Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus Research Articles

First Report of Tomato spotted wilt virus in Eustoma grandiflorum in Korea

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 101, No. 3First Report of Tomato spotted wilt virus in Eustoma grandiflorum in Korea Previous DISEASE NOTES OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of Tomato spotted wilt virus in Eustoma grandiflorum in KoreaJ. Y. Yoon, G. S. Choi, and S. K. ChoiJ. Y. YoonSearch for more papers by this author, G. S. ChoiSearch for more papers by this author, and S. K. ChoiSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations J. Y. Yoon G. S. Choi S. K. Choi , Virology Unit, Department of Horticultural and Herbal Environment, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Wanju, Jeollabuk-Do, 55365, Republic of Korea. Published Online:13 Dec 2016https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-16-1514-PDNAboutSectionsSupplemental ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) (genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae) was first reported in Korea in 2004 (Choi et al. 2004) and the virus is currently widespread in the country, infecting pepper, tomato, potato, and wild plant species (Choi et al. 2014). TSWV is transmitted by at least 11 species of thrips (e.g., Frankliniella occidentalis), one species of Ceratothripoides, and one species of Scirtothrips. Transmission can also be archived through infected plant sap. Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) is an herbaceous annual and an emerging flower for weddings, producing eight million cutting flowers in 2014 in Korea. In January 2016, virus-like symptoms including mosaic and wilting followed by necrosis on leaves and branch were observed in lisianthus plants in a greenhouse in Tae-An-gun, Korea. Approximately 10% of lisianthus plants (about 3,000 plants) in the greenhouse showed virus-like foliar symptoms, based on visual estimates. To identify a causal virus, four symptomatic leaf samples of lisianthus plants were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of leaf dip-preparations. Tospovirus-like particles (about 80 to 100 nm in diameter) were observed from all the samples of lisianthus plants. To confirm TEM result, the symptomatic leaf samples were further analyzed using double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA kits (Agdia, Elkhart, U.S.A.) for the presence of three lisianthus-infecting viruses, such as Bean yellow mosaic virus, Cucumber mosaic virus, and TSWV, as our preliminary survey on flowers. A positive control and a negative control (leaves of healthy a lisianthus plant) were used. DAS-ELISA clearly showed that TSWV was only detected serologically from the naturally infected lisianthus plants. The single infection of TSWV in the symptomatic lisianthus plants was further confirmed by a TSWV-Immunostrip kit (Agdia). To confirm the presence of TSWV alone, RT-PCR products were synthesized for L, M, and S RNA segments using Tospovirus-specific primers and TSWV-specific primers (Batuman et al. 2014; Choi et al. 2014). The expected fragments of 445, 868, and 777 bp were amplified and sequenced (LC191920, LC191921, LC168751). The sequences of each fragment were identical to a consensus sequence, showing 97, 98, and 99% identity with TSWV-L, M, and S RNA (KC494520, HM581941, and KC494482), respectively. These results clearly showed that the results of DAS-ELISA and the TSWV-Immunostrip kit were not due to interspecies cross-reactivity of the virus-specific antibodies. The results of sequence comparisons showed no reassortment between TSWV and another tospovirus. Taken together, a distinct TSWV isolate is the causal agent in the diseased lisianthus plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TSWV in lisianthus in Korea. The epidemic nature of TSWV, along with lisianthus production in Korea, warrants monitoring for TSWV in greenhouse production in Korea.

Occurrence of artichoke‐infecting viruses in Tunisia

Crops of globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus) in Manouba and Bizerte regions, Tunisia, were surveyed in spring and autumn 2012 for the presence of key artichoke viruses. A total of 336 leaf samples were collected randomly from plants that were either asymptomatic or showing virus‐like symptoms. These were tested for Artichoke Italian latent virus (AILV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Artichoke mottled crinkle virus (AMCV), Pelargonium zonate spot virus (PZSV), Artichoke latent virus (ArLV), Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), Potato virus X (PVX), Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Results from dot‐blot hybridization and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) showed the occurrence of AILV and BYMV for the first time in Tunisia, and confirmed that of TICV on artichoke crops. ArLV and AILV were the most frequent viruses detected, whereas infections of AMCV, CMV and PVX had a lower incidence. PZSV, TuMV and TSWV were not detected in any of the samples collected. Notable differences were observed between results from spring and autumn surveys, probably as a consequence of the different vegetatives status of the plants and different leaf sample conditions (fresh versus dried). Consequences of the import of planting material with a poor sanitary status and of the overall phytosanitary status of globe artichoke in Tunisia are discussed.

