Bean Residue Research Articles

Improvement of the mechanical properties of PLA/coffee residue biocomposites from the liquor industry

This work deals with the revaluation of coffee bean residues from the coffee liquor industry with the aim of developing eco-efficient composite materials with a polymeric matrix of polylactic acid (PLA). The coffee residue is incorporated in a proportion of 20% to the PLA by extrusion. After a grinding process, they are processed by injection to obtain standardized test pieces for their characterization. In order to improve the mechanical properties, as well as the toughness and compatibility between the biopolyester and the lignocellulosic particles of the coffee residue, two oligomers of lactic acid (OLA2 and OLA2mal functionalized with maleic anhydride) are added, together with the particles of the coffee residue during the extrusion process. These "Green composites" show that the incorporation of coffee residue particles from the manufacture of coffee liquor considerably increases the ductility of the samples analyzed by practically 280% due to their high content of oils present in the lignocellulosic residue. In addition, the incorporation of the OLA2 and OLA2mal oligomers contribute to improve the tensile strength of the composite materials studied, by 35% and 60%, respectively. These interesting results show the wide possibilities of this eco-efficient and sustainable material made of PLA and coffee residue. These are biodegradable materials, respectful of the environment and that allow the revaluation of coffee bean residues from the agri-food industry such as coffee liquor.

Production of fuel pellets from bean crop residues (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Beans are an important part of the Mexican diet, and its cultivation generates a significant amount of waste. This biomass contains important amounts of carbon, which makes it a potential source to obtaining fuel pellets. Therefore, this work proposes the production of fuel pellets from bean residues considering as control factors the particle size and moisture content. The fuel pellets of best quality were obtained from biomass with a moisture content of 20% and a particle size of 8.00 mm before its densification (M3P2 samples); these fuel pellets reached a higher heating value of 16.097 MJ/kg, 5.319% of dry weight ashes, a bulk density of 607.38 kg/m3, a final moisture of 11.679%, an individual density of 1.1979 g/cm3, a final diameter of 8.13 mm, a final length of 18.50 mm, a final carbon content of 54.322%, and a yield of 60.7%. Based on these results, the fuel pellets produced from the residues of the bean crop satisfy the ISO 17225–6 standard, and they can replace solid fossil fuels for generation of electrical and/or thermal energy.

Plant residues, beneficial microbes and integrated phosphorus management for improving hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) growth and total biomass

Phosphorus (P) unavailability and lack of organic matter in calcareous soils in semiarid climates are the major reasons for low crop productivity. This field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Research Farm of The University of Agriculture Peshawar, during the summer of 2015 to investigate the impact of plant residues (PR) (faba bean, garlic and paper mulberry residues) and phosphorous sources [(60 and 120kg ha-1) from single super phosphate (SSP) and poultry manure (PM)] with (+) and without (-) phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on the phenological development, growth and biomass yield of hybrid maize “CS-200”. Among the PR, application of faba bean residue was found to delay phenological development (days to tasseling, silking and physiological maturity), improved growth (taller plants, higher leaf area per plant and leaf area index) and produced the highest biomass yield (faba bean>garlic>paper mulberry residues). Application of P at the rate of 120kg ha-1 from the inorganic source (SSP) was more beneficial in terms of better growth and higher biomass yield (120-SSP≥120-PM>60-SSP>60-PM kg P ha-1). The plots with (+) PSB showed enhanced phenological development, produced significantly taller plants with higher leaf area per plant and leaf area index and produced the highest biomass yield. On the basis of these results we concluded that the application of faba bean residues, phosphorus at the rate of 120kg ha-1 either from organic or inorganic sources with the inoculation of seed with PSB improved the growth and total biomass of hybrid maize in the study area.

