Bean Straw Research Articles

Chemical kinetics of bean straw biofuel pyrolysis using maximum volatile release method

Maximum volatile release (MVR) methods, including single point (MVR-S) and multiple (MVR-M) points, are proposed to extract the kinetics used to predict the fuel bean straw pyrolysis process. The simulation results were compared to those of the distributed activation energy model (DAEM). For the TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) experiments, fuels were heated from ambient temperature to 1,173 K at the heating rates of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 K min−1, and the corresponding maximum volatile release points were obtained. For the MVR-S method, both the activation energy (E) and pre-exponential factor (B) increased with increasing heating rates. For the pyrolysis weight loss process, the DAEM showed best agreement with the experimental data, followed by the MVR-M, and then the MVR-S method. However, for weight loss rate prediction, MVR-S method had the best match with the experimental data, whereas the DAEM and MVR-M method generated more errors.

ANALISIS PRODUKSI LIMBAH TANAMAN PANGAN SEBAGAI PAKAN TERNAK SAPI DI KABUPATEN BOLAANG MONGONDOW UTARA

PRODUCTION ANALYSIS OF FOOD CROP WASTE PRODUCT AS CATTLE FEED IN NORTH BOLAANGMONGONDOW REGENCY. Cattle can be used as the main economical source giving added value in farm of the farmers to support their family needs in North Bolaang Mongondow regency. Farmers utilized food crop waste product for cattle feed maintenance. The problem was that the food crop waste product potential was unknown to support cattle development in the farm of the farmers. The objective of this study was to analyze food crop waste product potential. Materials in this study were involving food crop area, type of food crop waste product, and cattle. Research method was applied by survey method involving primer and secondary data. Data were analyzed by proximate analysis conducted by Research Institution and Industrial Standardization, Manado and descriptive analysis. Agricultural waste product was local feedstuff as crude fiber source that can be used for cattle feed. The potential feedstuff was calculated on the basis of feedstuff production multiplied by crop cultivation area size and expressed in dry matter (DM). The highest potential of DM was the wet rice paddy straw, followed by dry rice paddy straw, corn straw, sweet potato leaves, cassava leaves, green bean straw, and peanut straw. This study concluded that dry matter productions of wet rice paddy straw, corn straw and peanut straw were highly produced in Sanggkub district. Dry matter productions of dry rice paddy straw, cassava leaves, and sweet potato leaves were highly produced in East Bolaang Itang district, while dry matter production of green bean straw was highly produced in West Bolaang Itang district. Based on this research it can be suggested to introduce the technology related to the preservation of food crop waste product in North Bolaang Mongondow regency. Keywords: Waste product, food crop, cattle, North Bolaang Mongondow regency.

Straw Based Materials for Building Retrofitting and Energy Efficiency

This work aimed to measure the hygrothermal properties of some different straw-based mix that could be used as building materials (panels or bricks). Straw is used to improve the hygrothermal performances of the final products. Several mix were produced adding different percentages of straw. Two types of fibers were used: wheat straw and bean straw. The results indicated that increasing the percentages of straw greater effects on the change of thermal properties can be appreciated. Furthermore the results also reveal that the specimen produced by water glass and straw, without binder, has the highest values of hygric properties and thermal insulation.

Organic Acids Variation in Plant Residues and Soils among Agricultural Treatments

Organic acids have important effects on several processes of many plants and soils. In this study, variation of some organic acids in plant residues and soils among three land uses was evaluated by adding two crop residues with different water conditions and C/N ratios. The results demonstrated that the average concentration of organic acids was 0.04 g kg−1 in soils and 1.83 g kg−1 in plant residues, and higher at early and intermediate stages of the decomposition. The organic acids concentrations were higher in bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] than in corn (Zea mays L.), and higher in fresh plant samples than in dry samples (P < 0.05). High N content in plant caused a rapid change in organic acids of plant residues, but had no significant influences on the organic acids concentrations (P > 0.05). The organic acids concentrations of plant residues in three different land uses varied: vineyard > peach garden > corn/wheat field. Based on principal component analysis, the order of variation level in plant residues organic acids with respect to three different land uses was: vineyard > peach garden > corn/wheat field. Moreover, fresh samples exhibited more variation than dry samples, and bean straws exhibited more variation than corn straws. The addition of plant residues to soils influenced oxalic acid in soils (r = 0.72*, P < 0.05) at the early stages but had no significant influence on the organic acids in the soil (undetected at the end) over the whole 1‐yr decomposition period.