Molecular Detection of Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus in Lupinus albus Plants and its Associated Alterations in Biochemical and Physiological Parameters

Bean yellow mosaic virus is one of the most devastating diseases of cultivated Leguminosae plants worldwide causing mosaic, mottling, malformation and distortion in infected cultivar plants. Present study was conducted to investigate the possibility of infection of Lupinus albus (Lupine) with Bean yellow mosaic virus. Virus isolate was identified by detection of the coat protein gene amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and also via Chenopodium Amaranticolor as a diagnostic host plant. Results showed that infection can be induced under greenhouse conditions and infected plants showed a considerable level of mosaic symptoms. As disease development in infected plants is always associated with physiological and chemical changes, some metabolic alterations parameters have been evaluated like photosynthetic pigment contents, total carbohydrate content, total soluble protein, total protein, total free amino acid, proline induction, total phenolics, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid content in healthy and infected lupine plants. Results showed a great variation in all the biochemical categories in Lupinus albus infected with bean yellow mosaic virus as compared to healthy plants. Chlorophyll a of virus inoculated Lupinus albus decreased to 27%, whereas Chlorophyll b content decreased to 19.5% and carbohydrate content decreased to 36% when compared to healthy control plant corresponding values. Results also showed many metabolic changes in virus infected Lupine plants. The effect of virus infection on the induction of plant growth regulators like abscisic acid was determined, as well as the relationship between abscisic acid activation, accumulation of the virus, and symptoms development was discussed, and the effect of abscisic acid inhibitor application on virus infection and Lupine primary and secondary metabolism was elucidated, as this effect is a neglected field of research.

NATURAL INFECTION OF GLYCINE MAX BY SEVEN VIRUSES BELONGING TO DIFFERENT GENERA IN INDIA

Seventy seven soya bean accessions were screened at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) experimental field during kharif season in the months of July to October to determine the prevalence and number of viruses affecting soya bean. Prominent symptoms included yellow mosaic, green mosaic/mottling and necrosis. ELISA, PCR and RT-PCR analysis showed mixed infection of seven viruses (Bean yellow mosaic virus, Blackgram mottle virus, Cowpea mild mottle virus, Cucumber mosaic virus, Groundnut bud necrosis virus, Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus and Tobacco streak virus) in different soya bean accessions. The predominant virus was Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus in 71 accessions followed by Tobacco streak virus infecting 60 accessions. None of the accessions was found to be infected with Tobacco ringspot virus or Soybean mosaic virus. Mixed infection with as many as five viruses (BMoV, CMV, GBNV, MYMIV, TSV) was observed in twelve accessions. Other accessions were infected with one to four viruses in different combination. Our study described the first report of Cucumber mosaic virus and Blackgram mottle virus infecting soya bean under natural conditions in India. Multiple viral infections potentially lead to increased symptom severity, therefore our findings have implications in the management of these viruses affecting soya bean.

INCREASED VIRAL-RESISTANCE OF YELLOW LUPINE UNDER THE ACTION OF MICROBIAL PREPARATIONS AND PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES

The influence of microbial preparations and physiologically active substances on the reproduction bean yellow mosaic virus in yellow lupine plants has been investigated. It was established that the action of microbial preparations on the limitation of the viral infection development is explained by the influence of exogenous physiologically active substances, which are contained in preparations and produced by the microorganisms introduced in agrocenosis, on the forming of endogenous phytohormone pool. Therefore, it optimizes a number of physiological processes of the plants and activates their defence reactions.

Coat protein and movement protein based characterization of Lima bean yellow mosaic virus disease in Karnataka (India)