An Economic Analysis of the Factors Influencing Adoption of Climbing Beans Varieties and Challenges of Smallholder Farmers in Rwanda: A Case Study of Burera District

Agriculture plays an important role in the economic growth and development prospects of a vast majority of developing countries including Rwanda. Grain legumes also serve as rotation crops with cereals, reducing soil pathogens and supplying nitrogen to the cereal crop. Food legume crops are considered vital crops for achieving food and nutritional security for both poor producers and consumers. One of the important legume crops grown in Rwanda is common bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> <I>L.</I>) which is the most priority crop occupying the largest arable land and consumed by majority of people. It is an important food legume for direct consumption as well as a source of farm income in Rwanda. The study was conducted in Burera district of Northern Province of Rwanda. A multistage sampling technique was employed in this study. Eighteen (18) farmers were randomly selected from each of the seven sectors making one hundred and twenty six (126) farmers do agriculture of common beans as commercial purpose as sample size. The main objective of the present study was to analyse the factors influencing the adoption of climbing beans and challenges of smallholder farmers in Rwanda. The results indicated that out of 126 respondents the majority were female. The findings indicated that, the majority of farmers grow their beans on less than 0.5ha. The results show that eight variables out of nine positively influence beans adoption while two variables negatively influence the adoption of climbing beans. The results show that land size, family size, high yield, educational level, off-farm income, output, price, farming experience, and extension services were significant in influencing adoption of climbing beans varieties. The results indicated that climbing beans produce up to three times more than the bush beans varieties. Many farmers mention staking as a major challenge to growing climbing beans. Afforestation, increasing agroforestry trees, adoption of poles and ropes, which can be used as staking materials, should be reinforced in study area. This will help to improve soil fertility through N-fixation, erosion control, environmental protection. Climbing bean residues complement animal feeds and organic manure production.

Oxidonitrergic and antioxidant effects of a low molecular weight peptide fraction from hardened bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) on endothelium.

About 3000 tons of beans are not used in human food due to hardening. Several studies on bean-derived bioactive peptides have shown potential to treat some diseases, including those relying on oxidative dysfunctions. We assessed the effects of peptides extracted from hardened bean Phaseolus vulgaris (PV) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production, cytotoxic and cytoprotective effects in endothelial cells, and oxidonitrergic-dependent vasodilating effects. Extract was composed by peptide fraction <3 kDa (PV3) from hardened common bean residue. PV3 sequences were obtained and analyzed with bioinformatics. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with 10, 20, 30, and 250 µg/mL PV3. Oxidative stress was provoked by 3% H2O2. Cytotoxicity and cytoprotective effects were evaluated by MTT assay, whereas, ROS and NO were quantified using DHE and DAF-FM fluorescent probes by confocal microscopy. NO- and endothelium-dependent vasodilating effects of PV3 were assessed in isolated aortic rings. We found 35 peptides with an average mass of 1.14 kDa. There were no cell deaths with 10 and 20 μg/mL PV3. PV3 at 30 μg/mL increased cell viability, while cytotoxicity was observed only with 250 μg/mL PV3. PV3 at 10 μg/mL was able to protect cells from oxidative stress. PV3 also increased NO release without causing cell death. It also reduced relative ROS production induced by H2O2. PV3 vasodilating effects relied on endothelium-dependent NO release. PV3 obtained from low-commercial-value bean displays little cytotoxicity and exerts antioxidant effects, whereas it increases endothelial NO release.

Forecrop Effects on Abundance and Diversity of Soil Microorganisms during the Growth of the Subsequent Crop

Plant residues introduced into the soil influence the soil’s physical, chemical, and consequently, biological parameters, which have an influence on plant health and yields. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of the cultivation of widespread plant species, faba bean (Vicia faba L., F) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L., W) (as forecrops) grown under conventionally tilled fields, on the diversity of microorganisms and the enzymatic activities of soil during the growth of the subsequent wheat. Bulk soil samples (0–20 cm) were taken three times from two months after residue incorporation into the soil to the maturity of the subsequent wheat crop in order to assess the fungal and bacterial communities (Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), terminal restriction fragments lengths polymorphism (t-RFLP)), ammonia oxidizing archaea (t-RFLP, denaturing gradient gel glectrophoresis (DGGE)), and the enzymatic activity of soil. Differences in the genetic structure of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) were observed for each treatment and sampling term, indicating that plant and weather conditions are the driving force for microorganism selection and adaptation. We observed that the fungal community was more influenced by the forecrop type used than the bacterial community. The activities of the enzymes changed in response to the forecrop and sampling period. A higher number of microorganisms that are associated with plant benefits with respect to nutrients and growth, as well as higher amounts of N in the residues, was noted in faba bean than in wheat soil. This could indicate better growth conditions after faba bean and, consequently, better yield quality and quantity. This may also indicate some protective role of the soil after faba bean against pathogens, which may be connected with lower fungicide requirements. The obtained results lead to a deeper understanding of the microorganism reactions to faba bean and wheat residues during wheat cultivation. In addition, they may be helpful in improving our understanding of subsequent crop yield responses to forecrops.