Adsorption Characteristics of Phosphorus on Calcite, Mg-Calcite and Calcareous Soils: Effect of Dissolved Organic Carbon

Influence of incorporated magnesium (Mg) into synthetic calcite and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on P sorption by synthetic calcite (SC), synthetic Mg-calcite (SMC), and some selected calcareous soil samples were examined in different laboratory experiments. The sorption of P onto SC or SMC was time dependent particularly by SMC. After 6 h of reaction, 81% of P was removed from solution by SC which represented 9 folds of that removed by SMC. The sorption progress is characterized by C shape for SC and S shape for SMC, indicating retardation effect of Mg. Sorption of P throughout 24 h reaction period was significantly positive correlated with the equilibrium solution pH (r = 0.90**). Mg incorporated into SC reduced the adsorption of P onto calcite and/or hindered nucleation and crystal growth of the precipitated P. Soils were selected based on Mg/Ca ratio of their carbonate fraction. After 24 h of the sorption, removal of P by soil samples ranged between 22 to 50% of the added P that accompanied with slight increase of pH ranged from 0.07 to 0.31 units. The multivariable regression analysis showed that not only calcium carbonate is the sole factor controlling P sorption in calcareous soils, but also soil texture, ionic strength and organic matter are important factors. Applied dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of poultry manure (PM), wheat straw (WS), and faba bean straw (FBS) inhibited P sorption by SMC and soils containing 49.8 and 40% total carbonate while, had no effect on P sorption by SC and soils containing 30 and 19% carbonate. It seems that incorporation of Mg into calcite and addition of DOC can enhance P availability through decreasing P adsorption and/or precipitation and can also add a value to the effect of DOC.

English

The objective of the study was to evaluate the production of two strains of Ganoderma lucidum on agricultural waste and carry out bromatological analyses of the basidiomata obtained from the cultivation. The experiment was carried out at the Mushroom Module at the School of Agronomic Sciences of the São Paulo State University (FCA/UNESP - Botucatu, SP, Brazil) and two strains were used (GLM-09/01 and GLM-10/02) which were cultivated on waste, oat straw, bean straw, brachiaria grass straw, Tifton grass straw and eucalyptus sawdust under two situations: with (20%) and without (0%) supplementation with wheat bran. All the waste was taken from dumps of agricultural activities in Botucatu-SP. Both treatments were carried out in 10 repetitions, totaling 200 packages. The mushrooms cultivation took 90 days. Next, the biological efficiency of the treatments and the bromatological analysis of the basidiomata were evaluated.  The biological efficiency (BE) values (%) varied from 0.0 to 6.7%. In the mushroom bromatological analyses, the results ranged from 8.7 to 13.7%, from 2.0 to 6.7%, from 0.83 to 1.79% and from 38.8 to 54.5%, for total protein, ethereal extract, ash and crude fiber, respectively. Thus, we conclude that the substrates which presented the greater yield were the brachiaria straw, 20% in both strains tested (GLM-09/01 and GLM-10/02) and the bean straw, 20% in the strain GLM-10/02. The mushrooms showed high levels of ethereal extract, fibers and ashes and a low level of proteins.   Key words:  Ganoderma lucidum, bromatological analyses, mushroom.

Impact of soil fertility management practices on a major insect pest infestation and yield of beans (phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Taita district, Kenya

The common bean is an important food and cash crop in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa. It provides food for more than 100 million people and is a critical source of income for rural households. Common bean yields, however, have declined in the last ten years. This decline is the result of poor soil fertility and nutrient depletion as well as high incidences of insect pests, key among them being the bean stem maggot (BSM). To address soil nutrient depletion and the accompanying declining agricultural productivity, integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) has been adapted as a framework for enhancing crop productivity through combining fertilizer use with other soil fertility management technologies, adapted to local conditions. The current study evaluated the influence of soil fertility treatments on yield and yield components of the common bean. Additionally, to establish the potential links between soil fertility and crop protection, the effect of ISFM interventions on the incidence of the BSM was also assessed. The experiment was carried out in Taita District where agriculture contributes 95% to household income with very little or no fertility inputs in farms. Bean variety Mwezi moja was sown during the wet cropping season. Farm plots were amended with Mavuno fertilizer (a blend of fertilizer containing 11 nutrients); Triple Superphosphate fertilizer with Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (TSP + CAN); cow manure; Trichoderma inoculant; Trichoderma inoculant with cow manure combination; Mavuno fertilizer with Trichoderma inoculants combination; and control (untreated check). Field survey was conducted four weeks after bean emergence to determine the incidence and prevalence of the BSM. Plant survival: dry-seed and and bean straw weight were used as criteria for assessing crop yield. Yield and yield components of common bean were significantly affected by addition of soil ammendments, with Mavuno fertilizer + Trichoderma inoculant improving yield by 52.9%. However, the influence of the soil ammendments on the BSM incidence was minimal. These findings point to the fact that soil fertility management interventions increase crop yield. Nevertheless, to maximise yield, there is a strong need to adopt agroecological strategies that not only optimise soil fertilization but also incorporate a pest management dimension.

