Bearer Of Responsibility Research Articles

Homo Academicus as a Bearer of Responsibility

The authors explore the problem of scientists’ and scholars’ responsibility for the emergence, development, achievements, and failures of the modern world-system. They hypothesize that this problem of homo academicus (understood as a collective subject) responsibility can be systematically researched in the context of scientists’ and scholars’ activities as personal social and anthropological practices concerned with re-pro-ducing the social. This article follows E. Levinas’s idea that every form of subjectivity a priori acts as a form of responsibility, while also using J. Caputo’s concept of “the end of ethics”, reframing it as a strategy of “open-ended responsibility” in which the structure and contents of responsibility always have the potential to be reconsidered. Homo academicus is one of the subjects of Modernity; it is intimately related to the production of the social. Scientists and scholars as experts, idea generators, consultants, tenured professors etc. take part in and are responsible (alongside other subjects of Modernity) for the production of images of the human being (homo economicus, politicus, religiosus etc.). They themselves act within one of those images — homo academicus. In general, since the beginning of the twentieth century the social sciences and the humanities have gone from the universal rationality of M. Weber to the idea of methodologies with limited responsibility of V. Rozin. Through our study of the existential nature of scientific activity, we come to the conclusion that scientific cognition does not just legitimize social being and point at its problems; it also establishes hope for a better way of being where there's a place for truth, values of freedom, responsibility, friendship, creativity.

Narrative responsibility and artificial intelligence

Most accounts of responsibility focus on one type of responsibility, moral responsibility, or address one particular aspect of moral responsibility such as agency. This article outlines a broader framework to think about responsibility that includes causal responsibility, relational responsibility, and what I call “narrative responsibility” as a form of “hermeneutic responsibility”, connects these notions of responsibility with different kinds of knowledge, disciplines, and perspectives on human being, and shows how this framework is helpful for mapping and analysing how artificial intelligence (AI) challenges human responsibility and sense-making in various ways. Mobilizing recent hermeneutic approaches to technology, the article argues that next to, and interwoven with, other types of responsibility such as moral responsibility, we also have narrative and hermeneutic responsibility—in general and for technology. For example, it is our task as humans to make sense of, with and, if necessary, against AI. While from a posthumanist point of view, technologies also contribute to sense-making, humans are the experiencers and bearers of responsibility and always remain in charge when it comes to this hermeneutic responsibility. Facing and working with a world of data, correlations, and probabilities, we are nevertheless condemned to make sense. Moreover, this also has a normative, sometimes even political aspect: acknowledging and embracing our hermeneutic responsibility is important if we want to avoid that our stories are written elsewhere—through technology.

Expanding Research Integrity: A Cultural-Practice Perspective

Research integrity (RI) is usually discussed in terms of responsibilities that individual researchers bear towards the scientific work they conduct, as well as responsibilities that institutions have to enable those individual researchers to do so. In addition to these two bearers of responsibility, a third category often surfaces, which is variably referred to as culture and practice. These notions merit further development beyond a residual category that is to contain everything that is not covered by attributions to individuals and institutions. This paper discusses how thinking in RI can take benefit from more specific ideas on practice and culture. We start by articulating elements of practice and culture, and explore how values central to RI are related to these elements. These insights help identify additional points of intervention for fostering responsible conduct. This helps to build “cultures and practices of research integrity”, as it makes clear that specific times and places are connected to specific practices and cultures and should have a place in the debate on Research Integrity. With this conceptual framework, practitioners as well as theorists can avoid using the notions as residual categories that de facto amount to vague, additional burdens of responsibility for the individual.

Social responsibility between the Islamic vision and the contemporary vision - the youth as a model

Islam has been concerned with guiding man to what brings him comfortable living in this worldly life and winning the approval of his Lord in the hereafter, by performing his role in this life, as the interest, happiness and dignity of man is linked to the responsibility of seeking to establish God's justice and the values ​​of revelation in the universe. Social responsibility is the basis that a person must be fully aware of, so he must be aware of the factors that help him to advance them in the best way, and also be aware of the factors that distract him from working with them. The first generation comprehended the calls of responsibility, held them and acted upon them, thus constructing a civilization that people testify to their superiority. As for the long term for those who inherited the Qur’an and moved away from its approach, they lost their effectiveness, and their condition deteriorated. One of the most prominent diseases suffered by Muslims, individuals and groups - far from the guidance of revelation - their disavowal of their responsibilities, which made them lag behind the ride of civilization, so they needed to reactivate them, by enlightening them and reminding them of the factors that push them to fulfill their responsibilities in order to be free from backwardness and impotence, proceeding in the performance of their mission Entrusted to them, namely, the succession of the land and building civilization. Therefore, it is not better than referring to the divine revelation and the prophetic guidance to identify the reality of responsibility and activate the human being through both sides of consciousness and action. The Messenger of God, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, activated these two aspects - awareness and action - in his honorable companions, may God be pleased with them all, and they excelled in bearing this trust, and they gave us the most wonderful examples of bearing responsibility towards their Creator, the Almighty, and their Prophet (), themselves and the entire society. Hence, these principles motivated me to write a paper in the statement of the theory of social responsibility, indicating the vision and originality of Islam, citing what came from an honorable prophet's guidance to young people to correct their behavior and morals and fortify their minds and ideas to be bearers of responsibility in all its forms. As for the contemporary vision of the concept of social responsibility, it was confined to the date of the emergence of this theory with a brief mention of it in proportion to this research (). I have made the title of my research in this regard (social responsibility between the Islamic vision and the contemporary vision - the youth as a model).

