Bean Size Research Articles

Mapping of coffee land zoning based on sensory attributes of wine coffee

The primary aimed of this study is to carry out land zoning of Arabica coffee area based on the characteristics of organoleptic sensory attributes with the optimal taste of coffee wine at different levels of altitudes. The study was conducted on the hillsides of Mount Bawakaraeng Lompobattang, South Sulawesi Province which has Arabica coffee plants at different altitudes, namely, 1000-1200 m.asl (A), 1200-1400 m.asl (B), 1400-1600 m.asl (C), and 1600-1800 m.asl (D). Quality tests of coffee beans and organoleptic sensory attribute taste tests were carried out including fragrance or aroma, flavor, aftertaste, acidity, body, uniformity, balance, clean cup, sweetness, overall, and taint or defect. The results of the study showed that the coffee beans were classified as quality 1 with large bean size; while the characteristics of uniformity, clean cup, and sweetness are the basic or essential characteristics of the coffee beans tested in this study because they showed the highest score of 10 and this score is consistent for all levels of altitudes. The results of compiling organoleptic sensory attribute data and satellite imagery analysis were used for mapping potential coffee fields with Specialty Grade, covering area of 20,025.54 ha or equal to 2.00% of the research area of 1,011,693 ha. In addition, coffee land zones can also be mapped with the level of coffee wine taste based on the distribution pattern of dominant organoleptic sensory attributes at different altitude. The order of the optimal level of coffee wine taste can be written as the land zoning, as follows: D > B > C > A. The land zoning D covers an area of 3,351.60 ha; B 5,738.53 ha; C 4,381.27 ha; and A 3,552.10 ha. Overall, it can be concluded that the taste of wine coffee tends to be better or optimal as the level of altitude increases.Key words: Altitude; anaerobic fermentation; geographic information system; hillsides; specialty grade.

Design and Development of a Coffee Bean Selector Using The Yolo Algorithm

The enjoyment of brewed coffee is determined by many things, one of which is choosing quality coffee beans and coffee powder. Quality coffee beans are determined by shape and size (full, half full, or damaged). Checking the size and shape of coffee beans manually is subject to external influences such as fatigue, environment, light, etc. With the help of technologyimage processing, these factors can be overcome. Through this paper a tool is designed to detect coffee defects using the Yolo algorithm. The designed system consists of a camera that captures images of coffee beans which are then processed by the Raspberry Pi and the results are displayed on the laptop screen. Detection results using the YOLO algorithm for 10 trials using 100 coffee beans get an average percentage value of 76.54% for the perfect coffee bean category of 43 coffee beans, then the average percentage of imperfect coffee beans is 73.40% with lots of 48 3 coffee beans and coffee beans were not detected with an average percentage value of 1% and coffee beans included in the two categories were 6 coffee beans with an average percentage value of 19.8%. In this study the YOLO algorithm can maintain an accuracy rate of detection success of 75%.

Design of a cocoa bean sorting machine

Cocoa plantations have employed thousands of farmer families throughout Indonesia, as well as have been the third largest export among the plantation sub-sector after rubber and oil palm. Therefore, the potential for the development of the cocoa industry as one of the drivers of growth and income distribution is very open. Cocoa bean production in Indonesia continues to increase, but the quality produced is still diverse such as less fermented, not dry enough, uniform bean size, high skin content, high acidity, and very diverse flavors. In this research, efforts to overcome these problems are accomplished by designing a cocoa bean sorting machine that can separate clean cocoa beans and root debris from cocoa beans so as it is expected to make it easier for cocoa farmers, workers, entrepreneurs and industries to more easily get a cocoa bean sorting machine so that the quality of cocoa beans improves and their selling price increases. Seeing these challenges, the authors took the initiative to create a new design a cocoa bean sorting machine with a simpler and more precise design.

