Bean Cv Research Articles

Effect of foliar application of acetyl salicylic acid, ascorbic acid and riboflavin on growth, yield and yield component of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L Cv. Arka Arjun)

The present experiment was carried out toassess the influence of foliar application of antioxidants on growth, yield and yield component of French bean cv. Arka Arjun. This experiment consisted of 7 treatment viz. Distilled water spray (T1), Acetyl Salicylic Acid @ 100ppm (T2), Acetyl Salicylic Acid @ 200 ppm (T3), Ascorbic Acid @ 100 ppm (T4), Ascorbic Acid @ 200ppm (T5), Riboflavin @ 200 ppm (T6) and Riboflavin @ 400 ppm (T7). Five plants in each plot were randomly selected for recording the growth, yield observation and its parameters. Data was collected on different traits such as Plant height, Number of branches per plant, Number of leaves per plant, Leaf Area Index, Number of pods per plant, Pod weight of ten fruits, Pod length, Pod diameter, Pod yield per plant, Protein content of pod. The salient findings of the present investigation have been summarized as under: such as Plant height was significantly influenced by various treatments The maximum Plant height was recorded in the treatment T5 (Ascorbic Acid @ 200ppm). Maximum number of branches per plant was observed for treatment T5 (Ascorbic Acid @ 200ppm). The maximum number of leaves per plant was recorded in the treatment T5 (Ascorbic Acid @ 200ppm). Maximum Leaf Area Index was recorded in the treatment T5 (Ascorbic Acid @ 200ppm). The maximum number of pods per plant was recorded in the treatment T3 (ASA @ 200ppm) Maximum pod weight of ten fruits was recorded in the treatment T5 (Ascorbic acid @ 200ppm). The maximum fruit length was recorded in the treatment T5 (Ascorbic acid @ 200ppm). Highest Pod yield per plant was recorded in the treatment T5 (Ascorbic acid @ 200ppm) also. Maximum value of protein content was observed for treatment T3 (ASA @ 200ppm). These results prove that foliar applications of Ascorbic Acid at concentrations of 200 ppm (T5) were beneficial for the growth and development of French bean. Maximum yield per plant was recorded with the treatment application of Ascorbic acid at concentrations of 200 ppm (T5) and was found to be superior over Acetyl Salicylic Acid concentrations. Maximum protein content was recorded with the treatment application of Acetyl Salicylic Acid at concentrations 200 ppm (T3) and was found to be superior over Ascorbic Acid concentrations.

Effect of Planting Distances and Weed Control Treatments on Faba Bean Yield and Associated Weeds

Two field experiments were carried out in the Farm of Agricultural Research and Experimental Center of Agriculture Faculty at Moshtohor, Benha University, Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt, during 2017/18 and 2018/19 seasons. The study were investigated the effect of three planting distances, i.e. 20, 25 and 30 cm between hills with six weed control treatments, i.e. acetochlor at rate of 840 g active ingredient (a.i)/fed (Harness 84 % EC), pendimethalin at rate of 773.5 g a.i/fed (Stomp extra 45.5 % CS), metribuzin at rate of 210 g a.i/fed (Sencor 70 % WP), bentazon at rate of 240 g a.i/fed (Basagran 48 % AS) + clethodium at rate of 62.5 g a.i/fed (Select super 12.5 % EC), hand hoeing twice and the unweeded check on growth, seed yield/fed and its yield components of faba bean cv. Giza 843 as well as associated weeds. Faba bean planted at narrow planting distance (20 cm between hills) gave the lowest values of weed biomass compared with the other two planting distances (25 and 30 cm between hills) at 70 days after sowing as well as produced the greatest values of leaf area index, plant height and seed yield/fed during the both seasons. While, the highest values of No. of branches, No. of pods, No. of seeds and seed weight/plant as well as 100-seed weight were obtained from planting faba bean at wide planting distance (30 cm between hills) in the both seasons. The main findings show that experimental field was infested by annual weeds for the unweeded check by 659.9 and 1041.8 kg dry weight of weeds/fed, exhibited seed yield loss of 74.82 and 79.65 % faba bean yield/fed compared with the best treatment (hand hoeing twice) in 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 seasons, respectively, planting faba bean under hand hoeing twice or using bentazon + clethodium surpassed the other weed control treatments in depressing weed biomass at 70 days after faba bean sowing. On the other hand, the two treatments gave the greatest values of all faba bean traits without significant difference between them. The highest depression in weed biomass and the maximum values of plant height and seed yield/fed were recorded from planting faba bean at 20 cm between hills and weed control by hand hoeing twice or using bentazon + clethodium. While, the greatest values of No. of pods/plant, No. of seeds/plant and seed weight/plant in both seasons which obtained from planting faba bean at wide planting distance (30 cm between hills) under weed control by hand hoeing twice or using bentazon + clethodium. Analyzing the faba bean seeds found that there was no residual detected of herbicides used. The economic analysis indicate that planting faba bean at 20 cm between hills and weed control by hand hoeing twice gave the net benefit valued 10435 and 8465 L.E./fed in the first and second seasons, respectively without herbicides residues. It could be summarized that planting faba bean cv. Giza 843 at planting distance 20 cm between hills with using hand hoeing twice or chemical control by bentazon + clethodium depression weed biomass and maximized seed yield/fed accompanied with the highest values of gross income, net benefit and benefit/cost and without herbicides residues.