FEATURES OF CULTURAL CREATION AS DOMINANTS OF HUMANITARIAN INTEGRITY OF UKRAINIAN CULTURE

The article is devoted to the definition of stylistic guidelines of cultural creation as a dominant of the humanitarian integrity of Ukrainian culture. Ukrainian Baroque is defined as the creative epicentre of cultural creativity of the twentieth century. Ukrainian culture has always faced the choice of solving the cultural situation and way of life, which appeals to the individual, who in turn is the bearer of responsibility, the bearer of humanitarian security, the opportunity to be and not to be, to carry and not to carry the world. Ukrainian history has shown all these possibilities. Worldview matrices, possibilities of typological comprehension of cultural creativity as an ecosystem, due to which the integrity of man as the unity of man and nature, man and culture, man and absolute, tradition and creativity are formed, are analyzed.

Unions and Decisionistic-Restricted Involvement in the CSR Debate – An Explanation to a Cooperative Approach

Abstract Corporate social responsibility (CSR) implies the responsibility of companies for sustainable management in economic, ecological and social terms. The majority of CSR works in science and research were written primarily with the focus on ethics (moral vs. market economy), bearer of responsibility (state vs. companies) and management (e.g. best practice, manuals). This article comes from the perspective of a stakeholder group that is constantly mentioned but receive insufficient attention: unions. Research indicated early on that unions leaned back in the European CSR-debate since its beginning 2001. Based on the case of German unions, the author will analyse their motivation by studying their statements. The systematic literature review provides the basis for his qualitative content analysis of reasonable motives. The results show the unions encountering a complex environment with diverse interests, in which it is difficult to position themselves. Furthermore CSR requirements placed on companies were considered, by economy, to be set very high. Although CSR is not driven by legal regulations, it unfolds quasi-binding rules. For those reasons, it is not surprising that unions were sceptical and restrictive. With its analysis of a defensive CSR strategy, the study contributes to progress in the field of engagement in international debates. The author deals in a theoretical-conceptual way with the existing research results in this field, invalidates them and presents his own attempt with explanation. His explanatory approach extends the existing explanatory patterns by a new perspective for the problem described.

Age and work – social support received by mature employees

ABSTRACT In this article, we examine social support received by mature employees in the context of intermediate labour market and outside working life. In our study the levels and forms of social support were analysed by applying data-led content analysis. The research data comprises thematic interviews of individuals aged 50 or above who have become employed in the intermediate labour market (n = 15). The social support received by mature employees took the form of primary support provided by the people closest to them and secondary support from colleagues, while relatively little support was provided by superiors. The observations included strong reciprocal social support on the primary and secondary levels. Reciprocal help and social support among mature employees was shown to be a significant resource in their social circles, with positive effects that extend to society in general. The research showed the strong role of mature employees as bearers of responsibility in both the local community and in the workplace community. One of the outcomes of this study was the discovery of a fourth dimension of collective, reciprocal support, taking the form of voluntary work carried out by the mature employees. Voluntary work, in its various forms, boosted their resilience as well as their ability to manage the obstacles of everyday life and the challenges arising from unemployment. These mature clients continue to be an unutilized resource in community-based social work.

Risk bearing capacity and the bearers of responsibility

Risk is a topic which has gained attention beyond specialists in organisations and academics since at least the publication of Beck's (1986) work on the “society of risk”. Beck wrote under the shadow of the nuclear meltdown of Tchernobyl which made clear that we are exposed to risks we cannot necessarily perceive, but are immediately affected once they are realised. The financial crisis of 2007/8 brought the immense risk which the financial industry represents and the regulation aiming to control these risks, to a broader attention. Central to the banking business is the requirement to deal with risk inherent in any business, to provide instruments to manage the consequences of risk, but also to trade these instruments. Additionally to risk management, as required by legislation or regulations such as the Financial Accounting Standards, the aim of banking regulation is also to manage the inherent added risks resulting from the aggregation of risk, i.e. those risks that are created by the management of financial risk by the act of trading the risk. Given the immense importance of risk and its management it is a necessary task to not just discuss the content of regulation, but also the central terms used in it. To ask what do these terms mean, which connotations must be considered when using them, how do they lead our attention? The intention of this paper is to have a closer look at the term “risk bearing capacity” and its use in the banking regulation of the Basel accords.