Wheat Growth-Induced Changes in Phosphorus Pools in the Crop Residue Detritusphere Are Influenced by Residue C/P Ratio

This experiment was carried out to elucidate the effect of residue C/nutrient ratio on P pools and N availability in wheat rhizosphere. The microcosms included an upper and a lower PVC core with one end of both cores covered by nylon mesh. Wheat was planted in the upper core. To the lower core, crop residues were added as a thin uniform layer on the top mesh. Treatments were control without residue or wheat growth, wheat growth without crop residue, barley straw without or with wheat growth, and barley faba bean residue without or with wheat growth. Sampling was carried out after 14 and 28 days in wheat rhizosphere alone, detritusphere of faba bean residue and barley straw, and in the rhizosphere/detritusphere interface. Mass loss of low C/P faba bean residue was greater than of high C/P barley straw; and mass loss was greater in the detritusphere alone than in the rhizosphere/detritusphere interface. Plant P concentration and P uptake were higher with faba bean residue than with straw and unamended wheat plants. With faba bean, most P pools and N availability, but not microbial biomass N and P, were lower in the rhizosphere/detritusphere interface than detritusphere alone. P pools were higher in detritusphere of faba bean residue than wheat rhizosphere alone. With straw, P pools and MBN were low and not affected by wheat roots. P pools and N availability in the wheat rhizosphere/detritusphere interface were influenced by residue type, and plant nutrient uptake reduced P pools and available N only with low carbon/nutrient faba bean residue.

Phosphorus and nitrogen in the soil interface between two plant residues differing in C/nutrient ratio: A short-term laboratory incubation study

In studies on the effects of mixing residues with different properties on decomposition rate and nutrient release, the extent of contact between the different residues is not known. In this study, we used an experimental design where crop residues were spatially separated by a layer of soil. Microcosms were set up using young faba bean residue (low carbon (C)/nutrient ratio, L) and mature barley straw (high C/nutrient ratio, H). The microcosms comprised of two caps of PVC tubes, each filled with moist soil. Between the two caps, there were three layers each separated from the others by fine nylon mesh with the middle layer being the moist interface soil. Microcosms had similar (H/H or L/L) or different (L/H) residue types, or only residue type (H/S or L/S) while the other cap had no residue. In treatments with only one residue, measured parameters, except microbial biomass P (MBP), were higher in L/S than H/S. In treatments with two residues, all parameters were lowest in H/H. In L/H compared to L/L after 14 days, available P and microbial biomass N (MBN) were lower, available N was similar and MBP was higher. After 28 days, available P and N were lower in L/H than L/L, but MBP and MBN did not differ. In L/H, measured resin P, MBP and MBN were higher than expected whereas available N was lower. The experimental design used in this study allows assessing the effect of residues on properties of the soil between them.

Vertisols and Cambisols had contrasting short term greenhouse gas responses to crop residue management

In sustainable agriculture crop residues management should consider the interactions between soil and residue properties, which can affect the decomposition and global greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission. Through a laboratory experiment, we investigated the effect of the management (incorporation and surface placement) of wheat and faba bean residues on their decomposition and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions from two soils, a Chromic Vertisol and an Eutric Cambisol. In the Vertisol, wheat residues increased the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission more than faba bean when left on the surface whereas no differences among residues were observed when incorporated. In the Cambisol, faba bean emitted more than wheat when left in the surface and less when incorporated. Total CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emissions were higher in faba bean in Cambisol for both management and only when applied in the surface in Vertisol. Total N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emission in the Vertisol was higher when faba bean was incorporated, and wheat was left on the surface. In the Cambisol, wheat addition increased total N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions by 20% compared to faba bean, with no differences between managements. Our study confirmed that contrasting properties among tested soils resulted in significant interactions with residues own degradability and their placement affecting residue decomposition, soil C and N dynamics, and GHGs emission.