Effects of particle size and toasting of fava beans and forage source on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and metabolizable protein supply in dairy cows.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of heat treatment (toasting) and particle size alterations (grinding; rolling) on nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation, and supply of metabolizable protein (MP), and to study the interaction between processing conditions of fava beans and forage type. Six Danish Holstein dairy cows fitted with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas were used in a 6 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with 4 periods of 21-d duration. Cows were fed ad libitum with 6 experimental diets: diets high in either grass-clover silage or corn silage were combined with ground untoasted, ground toasted, or rolled untoasted fava beans. Samples of ruminal fluid, digesta from duodenum and ileum, and feces were collected, and nutrient digestibility was estimated using Cr2O3 and TiO2 as flow markers. Diets high in corn silage resulted in higher ruminal pH and higher proportion of propionate in ruminal volatile fatty acids compared with diets high in grass-clover silage. Diets high in corn silage resulted in higher apparent total-tract digestibility of crude protein and starch but lower apparent ruminal and total-tract digestibility of neutral detergent fiber compared with diets high in grass-clover silage. Rolling of fava beans decreased the in situ small intestinal disappearance of rumen-undegradable protein corrected for particle losses. Compared with grinding, rolling of fava beans reduced apparent ruminal digestibility of starch, true ruminal digestibility of organic matter, crude protein, and AA, and small intestinal digestibility of AA and starch. Grinding of fava beans increased apparent ruminal digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and reduced the proportion of propionate in ruminal volatile fatty acids compared with rolling of fava beans. In addition, rolling of fava beans had no effect on MP supply. Toasting of fava beans had no effect on in vivo nutrient digestibility except for an interaction with forage source on apparent ruminal dry matter and organic matter digestibility. Toasting of fava beans did not affect small intestinal digestion of individual and total AA, and therefore failed to increase MP supply. In conclusion, neither replacing grass-clover silage with corn silage, nor toasting nor rolling of fava beans had an effect on supply of MP.

Effects of Fermentation Periods and Drying Methods on Postharvest Quality of Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao) Beans in Ghana

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) contributes significantly to Ghana’s GDP and has made Ghana a recognized leader in the cocoa industry. However, there are myriad problems associated with Ghana’s cocoa bean quality. One such problems stems from farmers paying less attention to the required postharvest activities (fermentation and drying) which contributes significantly to bean quality losses. This study investigated the effect of the duration of the traditional heap fermentation period and different drying methods: solar biomass hybrid dryer (SBHD) and traditional sun drying method (TSDM) on the bean quality of two cocoa varieties (hybrid cocoa and Amazonia). Quality attributes of cocoa beans such as pH, moisture content, fat content, crude protein, free fatty acids, phenolic contents, colour, and bean size were examined. The statgraphics statistical tool was used to analyse data and the least significant difference (LSD) was used to compare treatment means. Purple beans incidence was observed to be lower in hybrid with a value of 21.90% in the solar biomass hybrid dryer after 5 days of fermentation. Hybrid recorded the highest flavonoid value of 6069.74 mg QE/g DW in the traditional sun drying after 7 days of fermentation. Hybrid as well recorded the highest total phenolic value of 711.44 mg GAE/g DW in the solar biomass hybrid dryer under 5 days of fermentation. Results also indicated that using the solar biomass hybrid dryer resulted in the best moisture content removal and was very efficient compared with the traditional sun drying method in ensuring high-quality beans per international market standards. Cocoa beans dried under SBHD had the overall highest purity and were of better quality compared to those dried directly in the sun. There were no significant differences (p≤0.24) in percentage purity among the cocoa samples studied.

Strategies for Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora) Improvement as a New Crop in Colombia

Robusta coffee is mostly grown in Africa and Asia and parts of tropical America, but not yet in Colombia. The crop has potential in lowland areas of this traditional Arabica coffee producer. Compared to Arabicas grown in highland areas, the Robustas have more drought and heat tolerance. However, they differ in flavor and have higher caffeine levels. With natural resistance to some of the major pests and diseases of other coffees, such as rust and berry borers, they thrive under harsh conditions. The genetic improvement of Robusta coffee requires the understanding of its genetic resources and a good breeding strategy. This review discusses the traits of interest and selection criteria for breeding and recommends methods of varietal development for Robusta in Colombia. Most of the traits of importance in breeding are quantitative and of low or intermediate heritability. Robusta is an outcrossing species and can suffer from inbreeding depression, so mass and recurrent selection are used, followed by the clonal propagation of best plants. Colombia has limited germplasm only from the Congolese group, so the SG1/Conilon and SG2 genotypes should be introduced with quarantine. Issues to address include the timing of flowering, asynchronous fruit maturation, chemical composition and sensory quality, as well as bean size. Variability for abiotic stress tolerance exists in Robusta genotypes and needs further study. New methods of breeding include hybrid development and recurrent selection. Having adapted varieties of Robusta coffee should promote production in Colombia, as it has in regions of Brazil, and would complement Arabica coffee for this traditional and major producer.

