushevsky in following activities has been highlighted: upholding and protecting the interests and cultural needs of the Ukrainian people, establishing the status of the Ukrainian language as the only alternative for education of Ukrainians, as a self-sufficient language of a particular Slavic people in the territory between two empires. All of the above still has historically instructive and politically reasoned meaning. It has been proven that purposeful, nationally oriented public educational activities of the scientist, firstly, are an example of an enduring personal contribution to the creation of our state, especially in the circumstances on the eve of the Ukrainian revolution. Secondly, the ideas he substantiated for the development of national education of Ukrainians laid the foundations for the philosophy of national education for the future. The scientific appeal has updated two journalistic articles by M. Hrushevsky – «The Stumbling Stone» and «The Cornerstone» (both 1916) – contextually significant for deepening the modern understanding of what the scientist has done to increase the ethnic consciousness of Ukrainians, especially Ukrainian peasants as bearers of traditions and language, development among compatriots of a common understanding of the national past, perception of the native language as an attribute of independent life.

Система мифологических персонажей в тюркском эпосе: карачаево-балкарская «Нартиада» и якутские олонхо

The article explores the parallels in the structure of character systems of the Karachay-Balkarian version of the Nartiada and Yakut heroic epos Olonkho. The main focus is on the typical attributes and plot functions of such groups of characters as celestial demiurges and protectors of epic heroes and their demonic antagonists. The research aims to assess the degree of typological proximity of the studied traditions based on the analysis of one of the levels of the system of epic characters. The article reveals the close connection of the plots of the Karachay-Balkarian Nartiada and the Yakut epic Olonkho with the ritual and mythological context. In both traditions, a similar circle of characters in structure and functions is revealed — the patrons of the hero, attributed as deities (тейри, айыы таҥара) and also represented in the real religious and mythological practice of the bearers of traditions. Noticeable coincidences in the plots of the Karachay-Balkarian and Yakut epics are also found in the field of demonological conceptions. They have such common features as the chthonic kind and monstrous appearance of the antagonists of the hero, the presence in the plots of an expressive image of the mother of epic demons. These features stem from the general typological properties of the archaic heroic epic. At the same time, such features as the serpentomorphism of the chthonic demoness and the ‘landscape’ semantics of tropes applied to antagonists can be considered as genetically related elements, possibly dating back to the proto-Turkic mythological worldview.

Cossackhood in Contemporary Russia: Attaining Social Status

In contemporary Russian society, a transformation of the social structure is taking place. The formation of the Cossack social group is an important aspect of this process. The revival of this social group throughout the post-Soviet period has led to polarised interpretations, ranging from characterising Cossacks as "costumed" individuals to being bearers of Russian military cultural traditions in modern society. The significance of the social status of Cossacks is amplified in the face of modern geopolitical challenges and the Russian society's search for its own identity.
 The aim of this article is to determine the foundations of Cossack group formation and the expectations that, from the Cossacks' perspective, are necessary for the preservation and strengthening of the group. The methodological framework of the study is based on the ideas of actor-network theory by B. Latour. The empirical research hypothesis posits that the process of Cossack group formation has undergone several stages, from recreating elements of folk culture to implementing the historical Cossack service function into the life of modern society with blurred boundaries between social strata. The involvement of Cossack military societies in the Special Military Operation has influenced the adaptation of cultural patterns related to the Cossack service function. The hypothesis was tested using a mass survey through questionnaire methods in thirteen Cossack military societies. The survey results show that the majority of Cossacks, including some non-registered Cossacks, support the main directions of the State Policy Strategy regarding the Cossacks. However, Cossacks' expectations from the state include the adaptation of traditional Cossack military service patterns to the conditions of modern society and the requirements of military service. The readiness of Cossacks to move in this direction is evident in the formation of voluntary Cossack units participating in the Special Military Operation. Nevertheless, this grassroots initiative of Cossack societies requires state resources as the dominant actor in the Cossack revival process. These resources include the establishment of Cossack units in accordance with the tradition of Cossack military service within the structure of the National Guard, a different approach to the education of youth in Cossack schools with a stronger military component, and the re-establishment of traditional Cossack camps for regular military training of registered Cossacks, among other things. Such service activities by registered Cossacks will also require the development of corresponding preferences and privileges for registered Cossacks.

Field Method for Characterization of Deciduous Wooden Shingles

In the Nordic countries, a major part of the built heritage is constructed of wood and on churches it is still common for the roofing to consist of shingles. In the 20th century, there was a paradigm shift when the heritage authorities made new standards where, for example, the variety of species used throughout history was replaced by pine with sapwood. Today, it is evident that the broken traditions have resulted in roofings with shorter life spans (Göllas & Lindblad, 2021). Further, changes in forestry during the last century made old mature pines, appropriate for shingles, a scarcity. Until last year, it was common that wood for shingles was imported from Russia and northern Finland, which is questionable from more than one perspective. In a project by the Craft Laboratory, the aim is to reclaim traditional know-how through craft research. Old built-in shingle roofs are examined, old forestry and building literature is inventoried and tradition bearers are interviewed. Several of these sources put forward oak and aspen as species well suited for long-lasting shingle roofing. The focus of the exhibition is the development of a field method in which we present features to define wood species on the weathered surfaces of shingles using sight and touch characterization. A built-in roof with both aspen and oak shingles in Tönnersjö church in Halland will serve as an example.