Complexity Theory and the Horizontal and Vertical Dimensions of State Responsibility

This article argues that a gap that has always existed in the law of state responsibility is now becoming more apparent. That gap divides a state from its citizens, making it difficult to justify why state responsibility should be distributed to them. Purely legal approaches to the issue are not likely to resolve the problem, and although the literature of moral collective responsibility suggests some bases for having citizens share the costs of state responsibility, none are completely satisfying. Concepts from complexity theory show why this is so. If the theory is correct, the state is neither a legal abstraction nor reducible to the individuals who purportedly comprise it. Instead, it is an emergent phenomenon that arises from complex interactions among individuals, formal and informal subgroups, and the conceptual tools and structures that individuals and subgroups use to comprehend and respond to their physical and social environments. The theory is consistent with a basic premise of international law that the state as such is an appropriate bearer of responsibility. However, because in a complex system there is no linear connection between the emergent phenomenon and its underlying constituents, this suggests that the divide between a state and its citizens in the distribution of state responsibility may never be bridged.

Technological affordances of risk and blame: the case of the electronic prescription service in England

Information and communication technology (ICT) is often presented by health policymakers and software designers as a means for reducing clinical risk, leading to safer clinical practice. Studies have challenged this view, showing how technology can produce new or unanticipated risks. Although research seeks to objectively identify these risks, we recognise that technological risks are socially constructed through the interaction of technology and practice. The aim of this article is to explore how technology affords opportunities for the social construction and control of risk in health care settings. Drawing upon a study of the electronic prescription service introduced in the National Health Service in England, we make three arguments. Firstly, as technology interacts with social practice (for example, through policy and the design and use of ICT) it affords opportunities for the construction of risk through its interpretive flexibility, transformative capacity and materiality. Secondly, social actors interpret these risks within and across professional boundaries and cultures. Thirdly, the social construction of risk affords certain implications to policymakers, designers and users of health ICT, specifically a reordering of power and responsibility and a recasting of questions of blame. These, in turn, raise questions concerning the boundaries and bearers of responsibility.

IS END OF LIFE CARE AT HOME FOR PEOPLE WITH DEMENTIA POSSIBLE? VIEWS OF FAMILY CARERS

IntroductionPeople with dementia can become confused and anxious in new environments, hospitals can be hazardous places, and transitions between settings at the end-of-life can be harmful. These reasons, together with...

Democracy, national responsibility and climate change justice

Nations are regularly considered the main bearers of responsibility for climate change. Accordingly, the differences between nations are crucial in understanding how responsibilities should be distributed. In this account, I examine the relevance of differences in type of political regime to this end. The claim defended here is that democratic institutions are constitutive of the conditions for when members of nations can be held responsible as a collective for the outcomes affecting the climate. The implications of this account are demonstrated, first, in relation to claims of historical responsibility and, second, in relation to the burdens assigned to Annex I countries by the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. The analysis shows why democratic institutions – at present and in the past – are essential in order to conclude that the members of a nation share responsibility for the harm caused by the aggregate greenhouse emissions of their nation. In connection to this analysis, we also show why responsibility for the costs of climate change is sometimes justly placed on authoritarian nations.

The Commitments of Cosmopolitanism

T en years have passed since the United Nations member states committed themselves to the Millennium Development Goals, central among which are the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger worldwide by 2015. Two recent books, Gillian Brock’s Global Justice: A Cosmopolitan Account and Darrel Moellendorf’s Global Inequality Matters, serve as timely reminders that progress toward meeting these morally urgent goals has been minimal. Rich with empirical detail, these books bridge the gap between theory and practice in presenting carefully crafted accounts of the obligations we have to non-compatriots and by offering practical proposals for how we might get closer to meeting these obligations. Among the host of theoretical questions common to the two books are: What commitments are entailed by a cosmopolitan perspective—one that recognizes the equal moral worth and inherent dignity of all individuals? Can the demands of justice be said to apply outside the state, and if so, why? How should global institutions be designed, and who are the bearers of responsibility for their design? What distributive principles would treat all individuals worldwide justly? With respect to the long-standing debates on these questions, both authors manage to articulate a fresh perspective. Brock’s distinctive contribution is her contention that the demands of cosmopolitanism should be cast in terms of enabling individuals worldwide to protect their basic needs and liberties, and furthermore that these are demands of justice. This approach differs from two prominent views.