Physical quality of coffee bean (Coffea arabica L.) as affected by harvesting and drying methods

Coffee is a stimulant crop with high socio-economic cultural value including economical significance in Ethiopia. This study was conducted in 2019-2020 to investigate the effect of harvesting methods and drying surfaces on the physical quality of the coffee beans. The experiment was carried out with two factors, harvesting methods and drying surfaces laid out in a two factorial completely randomized block design with three replications using a landrace coffee variety. The result showed that the interaction of harvesting methods and drying surfaces was highly significant (P<0.01) for coffee bean size and dried coffee berry weight. The highest beans retained above screen were recorded from the interaction of mesh wire (90%) and cemented drying (89%) surfaces with selective harvesting methods. The highest dried coffee berry weight (69.33 gm) were attained from the interaction of selective harvesting with mesh wire drying surfaces. The lowest dried coffee berry weight (63.79 gm) were attained from the interaction of strip harvesting with tin drying surfaces. Significant (P<0.05) variation for primary defects, length of drying period were recorded. Higher length of drying periods (41.67 days) was recorded from the interaction of mesh wire drying surfaces with selective harvesting method and the lowest (20.33 days) was recorded from the interaction of tin drying surfaces with strip harvesting method. The highest percentage of primary defected beans were recorded from the interaction of selective harvesting methods with mesh wire drying surfaces (15%) and the lowest number were recorded from strip harvesting method with drying on plastic (5%). Therefore, it can be concluded that using the interaction of selective harvesting and drying on mesh wire is better for optimum physical quality of coffee in the studied area

Reproductive tradeoffs in a perennial crop: Exploring the mechanisms of coffee alternate bearing in relation to farm management

Like many perennial crops, coffee exhibits alternate bearing, a pattern of reproduction in which high-yielding years are followed by low-yielding ones. Alternate bearing threatens farmer livelihoods, yet little is known about the underlying mechanisms in coffee or the potential for farm management to mitigate it. The resource budget model, an ecological theory positing endogenous resource tradeoffs as the driver of reproductive variability, could help fill this gap. On three coffee farms in Santa María de Dota, Costa Rica, we manipulated relative fruit load, fertilizer levels, and shade cover to test whether the model’s core assumptions (i.e., that fruiting depletes resources and limits investment in subsequent reproduction) can elucidate patterns of alternate bearing in coffee, and to assess whether these patterns are impacted by farm management practices. Coffee plants exhibited within-year and between-year tradeoffs of a high fruit load that scaled from decreased bean size during the same season to fewer fruited nodes and fruits per node in both old and new cohorts of branches during the subsequent season. Stem nitrogen concentration was also depleted in response to high fruit loads and recovered during the subsequent season of low fruiting. The findings provide novel evidence that tradeoffs of a high fruit load are manifested in several reproductive traits at both the branch- and plant-level and offer initial support for the resource budget model in the system. While both moderate shade and increased fertilizer levels tended to improve reproductive traits, a lack of interactive effects between either management treatment and the relative fruit load treatment suggests that they do little to mitigate the reproductive tradeoffs underlying alternate bearing.