Heat-treated bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) residue meal as an alternative protein source in pelleted diets for Nile tilapia fingerlings: growth, body composition, and physical characteristics of diets.

The study aimed to evaluate heat-treated bean residue meal (Phaseolus vulgaris)-BRM-as an alternative protein source in diets for Nile tilapia fish. A completely randomized design was used, totaling four (n = 4) dietary treatments: diet without BRM (CON), raw BRM (RBRM) and heat-treated BRM at 100°C for 15min (BRM15), and 30min (BRM30) before inclusion in diets. Nile tilapia fingerlings (1.3g initial weight) were hand-fed the experimental diets for 66days, divided equally into three meals per day. Performance parameters, body composition, nutrient retention, and physical characteristics of diets were evaluated. Growth and feed conversion were lower (P <0.05) in fish fed BRM. Protein productive value was higher (P <0.05) in fish fed CON diet than in fish receiving BRM. However, 30min heat treatment of BRM increased (P <0.05) protein retention in fish. Fish fed BRM30 also had higher protein content (P <0.05) and reduced body lipid content (P <0.05) than those fed CON diet. The physical characteristics (durability, dry matter leaching, waterproof time, and water stability time) were significantly improved (P <0.05) in the BRM30 diet compared with other dietary treatments. The dietary inclusion of BRM at the level of 15% is not recommended for tilapia due to low growth performance and feed efficiency, regardless of preheating treatment. However, research on longer heat treatment time is needed due to the improvements observed in nutrient retention and physical characteristics of diets.

Residues of sweet sorghum promotes suppression of weeds in sugarcane rotation

Sorghum is an important crop to plant in rotation with sugarcane. This is mainly because both are inputs for the ethanol industry. Crop residues of sweet sorghum promote suppression of weed re-infestation, avoiding weed interference to the sugarcane crop due to the strong allelopathic potential of sorghum. In order to determine the suppressive effects of sorghum crop residues on weeds, a field experiment was carried out. Seven vegetation covers were used as options for crop rotation with sugarcane. The treatments were sweet sorghum, velvet bean, sunflower, soybean, sugar cane, fallow, and an area without cover. The experiment was randomized blocks with four replications of 27 m2 plots. The weed community of each plot was evaluated by phytosociological indexes at 60 and 120 days after the formation of vegetation cover. The composition of soil seed bank was also evaluated. The weeds with the highest indexes of relative importance during the evaluations were Cyperus rotundus, Raphanus raphanistrum and Parthenium hysterophorus. The diversity of the weed community, estimated by relative importance indexes, was lower in the area with velvet bean as soil cover. Sorghum, velvet bean and sunn hemp covers reduced the soil seed bank compared to the fallow treatment and the treatment without vegetation cover. Crop residues of sweet sorghum and velvet bean provide a decrease in weed infestation in field, and the weed suppression period can last up to 120 days during the dry season.

The use of coffee bean post-extraction residues as a filler in plywood technology

The use of coffee bean post-extraction residues as a filler in plywood technology. The aim of the research was to determine the influence of post-extraction coffee beans used as a glue mass filler for the plywood glue joint on their selected mechanical and physical features. In the scope of the research the plywood of different content of post-extraction coffee beans in glue mass have been produced in laboratory conditions, as well, as reference material, the plywood with wheat flour as a glue mass filler have been made. The investigated material has been tested according to different features, including measurement of the plywood density profile, static bending strength and modulus of elasticity, shear strength, water absorption, as well as resistance to axial removal of screws. The significant reduction of bending strength, modulus of elasticity when bending, shear strength, as well as resistance to axial removal of screws has been found for samples with coffee bean residues, when referred to reference plywood. Also, decreasing penetration depth of coffee residues filled glue mass has been noted, with the coffee bean post-extraction residues content raise.