Switzerland, National Socialist Policy and the Legacy of History

This article addresses, on the one hand, the relationship between National Socialism’s foreign and economic policies, and on the other, Swiss models of behaviour in dealing with Nazi Germany. It also examines post-war explanations of this period in Swiss memory and historiography. The first part of the article recapitulates some aspects of National Socialist policy and economic ideology, in particular the project of a ‘Germanised’ Europe and a racial ‘Greater Germany’. Antisemitism is an important factor in this context. The second part of the article then considers three features of the Swiss state of affairs in terms of how the National Socialist ideology of Lebensraum was perceived: military matters, economic issues and attitudes towards refugees. What emerges is that the state of knowledge concerning these three features varies greatly. Furthermore, after the war, the bearers of responsibility in Switzerland found themselves confronted by the Swiss relationship to National Socialist crimes, the nature...

The Dispersion of Genetic Technologies and the Law

Genetic technologies offer two powerful and distinct types of information that have different implications. First, genetic tests can reveal information about an individual's predisposition to illness later in life. Numerous questions are raised by this sort of information: At what point in a test's development can individuals have access to it? What do people need to know before they decide whether to use a predictive test? Once predictive information is known, must the individual make efforts to ameliorate the risk? Can employers or insurers refuse to deal with a person who is likely to be expensive? The answers to these questions are made difficult because requiring individuals to act in ways that maximize physical health or allowing third parties to act on this information treads on liberty and privacy interests. But as complex as these questions are, they are nonetheless similar to issues that legislatures have confronted before. Second, genetic tests can reveal an individual's increased chance of having a child with certain, often undesired traits. Even suggesting that individuals act on this information requires that issues about promoting and avoiding childbearing be addressed. As with predictive testing, questions about childbearing also turn on liberty and privacy interests. The various aspects of controlling procreation are, however, harder to address because the scope of the freedom to make procreative decisions is more contested in our society than questions about how one deals with one's own health. Legislatures, administrative agencies, and courts have begun to grapple with some of these questions. To complicate matters further, private litigants often pursue claims that conflict with the goals of the public law sector. But while the law's response to genetic testing is incomplete and at times inconsistent, certain priorities emerge. Access to Services In the area of genetic testing, the federal government rarely provides services. It has also taken a less prominent, although still substantial, role in providing funds to states in recent years.[1] The states, the primary bearers of responsibility in matters of health, vary greatly in their approach to genetic services. Interestingly, legislators have generally ignored the reproductive implications of the service providing genetic information most commonly offered by the state-newborn screening. Finding an affected child during newborn screening often means that the parents have a substantial risk of having another affected child in later pregnancies. This risk can create a legal obligation to inform the parents of the implications for future childbearing. Many state agencies have struggled to develop strategies to reach these parents, particularly since the widespread adoption of hemoglobinopathy screening, which detects large numbers of children who are sickle-cell carriers. These state actors may view the need to convey genetic information as something they would rather avoid. Some officials, however, view the chance to avert the birth of affected children as an advantage of newborn screening. States have devoted more attention to the implications of genetic testing done explicitly in relation to procreation. Several state legislatures passed statutes creating statewide genetics programs that specifically include testing done primarily to enable individuals to make informed reproductive decisions. Enacted in the mid- to late 1970s, many of the statutes are quite elaborate, containing for example detailed provisions requiring that services be voluntary and that results be kept confidential. Others are quite simple, saying nothing at all about protecting the interests of the potential consultees. Indeed, some legislatures seem to have added statewide genetic services as an afterthought to newborn screening laws.[2] Analysis of the statutes and regulations that address reproductive genetic services suggests that there is little consensus about the appropriate uses of these technologies. …

The Organization of Hypocrisy: Talk, Decisions and Actions in Organizations

Part 1 Organizations and inconsistent norms: institutional environments inconsistent environments. Part 2 The political organization principle: the ideal type of action organization the ideal type of political organization organizations in the real world - politics and action politics in organizational processes. Part 3 Politics in practice: attempts at action produce politics politics again inconsistencies in ideologies and roles the dominance of politics. Part 4 Decisions as transition between politics and action: the case of Greaton decision-makers as defensive scrutineers opinion-making implementation decision-makers as bearers of responsibility. Part 5 Responsibility as an impediment to influence - the case of budgeting: budgeting budgeting under stagnation roles and actors in the budget process the allocation of responsibility control - supply and demand budgeting as an instrument for external financing. Part 6 The responsible organization: society as hierarchy implementation or legitimation an illustration Stanby - implementation or legitimation? the role of politics. Part 7 Projects and organizations: two projects strategies for meeting external demands - delegation, rationality and ideology. Part 8 Ideas, decisions and actions in organizations: ideas and actions alternative interpretations of organizational decision-making decision-making and the allocation of responsibility decisions as legitimation four roles of decisions. Part 9 The dynamics of hypocrisy: the paradoxes of presentation and result public organizations and the publicness of organizations implications for organizational stakeholders.