Analisis Grade Specialty Arabika Pagur Madina Menggunakan Metode AHP

This study was conducted to identify internal and external factors that affect the quality of Pagur arabica for the export market. Furthermore, from the identification, a development strategy for export quality Arabica will be drawn up. Data were obtained from 3 specialties Arabica coffee producers. The data analysis used AHP to determine quality criteria that are in accordance with export coffee quality standards, including moisture content, value of bean defects, levels of impurities and uniform coffee bean size. A total of 10 experts were asked to choose alternatives based on predetermined criteria. The analysis of the weighting of the producer selection data in this study was carried out using the analytical hierarchy process method. The results showed that the criteria that most influenced the selection of Pagur Madina specialty arabica coffee producer grades were the criteria for bean defects with a weight of 0.409, the criteria for bean size with a weight of 0.213, the criteria for dirt content with a weight of 0.213 and the last criterion was the criterion of water content with a weight of 0.069. Meanwhile, the best producer chosen by the respondents is Producer Z with a weight of 0.678 then producer Y with a weight of 0.170 and the last producer priority is supplier X with a weight of 0.152.

THE QUALITY OF COFFEE (Coffeasp) IN SOME DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHIC INDICATIONS

This study aims to determine the quality of coffee in several different geographical indications. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Muhammadiyah South Tapanuli with a sampling method, namely sampling technique from 3 geographically indicated locations of coffee, namely Lintong Arabica Coffee, Mandailing Arabica Coffee and Sipirok Arabica Coffee. Observation parameters were altitude, water content, seed size and acidity (pH). Data analysis was carried out by analyzing the process hierarchy, correlation and concluded by descriptive method. Coffee quality is influenced by geographical indications, namely altitude. The highest water content is Mandailing Arabica Coffee and the lowest is Sipirok Arabica Coffee. The best bean size is Mandailing Arabica Coffee which has the highest size and the highest coffee acidity is Sipirok Arabica Coffee and the lowest is Lintong Arabica Coffee.

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Coffee Cherries and Beans in Africa: Review and the State of Arts

Coffee is an important source of income for African smallholder farmers. The world is predominated by three coffee varieties, namely Arabica, Robusta, and Liberica originated in the African countries. However, the low coffee quality attributes can affect the coffee beans' price due to the improper post-harvesting processes. Therefore, this work is aimed to review the physical and mechanical properties of the African coffee cherries and beans on the country-wise level, and review the methods used to measure quality parameters and compare the key coffee quality parameters. This work was qualitatively conducted using secondary data on African Arabica and Robusta coffee from journals, conference proceedings, and reports. Methods used for determining the coffee beans' properties were explored country wise. The coffee attributes of the two coffee varieties were compared through statistical analysis using ANOVA. The review found that the coffee quality depends on geographical characteristics, agronomic factors, and post-harvesting processes. The coffee cherries de-pulping process is linked to the coffee quality to avoid the damage of parchment coffee beans based particularly on the size and shape of coffee cherries and beans. The analysed quality parameters showed that the Ethiopian Arabica coffee beans were larger than the Ghanaian Robusta coffee beans. While the size of Robusta coffee in Eastern African countries, particularly Uganda, is bigger than those in Western countries, especially Ghana. Therefore, the information on the coffee quality attributes can help to improve the performance parameters of the coffee de-pulping machine and enhance the price of African coffee.

English

The strong climatic fluctuation observed during the major cocoa production period with reductions in rainfall and rising temperatures lead to a low graining index. This climatic situation makes cocoa marketing difficult for producers. The stability of quantitative productivity parameters in six cacao clones on farm was analyzed during the main production season. Flowering, average pod weight, number of beans per pod, average bean weight, bean size, and pod index were analyzed. The results obtained showed that the flowering intensity of the clones was high in September (49.07). The average weight of pods decreased from 511.38 g in September to 433.53 g in January. The average weight of a bean and the weight of 100 beans, respectively of 1.3 g and 125.62 g at the beginning of the season dropped in January to 1.13 g and 94.03 g. Clones C8 and C15 showed more stable agronomic characteristics, notably average pod weight, average bean weight, bean size, and pod index during the major production phase. These two promising clones could be used in the rehabilitation phase of degraded cacao plantation, given the stability of their agronomic characteristics. Key words: Cocoa, flowering, pod index, yield.