Maize grain production, plant nutrient concentration and soil chemical properties in response to different residue levels from two previous crops

ABSTRACTThe incorporation of previous crop residues in agricultural management benefits soil fertility, crop production, and environment. However, there is no enough information about maximum residue application level without negative effect over next crop yield. To evaluate maize (Zea mays L.) yield under short-time conservation management with incorporation and/or importation of different residue levels, a biannual rotation experiment was conducted in ash volcanic soil in south-central Chile. The experiment consisted of two previous crops, canola (Brassica napus L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and four levels of residue incorporation (0%, 50%, 100%, and 200% of generated residue; from 0 to 21.4 Mg ha−1 for canola and from 0 to 19.0 Mg ha−1 for bean). Previous crop species and residue level affected some nutrients concentrations in grain and plant and some soil chemical properties, without effect in maize yield, which averaged 16.6 Mg ha−1. Bean residue increased Ca and reduced S in maize plant, increasing soil P, Ca, Mg and K (P < 0.05). Maize grain Ca content was positively and proportionally affected by canola residue level and negatively and proportionally affected by bean residue level. All canola residue levels increased soil pH and Mg, but the highest level reduced soil S; soil P concentration increased proportionally with bean residue level. The highest bean residue level increased soil S. Different crop and levels of residue did not affect maize yield but did some plant nutrient concentration, and also affected some soil chemical properties.

Effect of sample size on kinetic parameters of roughage and concentrated feeds by a semi-automated in vitro gas production system

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different amounts of incubated samples on the kinetic parameters of in vitro fermentation of roughage and concentrated food used for feeding ruminants. Samples were prepared using 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg of air-dried roughage and concentrated sample, ground to 1 mm, and placed in 120 mL glass flasks. Next, inoculum and McDougal solution were added, and the readings were obtained using a semi-automated pressure transducer up to 96 h after the beginning of the incubations. Gas production of the non-fibrous fraction increased linearly (P &lt; 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, dried brewer’s yeast, bean residue, wet brewer’s grains, sunflower meal, and Jatropha meal; quadratically (P &lt; 0.05) for Napier grass silage and cottonseed meal; and cubically (P &lt; 0.05) for castor meal and soybean meal. The degradation rate of the non-fibrous fraction reduced linearly (P &lt; 0.05) for sugarcane, Napier grass silage, and castor meal; quadratically (P &lt; 0.05) for Marandu grass silage; and cubically (P &lt; 0.05) for corn silage, soybean meal, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, bean residue, and cottonseed meal. Gas production of the fibrous fraction increased linearly (P &lt; 0.05) for Napier grass silage, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, bean residue, wet brewer’s grain, cottonseed meal, and sunflower meal; quadratically ( &lt; 0.05) for Jatropha meal; and cubically (P &lt; 0.05) for sugarcane, castor meal, and soybean meal. The degradation rate of the fibrous fraction increased linearly (P &lt; 0.05) for Napier grass silage, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, dried brewer’s yeast, wet brewer’s grains; quadratically (P &lt; 0.05) for corn silage and castor meal; and cubically (P &lt; 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, and bean residue. The lag time reduced linearly (P &lt; 0.05) for castor meal and dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles; quadratically (P &lt; 0.05) for Napier grass silage; and cubically (P &lt; 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, soybean meal, bean residue, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal, and Jatropha meal. Thus, our findings suggest that the kinetic parameters of in vitro fermentation were affected as a function of the amount of incubated sample.