Yellow mosaic disease caused by a Begomovirus has become an important production constraint in lima bean cultivation in Karnataka. The begomovirus causes Lima bean Yellow Mosaic Virus (LYMV), was characterized by sequencing the CP and MP genes. Distinct viral gene specific PCR product corresponding to CP and MP gene ~1000 bp and ~900 bp was obtained. The PCR product were sequenced and compared with the reference Begomoviruses sequences from the NCBI blast database. LYMV (GKVK isolate) shared highest nucleotide identity (98%) with Horsegram yellow mosaic virus (HgYMV) of French bean isolate (Accession No. AM932425.1). Phylogenetic analysis of CP and MP gene sequences of LYMV-GKVK isolate showed that LYMV-GKVK clustered with isolates of HgYMV Horsegram and French bean isolates of Tamil Nadu, Srilanka, Karnataka. Based on Nucleotide Identity begomovirus infecting lima bean at Bangalore is to be considered as strain of HgYMV. The disease was also successfully transmitted to French bean and Horsegram when experimentally transmitted using whitefly vector. Therefore, the begomovirus causing yellow mosaic disease of lima bean is considered as strain of HgYMV. Lima bean is infected by Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus (MYMIV) according to earlier reports whereas our study the reports the infection of HgYMV on Lima bean from Karnataka. Thus it is concluded that Lima bean is infected by both MYMIV and HgYMV in different geographical locations.

RNAi-mediated resistance to SMV and BYMV in transgenic tobacco

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) are two typical types of viruses that cause mosaic in soybean plants. Multiple viral infections at the same site can lead to 66% to 80% yield reduction. We have aimed to improve SMV and BYMV resistance in Vietnamese soybeans using gene transfer techniques under the mechanism of RNAi. In this study, we present newly generated transgenic tobacco plants carrying RNAi [CPi (SMV-BYMV)] resistance to the two types of viruses; 73.08% of transgenic tobacco lines proved to be fully resistant to SMV and BYMV. In addition, the number of virus copies in transgenic tobacco plants was reduced on average by more than 51% compared to the control plants (wild type). This promising result shows the potential of transerring the CPi (SMV-BYMV) structure in soybean to increase resistance of soybean to SMV and BYMV and advance the aims of antiviral soybean breeding in Vietnam.

Viruses affecting lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik.) in Greece; incidence and genetic variability of Bean leafroll virus and Pea enation mosaic virus

In Greece, lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik.) crops are mainly established with non-certified seeds of local landraces, implying high risks for seed transmitted diseases. During April and May of the 2007–2012 growing seasons, surveys were conducted in eight regions of Greece (Attiki, Evros, Fthiotida, Korinthos, Kozani, Larissa, Lefkada and Viotia) to monitor virus incidence in lentil fields. A total of 1216 lentil samples, from plants exhibiting symptoms suggestive of virus infection, were analyzed from 2007 to 2009, using tissue-blot immunoassays (TBIA). Pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV) overall incidence was 4.9%, followed by Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) (2.4%) and Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) (1.0%). When 274 of the samples were tested for the presence of luteoviruses, 38.8% were infected with Bean leafroll virus (BLRV). Since BLRV was not identified in the majority of the samples collected from 2007 to 2009, representative symptomatic plants (360 samples) were collected in further surveys performed from 2010 to 2012 and tested by ELISA. Two viruses prevailed in those samples: BLRV (36.1%) was associated with stunting, yellowing, and reddening symptoms and Pea enation mosaic virus-1 (PEMV-1) (35.0%) was associated with mosaic and mottling symptoms. PSbMV (2.2%), AMV (2.2%), BYMV (3.9%) and CMV (2.8%) were also detected. When the molecular variability was analyzed for representative isolates, collected from the main Greek lentil production areas, five BLRV isolates showed 95% identity for the coat protein (CP) gene and 99% for the 3’ end region. Three Greek PEMV isolates co-clustered with an isolate from Germany when their CP sequence was compared with isolates with no mutation in the aphid transmission gene. Overall, limited genetic variability was detected among Greek isolates of BLRV and PEMV.

Interaction between Bean yellow mosaic virus and Botrytis fabae on Faba Bean and the Possibility of their Control by Plant Growth Promoting rhizobacteria

Interaction between Bean yellow mosaic virus and Botrytis fabae on Faba Bean and the Possibility of their Control by Plant Growth Promoting rhizobacteria

CHARACTERISTIC OF THE ISOLATE BEAN YELLOW MOSAIC VIRUS ISOLATED FROM YELLOW LUPINE

The comparative characteristic of biological, physical and chemical, and antigenic properties of the isolate bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) isolated from yellow lupine on the Chernihiv region territory. It is found that properties of BYMV-P isolate differ from the typical properties of strain BYMV (B-25) and isolates studied in Ukraine.