Effect of particle size and toasting of fava beans and forage source on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and metabolizable protein supply in dairy cows

Effect of particle size and toasting of fava beans and forage source on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and metabolizable protein supply in dairy cows

Morphological Image Processing for Cocoa Bean Classification

The purpose of this paper is to offer a machine vision approach for classifying cocoa beans based on their morphological properties. Using traditional machine learning approaches, the shape and size of cocoa beans were retrieved from photographs. A series of image processing techniques are used to extract the features from the photos. Finally, typical machine learning approaches such as KNN, SVM, Decision Tree, and Random Forest are used to divide the cocoa beans into four groups: large, medium, small, and rejected. A comparison of different methodologies is also carried out. Two optimization strategies, Univariate Selection and Feature Importance, are used to maximize retrieved features prior to training the model. For performance analysis, trained models are evaluated using stratified K-fold cross validations and the mean cross validation score is produced. The Random Forest Classifier has the greatest accuracy score of 0.75, according to the results of the experiments. Keywords: Cocoa beans, Classification, Image processing, Machine Learning, Feature Optimization.

Shaded-Coffee: A Nature-Based Strategy for Coffee Production Under Climate Change? A Review

Coffee is deemed to be a high-risk crop in light of upcoming climate changes. Agroforestry practices have been proposed as a nature-based strategy for coffee farmers to mitigate and adapt to future climates. However, with agroforestry systems comes shade, a highly contentious factor for coffee production in terms of potential yield reduction, as well as additional management needs and interactions between shade trees and pest and disease. In this review, we summarize recent research relating to the effects of shade on (i) farmers' use and perceptions, (ii) the coffee microenvironment, (iii) pest and disease incidence, (iv) carbon assimilation and phenology of coffee plants, (v) coffee quality attributes (evaluated by coffee bean size, biochemical compounds, and cup quality tests), (vi) breeding of new Arabica coffee F1 hybrids and Robusta clones for future agroforestry systems, and (vii) coffee production under climate change. Through this work, we begin to decipher whether shaded systems are a feasible strategy to improve the coffee crop sustainability in anticipation of challenging climate conditions. Further research is proposed for developing new coffee varieties adapted to agroforestry systems (exhibiting traits suitable for climate stressors), refining extension tools by selecting locally-adapted shade trees species and developing policy and economic incentives enabling the adoption of sustainable agroforestry practices.

Premium Green Beans Selection from Dry Processing

The purpose of this study was to analyze consumer preferences for the attributes of dry processed green coffee beans. This research was conducted by survey method and direct observation. The sampling method in this study will be carried out by the purposive sampling method. The analysis technique used is descriptive and quantitative analysis. The results of the analysis show that the attributes of size, color, taste, quality defects, shelf life, price, and ease of obtaining the natural process coffee beans are better than naturally processed coffee beans, while the roasting speed attribute of processed honey coffee beans is faster than the natural process., based on the average score for each of these attributes shows that coffee shop owners prefer coffee with natural processing because it is easy to obtain and has a strong body taste. And based on the correlation analysis of the attributes of naturally processed coffee beans to the level of consumer preference, it shows that the attributes of the size and color of the coffee beans show a close relationship with consumer preferences with a significance value of 0.003 for the size of the coffee beans and 0.027 for the color of the coffee beans.

Genetic structuring of parental populations of coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner) breeding in Côte d’Ivoire using SNP markers