Crescimento e produtividade de milho em função da cultura antecessora

O uso de plantas de cobertura, no sistema plantio direto, pode proporcionar melhores condições para o desenvolvimento da cultura do milho, com reflexos positivos na produtividade de grãos. Mediante a técnica de análise de crescimento, objetivou-se, neste trabalho, caracterizar o desempenho agronômico de milho cultivado sobre palhada de feijão comum, Brachiaria brizantha e milheto. O Experimento foi conduzido em solo de Cerrado, em Santo Antônio de Goiás (GO). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completos casualizados, com três tratamentos (palhadas de cobertura) e cinco repetições. A velocidade de decomposição da palhada de feijão comum foi maior que a de B. brizantha e milheto. Os maiores valores de acúmulo de matéria seca das folhas, colmos, espigas e total, bem como do índice de área foliar e produtividade de grãos de milho, foram obtidos quando o cultivo ocorreu sobre palhada de feijão comum.

Yield, polysaccharides content and antioxidant properties of the mushroom Agaricus subrufescens produced on different substrates based on selected agricultural wastes

The effects of selected agricultural wastes (i.e., asparagus straw, maize straw, cottonseed hull, bean straw, corncob and cotton straw) on yield, polysaccharide content and antioxidant properties of Agaricus subrufescens were examined. No significant differences were found in mushroom yields between asparagus straw substrate and maize straw substrate. The polysaccharides content of fruit bodies on maize straw substrate was significantly higher than that on asparagus straw substrate. According to 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals scavenging ability, reducing power, inhibition of lipid peroxidation and chelating ability for ferrous ions of ethanolic extracts from fruit bodies, it was shown that the antioxidant properties of fruit bodies cultivated on asparagus straw substrate was significantly stronger than that on maize straw substrate. Among four auxiliary materials, corncob was favorable to the enhancement of polysaccharides content of fruit bodies, and cottonseed hull and bean straw were more helpful to the enhancement of mushroom yield than cotton straw and corncob.

Soybean growth and yield under cover crops

The use of cover crops in no-tillage systems can provide better conditions for the development of soybean plants with positive effects on grain yield and growth analysis techniques allow researchers to characterize and understand the behavior of soybean plants under different straw covers. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize, using growth analysis, yield components and agronomic performance of soybean under common bean, Brachiaria brizantha and pearl millet straws. The experiment was performed on a soil under cerrado in the municipality of Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three treatments (cover crops) and five replications. Soybean grain yield was lower in the B. brizantha straw treatment (3,708 kg ha-1) than both in the pearl millet (4.772 kg ha-1) and common bean straw treatments (5,200 kg ha-1). The soybean growth analysis in B. brizantha, pearl millet and common bean allowed characterizing the variation in the production of dry matter of leaves, stems, pods and total and leaf area index that provided different grain yields. The cover crop directly affects the soybean grain yield.

Induced systemic resistance in tomato plants against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici by different kinds of compost

Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporium f. sp lycopersici is the most serious diseases attacking tomato plants. The objectives of the study were to determine the effects of three types of compost as resistance inducers in tomato plants against F. oxysporium f.sp. lycopersici and to provide new strategies to control the wilt disease of tomatoes. The results demonstrate that different types and rates of compost resulted in significant decreases in percentages of infection and disease severity, compared with those of the control. Compost 2 rate 2 gave the highest reduction of disease by 73.3%, while compost 3. rate 3 gave the highest of disease severity by 78.4% whereas, treatment with the fungicide Topsin M resulted in the lowest reduction, by 46.6 and 45.4%, respectively. Compost 2 rate 2 proved to be the superior treatment as it increased total phenols by 57.9% relative to the untreated control. Compost 1 rate 2 was the best treatment and increased total chlorophyll and carotenoids (5.8 and 4 mg, respectively) in fresh leaves relative to the control. Different types and rates of compost significantly increased the activity of tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL), peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) as defense enzymes against pathogen. These results suggest that broad bean straw compost at rate 10 ton/feddan might have contributed to restriction of invasion of F. oxysporium f.sp.lycopersici in tomato plants, since they are safe, low cost and effective against the disease. Key words: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, composts, tomato plants, induced resistance, fungicide, fusarium wilt.