Effects of Temperature on Disease Severity in Plants of Subterranean Clover Infected Singly or in Mixed Infection with Bean yellow mosaic virus and Kabatiella caulivora

AbstractMany epidemics involve plants infected with more than one pathogen, but few experiments address climate change scenarios that influence mixed infections. This study addresses the interactive effects of co‐infection and temperature on disease development in plants of the annual pasture species subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum), which is widely sown in different world regions. Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) and the fungus Kabatiella caulivora are two important pathogens causing considerable production losses in pastures containing this species. Both occur together in such pastures causing a severe necrotic disease when mixed infection occurs. Effects of temperature on symptom expression were investigated in subterranean clover plants infected singly or in mixed infection with these pathogens. Plants were maintained in controlled environment rooms at 18°C, 20°C or 22.5°C after sap inoculation with BYMV. K. caulivora conidia suspensions were inoculated to plants once systemic BYMV symptoms developed. Plants were assessed for three disease assessment parameters, dead petioles numbers, marginal leaflet necrosis and overall plant damage. In general, mixed infection caused most severe symptoms, K. caulivora least severe symptoms, and BYMV symptoms of intermediate severity. In single infections, effects of temperature on disease severity differed between pathogens: BYMV symptoms were most pronounced at 18°C, but K. caulivora induced more severe symptoms at 20°C and 22.5°C. In mixed infections, disease severity generally followed the pattern developed with BYMV alone as temperature increased. Also, synergistic increase in disease severity sometimes occurred at 18°C, but increases were only additive at 20°C and 22.5°C. These results reflected the greater BYMV multiplication detected in infected leaves at 18°C compared with 20°C or 22.5°C. Our findings indicate that in rainfed subterranean clover pastures, as global warming progresses disease severity from infection with BYMV and K. caulivora alone may decline or increase, respectively, and mixed infection with them may become less damaging.

Detection of new viruses in alfalfa, weeds and cultivated plants growing adjacent to alfalfa fields in Saudi Arabia.

A total of 1368 symptomatic plant samples showing different virus-like symptoms such as mottling, chlorosis, mosaic, yellow mosaic, vein clearing and stunting were collected from alfalfa, weed and cultivated plant species growing in vicinity of alfalfa fields in five principal regions of alfalfa production in Saudi Arabia. DAS-ELISA test indicated occurrence of 11 different viruses in these samples, 10 of which were detected for the first time in Saudi Arabia. Eighty percent of the alfalfa samples and 97.5% of the weed and cultivated plants samples were found to be infected with one or more of these viruses. Nine weed plant species were found to harbor these viruses namely, Sonchus oleraceus, Chenopodium spp., Hibiscus spp., Cichorium intybus, Convolvulus arvensis, Malva parviflora, Rubus fruticosus, Hippuris vulgaris, and Flaveria trinervia. These viruses were also detected in seven cultivated crop plants growing adjacent to the alfalfa fields including Vigna unguiculata, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum melongena, Phaseolus vulgaris, Cucurbita maxima, Capsicum annuum, and Vicia faba. The newly reported viruses together with their respective percent of detection in alfalfa, and in both weeds and cultivated crop plant species together were as follows: Bean leaf roll virus (BLRV) {12.5 and 4.5%}, Lucerne transient streak virus (LTSV) {2.9 and 3.5%}, Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) {1.4 and 4.5%}, Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) {1.2 and 4.5%}, Red clover vein mosaic virus (RCVMV) {1.2 and 4%}, White clover mosaic virus (WCIMV) {1.0 and 5%}, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) {0.8 and 3%}, Pea streak virus (PeSV) {0.4 and 4.5%} and Tobacco streak virus (TSV) {0.3 and 2.5%}. Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), the previously reported virus in alfalfa, had the highest percentage of detection in alfalfa accounting for 58.4% and 62.8% in the weeds and cultivated plants. Peanut stunt virus (PSV) was also detected for the first time in Saudi Arabia with a 66.7% of infection in 90 alfalfa samples collected from the surveyed regions during the last visit that tested negative to all the previously detected viruses.