Effect of sample size on kinetic parameters of roughage and concentrated feeds by a semi-automated in vitro gas production system

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different amounts of incubated samples on the kinetic parameters of in vitro fermentation of roughage and concentrated food used for feeding ruminants. Samples were prepared using 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg of air-dried roughage and concentrated sample, ground to 1 mm, and placed in 120 mL glass flasks. Next, inoculum and McDougal solution were added, and the readings were obtained using a semi-automated pressure transducer up to 96 h after the beginning of the incubations. Gas production of the non-fibrous fraction increased linearly (P &lt; 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, dried brewer’s yeast, bean residue, wet brewer’s grains, sunflower meal, and Jatropha meal; quadratically (P &lt; 0.05) for Napier grass silage and cottonseed meal; and cubically (P &lt; 0.05) for castor meal and soybean meal. The degradation rate of the non-fibrous fraction reduced linearly (P &lt; 0.05) for sugarcane, Napier grass silage, and castor meal; quadratically (P &lt; 0.05) for Marandu grass silage; and cubically (P &lt; 0.05) for corn silage, soybean meal, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, bean residue, and cottonseed meal. Gas production of the fibrous fraction increased linearly (P &lt; 0.05) for Napier grass silage, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, bean residue, wet brewer’s grain, cottonseed meal, and sunflower meal; quadratically ( &lt; 0.05) for Jatropha meal; and cubically (P &lt; 0.05) for sugarcane, castor meal, and soybean meal. The degradation rate of the fibrous fraction increased linearly (P &lt; 0.05) for Napier grass silage, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, dried brewer’s yeast, wet brewer’s grains; quadratically (P &lt; 0.05) for corn silage and castor meal; and cubically (P &lt; 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, and bean residue. The lag time reduced linearly (P &lt; 0.05) for castor meal and dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles; quadratically (P &lt; 0.05) for Napier grass silage; and cubically (P &lt; 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, soybean meal, bean residue, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal, and Jatropha meal. Thus, our findings suggest that the kinetic parameters of in vitro fermentation were affected as a function of the amount of incubated sample.

Intake, digestibility and feeding behaviour of grazing dairy cows supplemented with common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) residue

Context In Brazil, dairy cattle pasture-based systems use grass pasture as the main feed source, with little or no supplementation. However, it is necessary to invest in nutritional technologies that allow dairy cattle systems to produce milk with a high protein and energy content, and better total bacterial counts at low costs. Aims This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding a common bean residue (CBR) to cattle diets on feed intake, digestibility and feeding behaviour of lactating dairy cows. Methods Eight lactating Holstein × Zebu crossbred cows, with an average bodyweight of 500 ± 30 kg (mean ± s.d.) and a mean daily milk yield of 13 ± 2 kg/cow were randomly assigned in a double 4 × 4 Latin square. The treatments consisted of four increasing levels of CBR (134, 240, 348 and 449 g/kg) in the concentrate. Key results The inclusion of CBR linearly decreased (P ≤ 0.034) the DM intake and neutral detergent fibre intake of pasture, sugarcane and the total diet. The inclusion of CBR did not affect (P ≥ 0.111) grazing, rumination or idle time. The feeding efficiency in kg DM/h and kg neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein/h linearly decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.001), with an estimated decrease of 39.1 and 23.4 g/h respectively for every 10 g/kg of CBR added to the concentrate. The number of boluses per day and the time spent per ruminated bolus were not affected (P ≥ 0.086) by CBR inclusion. Conclusions The results obtained in this study indicate that the inclusion of up to 240 g/kg of CBR to the diets of lactating dairy cows with a mean daily milk yield of 13 kg, managed on pastures, is recommended. Implications The use of CBR, which has high availability in several countries, may be an alternative to supplying small ruminants.

Physiological Activities of Water and 80% Ethanol Extracts of Various Coffee Bean Residues

Physiological Activities of Water and 80% Ethanol Extracts of Various Coffee Bean Residues

Gut microbiota and short chain fatty acid composition as affected by legume type and processing methods as assessed by simulated in vitro digestion assays

This study’s objective was to investigate how legume type and processing method affected digestibility, and subsequent gut microbiota and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) formation. After autoclaving and germinating-cooking, pinto bean and soybean were subjected to in vitro digestion. The digestion residues were fractionated into soluble and insoluble fiber, and fermented by microbiota from pig feces. Results showed the in vitro digestibility was affected significantly by processing method and legume type. Autoclaving resulted in higher digestibility. The in-vitro digested bean residues caused a rapid pH decrease in the first 12 h during the fermentation with pig feces, and a significant increse in the formation of SCFAs. A positive modulation of the gut microbiota by the in-vitro digested bean residues was observed. Prevotella copri and Bacteroides vulgatus exhibited the highest relative abundance in the treatments with germinated bean’s soluble residues. Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens was increased by the insoluble residues.