Impact of diets with different levels of leguminous roughages on nutrient intake, draught performance, blood biochemical and physiological parameters in dromedary camels

The experiment was conducted using nine dromedary camels of Bikaneri breed averaging 8–9 years age and 583–692kg body weight at National Research Centre on Camels, Bikaner, India. The effect of feeding different levels of leguminous roughages on nutrient intake, draught performance, blood biochemical and physiological parameters in dromedary camels was evaluated using completely randomized design over a period of 60 days. Among the leguminous roughages, groundnut haulms (Arachis hypogaea) and cluster bean straw (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) were fed in one of three ratios, 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75 in treatments T1, T2 and T3, respectively and concentrate mixture as per requirement of the camels. The dry matter intake (DMI) on percent and metabolic body weight basis did not differ significantly among the treatments. However, digestible crude protein intake (DCPI) was significantly higher in T1 followed by T2 and T3. Likewise, total digestible nutrients intake (TDNI) was higher in T1 as compared to T2 and T3. The nutritive value was significantly higher in camels fed on T1 as compared to other treatments. The feeding of different levels of groundnut haulms and cluster bean straw influenced the speed of travel and power developed by the camels which was significantly better in T1 followed by T2 and T3. There was significant change in blood biochemical parameters with response to treatments and work. The treatment groups did not show any significant effect on lactate, triglycerides, phosphorus and calcium content of blood in camels before work. There was increase in lactate content in all the treatments manifold times after work. There was significant increase in glucose content when the camels were exposed to work which also differed significantly among the treatment groups. The increase in physiological responses was noted in all the treatments before and after work but the difference was statistically significant for pulse and respiration rates. It has been concluded from the results that feeding of groundnut haulms (Arachis hypogaea) and cluster bean straw (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) in proportion of 75:25 had beneficial effect as compared to other treatment groups and is recommended for better performance of dromedary camels. However, the cluster bean straw in higher proportions can be used in the ration of dromedary camels with certain roughage improvement practices.

Determining the basic composition and total phenolic compounds of Pleurotus sajor-caju cultivated in three different substrates by solid state bioprocess

Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus sajor-caju) were grown in grape bagasse, apple pomace or bean straw. Samples were taken for each one of the substrates and analyzed for moisture, ash, carbohydrate, crude fat, crude fiber, crude protein content and total phenolic compounds. The substrate affected all the parameter content and mainly the total phenolic compounds. In general, the nutritional aspects of mushrooms produced using grape bagasse tended to be better. Changes in the total phenolic compound content of the fruit could be explained by the biosorption capacity from substrate. It was possible to confirm that composition depends on cultivation substrate.

Effect of feeding different proportions of groundnut haulms (Arachis hypogaea) and cluster bean straw (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) on nutrient utilisation and serum biochemical parameters in dromedary camels

The effect of feeding different proportions of groundnut haulms (Arachis hypogaea) and cluster bean straw (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) on nutrient digestibility, nutritive value, nutrient intake and serum biochemical parameters was studied using nine male dromedary camels of Bikaneri breeds (637.5 kg average body weight; 8-9 years of age). Groundnut haulms (GNH) and cluster bean straw (CBS) were fed in one of three ratios, 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75 in treatments T(1), T(2) and T(3), respectively. In all treatments, concentrate mixture was fed as per requirement of the camels. The groundnut haulms were more nutritive as compared to the cluster bean straw. The nutrient digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein (CP), crude fibre and acid detergent fibre was better in T(1) than T(2) and T(3). Likewise, the CP, digestible crude protein and total digestible nutrient contents were significantly higher in T(1) followed by T(2) and T(3). There was non-significant affect on average daily gain of camels. However, dry matter intake, digestible crude protein intake and total digestible nutrients were better in T(1) as compared to T(2) and T(3). The total water intake per kilogram of dry matter intake (litres) was 2.98, 2.89 and 2.68, respectively, in T(1), T(2) and T(3). The camels in all the treatments were in positive nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus balance. The treatments had a significant effect on serum biochemical parameters like glucose, cholesterol, aspartate transaminase and creatinine. The results may conclude that feeding of higher proportion of groundnut haulms as compared to cluster bean straw has pronounced improvement in nutritional utilisation by the camels.