Reconstructing the use of plumb level from a 19th century clinker boat tradition

Traditionally, vernacular Nordic clinker boats are built without plans or templates. The local boat tradi­tions all have a system of design that was handed over from master to apprentice. In some local traditions, a simple plumb level was used to guide the boatbuilder. The plumb level was placed on the planks of the hull during the build to give them the right angles of inclination in certain parts of the hull. Knowledge of how to use this plumb level is still considered part of living, unbroken traditions in some areas. In some local traditions, however, there are no longer any living tradition bearers that have the knowledge of how this tool was used in the local context. In this contribution, I will discuss how this lost knowledge can be reconstructed using old artefacts as a source material. I am investigating the tradition of building vernacular, clinker-built boats called ‘öka’ for sailing and rowing. This specific boat building tradition was located in the 19th century Stockholm archipelago. The artefacts in this case are preserved boats built in the old tradition and preserved plumb levels from closely related traditions. A central question in this context is to locate the exact positions in the boat that were measured by the plumb level. Working with reverse engineering, the measuring can be performed on preserved boats, but the right places for measuring still must be located to reconstruct the knowledge of how and where to use the tool. Some preserved plumb levels have markings that can be used in this investigation to match the locations and angles in the preserved boats. In this contribution, I will also discuss the possibility of applying the traditional measuring methods used by the old boatbuilders in today´s surveys and reconstructions, not translating the craft object into a digital 3D model or a lines plan.

The Masculinist Construction of the National Woman and Her Gendered Practice of Love in the Colonial Bengali Fairy Tale Tradition

This article will concentrate on the discourses that circulated around the literary genre of the Bengali fairy tale as it developed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century India, especially regarding its ownership and genesis, and the interaction of this with the political/social debates/discourses surrounding the position and role of women. The discourses generated through the various prefaces and commentaries that accompanied the story collections, constructed a certain idea of the national woman as the bearer of tradition. They posit a theory of the sustenance of indigenous cultural traditions (which included story telling traditions) in her tremendous capacity for all-consuming love. At the same time, the story texts presented and focused on self-sacrificing heroines who fit into the model of indigenous womanhood that was being constructed during this period. This article will argue that these discourses were built on a series of erasures of women’s voices, life stages and emotional spectrums but were serving the purpose of proving the superiority of indigenous traditions over that of the British imperialists. This project of defending Indian tradition, a central aspect of the cultural resistance to British imperialism, was a masculinist project. It reduced women to being mere sites and objects of knowledge.

Новая неолитическая стоянка Приозерная в Нижнем Поволжье

Introduction. The Lower Volga region attracts the attention of specialists because the ancient cultures of this region had a great influence on neighboring regions. This also applies to the Neolithic era, when the inhabitants of this territory had the oldest ceramic production and cattle breeding. A number of questions remain open, as new sources are required. One of them is the site of Priozernaya in the southern part of the Lower Volga region. Methods and materials. Planographic and stratigraphic methods are used to identify the nature of the monument. According to the results of the technical and technological analysis, the ceramics are made of silt. The results of the typological method reveal flat-bottomed vessels ornamented with receding incisions in a geometric style. Stone tools are represented by scrapers, spikes, and knives. Spears and spearheads are made of bones. According to the results of archeozoological analysis, tur, kulan, saiga, tarpan, etc. are represented. According to the results of radiocarbon analysis, dates are obtained. It is 6700–6600 years BP for animal bones and ceramics. Results. The results of the spatial analysis reveal the presence of remnants of dwelling structures. The manufacturing technology and typology of ceramics and stone tools allow us to attribute the monument to the Tentexor type of the late stage of the Neolithic of the Northern Caspian. The results of the faunal analysis confirm the presence of only wild animal species. The hypothesis about the appearance of a producing economy in this region at the late stage of the Neolithic has not been confirmed. Only the dog belongs to the domesticated animals. According to the results of radiocarbon analysis, the site functioned in the second quarter of the 6th millennium BC. The monument is a short-lived hunting camp. The pattern application techniques and the nature of ornamental compositions allow us to detect similarities with the ceramics of the Caspian culture. This suggests assuming the participation of the local Neolithic population in the genesis of the bearers of the Eneolithic tradition. Authors contribution. T.Yu. Grechkina wrote sections about planographic and stratigraphic methods. A.A. Vybornov described ceramic and stone tools. The results are written together.

Intercultural Education as a Factor of Realization of the Rights of People

The article deals with the issues of the role of multicultural/intercultural education in ensuring the cultural rights of the bearers of various traditions in the process of their interaction in an ethnically diverse human environment. The hypothesis of the publication is the following: multicultural/intercultural education forms (builds) a platform for the realization of cultural rights of representatives of various ethnic communities in the process of their interaction, preventing the violation of their rights. Clarifying the content of the concepts of multicultural education and intercultural education begins with exposing the content of the concepts of multiculturalism and interculturalism.
 The content of the concept of ethnic interaction as well as the structure of this phenomenon is presented. The etymology of multicultural/intercultural education and its contemporary value is discussed.
 The author concludes that the practice of multicultural/intercultural education in North American and European countries has proven its viability in forming a platform for ensuring equal opportunities for the realization of the cultural rights of the bearers of various ethnocultural traditions and ways of life, particularly in the educational process. It opens up opportunities for equal ethnic interaction at the level of minority groups and at the level of minorities and the majority – the mainstream of the country of residence – and helps to avoid violations of their rights thanks the exclusion of prejudices, getting to know each other better. As a result, opportunities for interaction in the plane of psychological perception replace the paradigm of opposition “we-they (strangers)” with the paradigm of compromise “we-they (others).”
 The prospects for the development of multicultural/intercultural education for Ukraine are analyzed in the context of conflict-free interethnic interaction.