Potentials of Ensiled Panicum Maximum with Different Crop Residues as Ruminant Feed During Dry Season

The experiment was conducted to determine the nutritive value of ensiled guinea grass with different additives using in-vitro gas production method. The silage were in 5 treatments T1: 90% of guinea grass + 10% yellow maize residue, T2: 90% of guinea grass + 10% white maize residue, T3: 90% of guinea grass + 10% guinea corn residue, T4: 90% of guinea grass + 10% soy bean residue, T5: 100% of guinea grass.. The silage quality, physical properties, chemical composition, the in vitro gas production after 24hours of incubation were investigated. Methane (CH4) gas produced was measured. Metabolizable energy (ME), Organic matter digestibility (OMD) and the short chain fatty acid (SCFA) were estimated from the in vitro gas production parameters. The colour of the silage varied among the silage treatments and were closer to the colours of the fresh forage. All the silage had pleasant smell and the temperature had no significant difference among the silage treatments. The pH ranged from 4.23 � 5.60 which has significant difference among the silage treatments. The chemical composition of the silage were as follows: Dry matter (DM) 23.73 to 29.50%, Crude protein (CP), 6.93 to 11.05%; Crude fibre (CF), 27.84 to 31.20%; and ash, 15.01 to 17.50%. Hemicellulose ranges from 23.29 to 26.05%, Cellulose ranges from 21.07 to 30.50%. The mineral composition value of the ensiled ranges are as follow: CA, 0.19 to 0.23%; P, 0.17 to 0.19%; NA, 0.08 to 0.11%; k, 0.34 to 0.45%; MG, 0,10 to 0.13%. Potential gas production varied from 13.00 ml/200mg DM to 18.67 ml/200mg DM. The high (P&lt;0.05) potential gas value of 18.67 ml/200mg DM was obtained for silage T4. The highest value of ME (5.41MJ/kg DM); OMD (46.10%) and SCFA (0.51-mol) were obtained in silage T3 which contain 90% guinea grass with 10%guineacorn residue. Result indicates that silage from 90% guinea grass with 10% white maize residue have the best nutritive value.

In Vitro Gas Production Assessment of Ensiled Brachiaria Decumbens with Different Additives as Animal Feed During the Dry Season

Scarcity of forages during the dry season in Nigeria has lingered. This study therefore assessed the nutritive quality of Brachiaria decumbens with additives prepared as silage using in-vitro gas production technique. Brachiaria decumbens was ensiled with four different additives. T1: 90% Brachiaria decumbens+ 10 %Yellow corn residue; T2: 90% Brachiaria decumbens+ 10% White maize residue; T3: 90% Brachiaria decumbens + 10% Guinea corn residue; T4: 90% Brachiaria decumbens + 10% Soy bean residue; T5: 100% Brachiaria decumbens and were incubated for in vitro gas production for 24 hours. Cumulative gas production was recorded at 3, 6,9,12, 15, 18, 21and 24 hr of incubation periods and the organic matter digestibility (OMD), short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and metabolisable energy (ME) were estimated. Results showed that the dry matter content of the silages ranged from 26.35 to 37.57%, the crude protein ranged from 7.30 to 10.00%, the ether extract ranged from 3.60 to 4.27%, The NDF, ADF and ADL were significantly (p&lt;0.05) different among the different silages. The cumulative gas produced ranged between 13.00 and 18.67 ml/200mg DM. There were no significant difference in ME, OMD and SCFA of the silages. The estimated ME (MJ/Kg DM) for the silages ranged from 4.33 MJ/Kg DM to 5.19 MJ/Kg DM. The highest OMD (45.27%) was observed in T2 (Brachiaria decumbens ensiled with white maize residue) and the lowest (41.45%) value in T4 (Brachiaria decumbens ensiled with soy bean residue). The SCFA estimated from gas production were 0.35, 0.50,, 0.37, 0.33 and 0.45 ?Mol.