Virus surveys of process vegetable crops pea beetroot and dwarf bean

In a survey of 14 processing crops and 7 pea seed crops throughout Canterbury Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was the most widespread with crop incidences of up to 20 Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) up to 11 Pea seedborne mosaic virus (PSbMV) up to 9 Soybean dwarf virus (SDV) up to 2 Turnip yellows virus (TuYV) up to 2 and Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) up to 35 Red clover vein mosaic virus (RCVMV) was detected in peas for the first time in New Zealand with incidences of up to 35 Pea necrotic yellow dwarf virus (PNYDV) Faba bean necrotic yellows virus (FBNYV) and Broad bean stain virus (BBSV) were not detected In a survey of 8 beetroot crops TuYV was detected in Auckland at 1 incidence but not in Hawkes Bay Beet mosaic virus was detected at 1 incidence in both regions Fungal leaf spotting pathogens appear a greater concern in beetroot In 12 dwarf bean processing crops throughout Canterbury virus was only detected in early sown crops AMV and RCVMV were most widespread with incidences of up to 9; CMV with up to 7 incidence; then BYMV TuYV and SDV each with 1 incidence No Bean common mosaic virus was detected

Assessment of Common Soybean-Infecting Viruses in Ohio, USA, Through Multi-site Sampling and High-Throughput Sequencing

Multi-site sampling was conducted during 2011 and 2012 to assess the scope of virus disease problems of soybean in Ohio, USA. A total of 259 samples were collected from 80 soybean fields distributed in 42 Ohio counties, accounting for more than 90% of major soybean-growing counties in Ohio. A high-throughput RNA-Seq approach was adopted to identify all viruses in the samples that share sufficient sequence similarities with known plant viruses. To minimize sequencing costs, total RNA extracted from up to 20 samples were first pooled to make up regional pools, resulting in eight regional pools per year in both 2011 and 2012. These regional pools were further pooled into two yearly master pools of RNA, and sequenced using the Illumina's HiSeq2000 platform. Bioinformatic analyses of sequence reads led to the identification of signature sequences of nine different viruses. The originating locations of these viruses were then mapped with PCR or RT-PCR. This study confirmed the widespread distribution of Bean pod mottle virus, Soybean vein necrosis virus, Tobacco ringspot virus, and Tobacco streak virus in Ohio. It additionally revealed occasional association of Alfalfa mosaic virus, Bean yellow mosaic virus, Clover yellow vein virus, Soybean mosaic virus, and Soybean Putnam virus with Ohio soybean. This is the first statewide survey of soybean viruses in Ohio, and provides the much-needed baseline information for management of virus diseases of soybean. Accepted for publication 20 May 2016. Published 10 June 2016.

Seed-borne nature of a begomovirus, Mung bean yellow mosaic virus in black gram.

The yellow mosaic viruses (YMV) infecting legumes are considered to be the most devastating begomoviruses as they incite considerable yield loss. The yellow discoloration of pods and seeds of infected plants and symptom emergence in the very first trifoliate leaf of the plants in the field were suggestive that the virus may be seed borne, which was investigated in the present study. The distribution of the virus in various parts of the seeds of black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) plants naturally infected in the field was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern blot analysis, and sequencing. Nucleotide sequencing of the PCR amplicons from the seed parts from groups of ten seeds revealed the presence of mung bean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) in the seed coat, cotyledon, and embryonic axes. The presence of virion particles was confirmed through double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) and immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM) even in a single whole seed. In confocal microscopy, positive fluorescent signals were obtained using coat protein gene-specific primers in the embryonic axes. However, in the growth tests performed with the same batch of seeds, there was no symptom development in the seedlings though the virus (both DNA A and B components) was detected in 32 % of tested seedlings. In this study, the MYMV was detected in seed coat, cotyledon, and embryo. This study revealed that the MYMV is a seed-borne virus.

FIRST REPORT OF BEAN YELLOW MOSAIC VIRUS IN ALPINIA GALANGA IN INDIA

Alpinia galanga (family Zingiberaceae), commonly called greater galangal or blue ginger, is a rhizomatous herb distributed in various parts of India and throughout Southeast Asia. In a garden of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (New Delhi), 90% of the plants exhibited spindle-shaped yellow or light green streaks in the interveinal tissues and midribs. Based on symptoms and leaf dip preparations that revealed flexuous filamentous particle of ca. 750×12 nm, infection by the potyvirus Banana bract mosaic virus (BBrMV) was suspected. Antigen- coated plate (ACP)-ELISA with a general potyvirus antiserum (DSMZ, Germany) reacted positively, whereas there was no reaction with an antiserum to BBrMV raised at ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana (Tiruchirappalli). Total RNA extracted from symptomatic and healthy leaf tissues using a RNeasy plant mini kit (Qiagen, USA) was tested by RT-PCR, using Chen et al. (2001) degenerate potyvirus-specific primers that amplify a ca.1.7 kb fragment from the 3' genome end (FP: 5' GGNAAYAAYAGYGGNCARCC 3; RP: 5' GTTTTCCCAGTCACGAC(T)15 3’). A product of 1.649 kb was amplified from symptomatic but not from healthy plants, which was cloned and sequenced (GenBank accession No. KM198742), revealing 87-94% and 91-94% identity at the nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively, with Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) isolates from various crops. In ACP- ELISA using a polyclonal antiserum to BYMV (NBPGR, New Delhi), 10 infected leaf samples tested positive, whereas healthy sample were negative. Thus, the symptoms observed in A. galanga, which resemble those elicited by BBrMV in A. purpurata in Hawaii (Wang et al., 2010) are caused by BYMV. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of the natural occurrence of BYMV in A. galanga in India.