Partial substitution of cumin seed meal by Jatropha meal as a potential protein source for feed

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of incorporating the Jatropha curcas meal in place of black cumin seed meal (Nigella sativa) as a new source of protein on nutrients digestibility, feeding value, growth performance and economic efficiency of growing Demeshgi goats rations. Feeding trial which lasted for 90 days was conducted using 12 growing Demeshgi goats (average 23.26 kg live body weight and 6 to 8 months old). The animals were randomly divided into four groups and fed at 3% of live body weight on four experimental rations. The first group received control ration consisting of feed mixture (40% yellow corn grains; 20% cumin seed meal; 17% wheat bran; 20% bean straw, 2.0% lime stone and 1.0% salt). In the second, third and fourth rations, cumin seed meal (CSM) was replaced with 10.0, 20.0 and 30.0% Jatropha seed meal (JSM), respectively. The chemical composition, digestibility coefficients, nutritive values, daily gain, feed conversion and economical efficiency were determined. The results indicated that digestion coefficients of all nutrients and nutritive value were not significant in four tested rations. The highest value of average daily gain (p < 0.05) was recorded for goats fed on R1 and R2 compared with those fed R3 and R4. Feed conversion as a kg DMI/kg gain was significantly (p < 0.05) better for G1 and G2 (7.10 and 7.04) than 7.35 for G3 and 8.05 for G4. Total feed cost was decreased for R4 and R3 (577.73 and 580.66 L.E./h) compared with 593.16 and 592.01 L.E./h for R1 and R2, respectively. On the other hand, the economic efficiency of animals fed rations containing 10 and 20% JSM was higher (16.04 and 15.66%) than those fed 0 and 30% JSM (14.47 and 14.0%), respectively. Similar trend was noticed for relative economic efficiency value (110.85 and 108.22%) recorded for R2 and R3 compared with 100 and 96.75% for R1 and R4, respectively. This study therefore recommend that further researches may be required to study the effect of increasing the level of JSM used in goat rations than 30%, which did not cause any adverse effect on the animals.

Partial substitution of cumin seed meal by Jatropha meal as a potential protein source for feed

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of incorporating the Jatropha curcas meal in place of black cumin seed meal (Nigella sativa) as a new source of protein on nutrients digestibility, feeding value, growth performance and economic efficiency of growing Demeshgi goats rations. Feeding trial which lasted for 90 days was conducted using 12 growing Demeshgi goats (average 23.26 kg live body weight and 6 to 8 months old). The animals were randomly divided into four groups and fed at 3% of live body weight on four experimental rations. The first group received control ration consisting of feed mixture (40% yellow corn grains; 20% cumin seed meal; 17% wheat bran; 20% bean straw, 2.0% lime stone and 1.0% salt). In the second, third and fourth rations, cumin seed meal (CSM) was replaced with 10.0, 20.0 and 30.0% Jatropha seed meal (JSM), respectively. The chemical composition, digestibility coefficients, nutritive values, daily gain, feed conversion and economical efficiency were determined. The results indicated that digestion coefficients of all nutrients and nutritive value were not significant in four tested rations. The highest value of average daily gain (p < 0.05) was recorded for goats fed on R1 and R2 compared with those fed R3 and R4. Feed conversion as a kg DMI/kg gain was significantly (p < 0.05) better for G1 and G2 (7.10 and 7.04) than 7.35 for G3 and 8.05 for G4. Total feed cost was decreased for R4 and R3 (577.73 and 580.66 L.E./h) compared with 593.16 and 592.01 L.E./h for R1 and R2, respectively. On the other hand, the economic efficiency of animals fed rations containing 10 and 20% JSM was higher (16.04 and 15.66%) than those fed 0 and 30% JSM (14.47 and 14.0%), respectively. Similar trend was noticed for relative economic efficiency value (110.85 and 108.22%) recorded for R2 and R3 compared with 100 and 96.75% for R1 and R4, respectively. This study therefore recommend that further researches may be required to study the effect of increasing the level of JSM used in goat rations than 30%, which did not cause any adverse effect on the animals.