Description. Coffee cultivation plays an important economic and social role in Côte d'Ivoire. Among the dozens of Coffea species, only Coffea canephora, also known as robusta, is grown in the country. The genetic improvement of this species has been the subject of a selection program set up by the National Center for Agronomic Research (CNRA). This program involves two basic genetic groups, Guinean and Congolese. These groups have been determined using enzymatic markers which are known to be less informative. So little is known about the reliability of the genetic structuring of the parental populations. Objectives. The objective of this work is to refine the genetic structuring of the parental populations used to set up the C. canephora breeding program in Côte d'Ivoire using SNP markers and to relate this structure to test values in the genotypes concerned. Method. Sixty-six individuals representing parental genotypes of the two populations were analyzed using 200 SNPs markers. The parameters of genetic diversity were calculated and then the genetic structure was determined. The yield over four years of production, susceptibility to rust, and bean size have been evaluated. Results of these agronomic traits have been included in this analysis. The Guinean genotypes were crossed with a Congolese tester named 464 and the Congolese individuals were crossed with a Guinean tester 410, for assessing their combining ability. Results. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 75% of the total variation was due to variation between populations. Bayesian classification and Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) structure the 66 genotypes into two main groups of Guineans and Congoleses. While the Guinean group appears to be homogeneous, the Congolese group is split into four subgroups of SG1, SG2, B and C. Maximum test values are found for the SG1 and SG2 subgroups. The Guinean group showed lower performance. It is important in this group to select the best progenitors. Conclusions. SNP markers were effective in genetic structuring of the population. This study also allows the identification of a genotype that was not determined. The use of this set of markers will be useful for the control of future progenitors. The same genetic progress can be achieved by crossing SG1 or SG2 with a good Guinean male. It seems important to make a selection among the Guineans before crossing them with a Congolese tester.

Toward Crop Maturity Assessment via UAS-Based Imaging Spectroscopy—A Snap Bean Pod Size Classification Field Study

Toward Crop Maturity Assessment via UAS-Based Imaging Spectroscopy—A Snap Bean Pod Size Classification Field Study

Bean and beverage quality - Prospects of four F1 hybrids of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in India

In coffee, both physical quality attributes as assessed by the colour and size of the beans and cup quality of the beverage rated based on sensory analysis are the important criteria for determining market price. In general, quality is dependent on genotype and also influenced by the growing conditions. The bean and beverage quality of pure C. arabica varieties is far superior to diploid introgressed arabica genotypes developed for improved host resistance. Thus, integrating the host resistance without affecting quality parameters is very imperative in arabica coffee breeding. Four F1 hybrids (S.5083, S.5084, S.5085 & S.5086) developed from reciprocal crosses between the most popular semi-dwarf arabica variety ‘Chandragiri’ and Sln.10, an auto-tetraploid of a diploid inter-specific hybrid, used as a donor for rust resistance, were evaluated for physical quality traits for four seasons and cup profiles for two seasons. Among the four hybrids, S.5085 and S.5086 recorded bold bean size with 70.05 per cent and 69.75 per cent of mean ‘A’ grade beans, respectively. The ‘B’ grade ranged from 9.5 per cent to 10.4 per cent in hybrids as against 16.8 per cent in Chandragiri. The Pea berry ranged from 10.1 per cent to 12.5 per cent, indicating high fertility in hybrids. The cup qualities of S.5085 and S.5086 were also found superior with a cumulative average score of 80.3 and 78.3 respectively, compared to parents; 71.6 in Chandragiri and 77.3 in Sln.10. The present study established the superiority of S.5085 and S.5086 in quality parameters and therefore has potential implications in the commercial exploitation of these two F1 hybrids that also manifested high levels of field tolerance to coffee leaf rust.

Impacts of κ-Oligocarrageenan Application on Photosynthesis, Nutrient Uptake and Bean Yield of Coffee (Coffea robusta)

κ-Oligocarrgeenan (OC) is well known as an effective and green plant growth promoter and elicitor. However, its effect on coffee plant has not been investigated so far. This study aimed to examine the impacts of OC on biophysical activity, vegetative growth and productivity of coffee plant (Coffea robusta). OC with average molecular weight (AMW) of 4.0 kDa was prepared by depolymerization of carrageenan using ascorbic acid. Field experiments were conducted by foliar spray four times per year at various OC concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 ppm) for three years (2017-2019). The results showed that OC promoted growth of coffee plant in all tested concentrations, and an optimized concentration was found at 150 ppm which showed a significant increase compared to the control plant in total chlorophyll (24.79%), carotenoid (31.65%), uptakes of N (15.66%), P (15.81%), and K (22.25%) minerals in leaves, crop yield (19.80%) and bean size (13.10%). Therefore, OC is potentially promising to apply as a promoter to enhance yield of crops for sustainable coffee plantation.