A Reliable and Rapid Multiplex RT-PCR Assay for Detection of Two Potyviruses and a Pararetrovirus Infecting Canna Plants.

Canna plants are subject to serious virus diseases. The three most common viruses identified in canna plants are Bean yellow mosaic virus, Canna yellow mottle virus, and Canna yellow streak virus. Recent studies indicate that canna plants are commonly infected with more than one virus. Thus, the efficient control of these viruses in canna plants requires the availability of a reliable method for detecting mixed virus infection. This report presents a two-step multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) that was developed to simultaneously detect two potyviruses and one pararetrovirus genome. We optimized the method for nucleic acid isolation for managing a large population of samples, and the primer concentrations to ensure sensitivity and reliability of the assay, and determined the detection limit in simplex and multiplex RT-PCR assays using plasmid controls and nucleic acids isolated from virus-infected plants. Combined with an automated method for total nucleic acid isolation, this multiplex RT-PCR procedure could be routinely used for virus detection in research and diagnostic laboratories.

Identification and molecular characterization of Bean yellow mosaic virus infecting French bean in Himachal Pradesh.

French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), is one of the most widely grown vegetable crop. Disease samples showing yellow mosaic symptoms on leaves and pods were collected from Himachal Pradesh and inoculated on common bean cv. Jawala through sap inoculation. The virus successfully transmitted by mechanical inoculation produced yellow mosaic, leaf distortion, curling, wrinkling of leaves followed by stunting of plants. The identity of the virus as Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) was established through Double antibody sandwich-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of the coat protein gene sequence amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The cp gene contained 819 nucleotides potentially coding for 273 amino acids. The sequence showed 83-99% nucleotide and 89-99% amino acid sequence identities with other BYMV isolates/strains and shared maximum identity with BYMV strain reported from Gladiolus sp. in Japan. This study constitutes the first report of BYMV occurrence on P. vulgaris in Himachal Pradesh.

Observation of Mitotic and Cytological Effects Induced by Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus in Affecting Leguminous Plants

Observation of Mitotic and Cytological Effects Induced by Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus in Affecting Leguminous Plants

FIRST REPORT OF ZANTEDESCHIA MILD MOSAIC VIRUS ON ZANTEDESCHIA AETHIOPICA (L) SPRENG IN ITALY

Calla lily [Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng] has become one of the most popular cut flowers worldwide. It has been reported as the natural host of various plant viruses, including potyviruses such as Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), Dasheen mosaic virus (DsMV), Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and Zantedeschia mosaic virus (ZaMV). In 2005 a new potyvirus named Zantedeschia mild mosaic virus (ZaMMV) was identified in Taiwan (Huang and Chang, 2005). In 2012, 15 plants of Calla lily cultivated in Tuscan farms showed leaves with yellow spots and stripes, green islands and an unusual mild mosaic. Seventeen samples (15 symptomatic and two symptomless) were collected and assayed by ELISA for BYMV, DsMV, TuMV, ZaMV and potyviruses using antisera produced by DSMZ (Braunschweig, Germany) and LOEWE Biochemica (Sauerlach, Germany). Plants were positive for an anti-potyvirus group monoclonal antibody. Positive samples were assayed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for ZaMMV using total RNA extracted from leaves and specific primers for the coat protein gene (Wen-Chi et al., 2010). Amplicons of the expected size (792 bp) were obtained for 15 samples that reacted positively to the potyvirus antibodies, while no amplification was observed in symptomless samples. The sequence obtained from one ZaMMV amplicon (accession No. KF156666) had 99% nucleotide identity with the corresponding fragment of a reference ZaMMV isolate (GenBank accession no. AY626825.4). To our knowledge this is the first report of ZaMMV on Zantedeschia aethiopica in Italy.