Amelioration of an acid ultisol by agricultural by‐products

AbstractUltisols are widely distributed in the subtropical regions of China as well as in the world. High acidity of Ultisols limits plant growth and reduces crop yields. Amelioration of an acid Ultisol was investigated by incorporating the residues of canola (Brassica campestris L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rice (Oryza sativa), corn (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max), peanut (Arachis hypogaea), faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and pea (Pisum sativum) and Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) shoots after incubation of the agricultural by‐products for a maximum of 75 days, soil pH was increased by each of the plant materials. The degree of amelioration of the soil acidity by the plant materials was found to depend on the ash alkalinity and N content of the materials; the legumes of higher ash alkalinities and lower N contents, such as peanut straw and faba bean straw, led to the largest increases in soil pH, while the legumes of higher N contents showed less amelioration of the acidity to a certain degree, because of the release of protons during nitrification of NH from mineralisation of organic N. The non‐leguminous materials have medium amelioration effects and increased soil pH by 0·42–0·56 units at the end of incubation. The incorporation of the plant materials also increased exchangeable base status and reduced exchangeable Al, and thus decreased the toxicity of Al in the soil. This study demonstrates that plant materials, especially crop residues, can be used as amendments for acidic soils to restore degraded land in subtropical regions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju on banana stalk and Bahia grass based substrates

Banana stalks and Bahia grass were utilized as basic starting materials for the production of the mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju. Banana stalks were combined with other waste or supplement products (wheat bran, coast-cross hay, bean straw and cotton textile mill) to obtain different nitrogen concentrations. Since Bahia grass is relatively rich in protein, it was combined with other substrates (banana stalk, coast-cross hay and bean straw) to maintain a substrate nitrogen concentration of about 1.5%. Banana stalks and Bahia grass were both more efficient in the production of the mushroom P. sajor-caju when utilized without the addition of other substrates, with biological efficiencies of 74.4% and 74.12%, respectively. When combined with other substrates or grasses, there was a drop in biological efficiency, independent of the concentration of nitrogen. Furthermore, the addition of protein-rich waste to banana stalks resulted in a decrease or absence of fructification, which indicates that high concentrations of nitrogen in the cultivation substrate may hinder the cultivation of this mushroom. On the other hand, results reveal that the ideal concentration of nitrogen may depend on other physicochemical factors and these factors may determine the success in cultivating P. sajor-caju. Therefore, we conclude that P. sajor-caju may be cultivated on banana stalk and Bahia grass as pure substrates, not being necessary their supplementation or combine them with another substrates.

Nutritional contents of three edible oyster mushrooms grown on two substrates at Haramaya, Ethiopia, and sensory properties of boiled mushroom and mushroom sauce

SummaryThe effects of wheat and bean straw growing substrates on nutrient contents of three edible oyster mushrooms and sensory properties of two mushroom foods were investigated. Moisture (fresh weight basis), crude protein, fat, fibre, ash, total carbohydrate, Fe, P and Zn (db) were ranged: 85.18–88.86%, 30.04–37.63%, 1.61–2.55%, 9.33–13.29%, 6.83–9.38%, 29.68–32.53%, 4.86–5.66 mg per 100 g, 12.39–15.36 g kg−1 and 54.61–65.98 mg kg−1, respectively. Moisture, fat and fibre were significantly (P &lt; 0.01) affected by substrates, species and their interactions. Substrates showed no differences on ash, Fe and P (P &gt; 0.05). Protein content was high for mushrooms grown on bean straw. Pleurotus sajor‐caju grown on bean straw had high protein, ash, Fe and P contents. No significant (P &gt; 0.05) sensory acceptability differences were observed for boiled mushroom and mushroom sauce except colour of boiled mushrooms. In Ethiopia, if mushroom consumption is popularised, the support for food nutrition security is substantial.

The Effect of Cow Dung and Red Bean Straw Dosage on Soil Nutrients and Microbial Biomass in Chestnut Orchards

Abstract This research study on the effect of cow dung and straw Red Bean Dosage on soil nutrients and microbial biomass in Chestnut orchards. The results indicate that: red bean straw and cow dung facilities can significantly increase soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and effective Potassium content and microbial biomass, and times the amount of cow dung fertilizer increase soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and effective Potassium content and microbial biomass significantly, times the amount of the red bean straw fertilizer can increase soil available K, but there is no significant difference to improve nitrogen and phosphorus and microbial biomass. In the application of less, the effect of the Red Bean on soil fertility, straw is better than cow dung, but in the situation of organic farming, require a lot of organic manure, the nutrient supply of cow dung on the chestnut tree's is better than red bean straw.