Fertility Lifetables of Glasshouse Whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) on French Bean cv. Contender at Different Temperatures

Fertility Life tables and characteristics of the Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) were assessed on French bean cv. Contender at different temperatures 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C. The life table analysis showed that the females lived for a maximum of 58 days at 15 °C. The trend of oviposition showed a peak on 32nd day at 25 °C as the highest number of eggs produced per female per day was 9.98. The true Intrinsic rate of increase (rm) values were 0.123 and 0.121 at 20 °C and 25 °C, respectively. The rate of natural increase (rc) was 0.120 at 20 °C and 25 °C. The highest net reproductive rate (45.86) was obtained at 20 °C. The population doubling time (DT) was maximum (10.42 days) at 15 °C and minimum (5.64 days) at 20 °C. Generation time was 47.17 days at 15 °C which decreased to 24.82 days at 30 °C.

Seed transmission of a distinct soybean yellow mottle mosaic virus strain identified from India in natural and experimental hosts

Soybean yellow mottle mosaic virus (SYMMV) is a newly identified member of the genus Gammacarmovirus from grain legumes in India. As the modes of transmission of this virus have not been described, we assessed the possibility of SYMMV to be transmitted through seed collected from field infected mungbean plants and mechanically sap inoculated French bean plants using serological and molecular techniques followed by progeny assays. Direct antigen coated enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAC-ELISA) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results are inconsistent with field infected mungbean seed tissues to ensure seed transmissibility irrespective of seed number used. Seed from mechanical sap inoculated French bean showed higher absorbance values in DAC-ELISA and amplification corresponding to replicase, movement and coat protein regions of SYMMV genome. The relative accumulation of SYMMV was higher in pod walls, immature seed and stamens and stigma of mechanical sap inoculated French bean. Progeny assays with infected seed revealed the seed transmissibility of SYMMV at the rate of 63.33% in mungbeanand 73.33% in French bean. Mechanical sap inoculation of mungbean progeny seedlings on French bean cv. Pusa Parvati produced characteristic symptoms of SYMMV. The results obtained from this study demonstrate that SYMMV is seed borne in nature and can be transmitted to next generation seedlings. This is the first report of seed transmission of SYMMV in mungbean and French bean.

EFFECT OF IRRIGATION WATER QUANTITY AND SOME ANTIOXIDANTS ON YIELD AND SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS OF SNAP BEAN GROWN UNDER SANDY SOIL CONDITIONS

A field experiment was carried out during the two successive summer seasons of 2017 and 2018 under sandy soil conditions at EL-Khattara Experimental Farm, Fac. Agric., Zagazig University, to study the effect of irrigation water quantity (1000, 1500 and 2000 m3/fed.) and foliar spray with some antioxidants (salicylic cid at 200 ppm, ascorbic acid at 300 ppm beside control treatments ( sprayed with tap water ) on growth, plant water relationship, yield and pod quality of snap bean cv, Bronco. The most important findings could be summarized as follows: The interactions between irrigation of snap bean plants at 2000 m3/fed. and spraying with SA at 200 ppm recorded the highest values of dry weight of branches, leaves and total dry weight/ plant, increasing chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll (a+b) in leaf tissues, average pod weight , yield / plant and total pods yield/fed., and TSS in green pods. However, the interaction between irrigation water quantity at 2000 m3/fed. and spraying with ascorbic acid at 300 ppm recorded the highest values of total and free water (%) in leaf tissues and total carbohydrates and Vit. C in green pods in both seasons, whereas interaction treatment between 1000 m3 water/fed., without antioxidants resulted in the highest values represented bound water and proline amino acid in leaf tissues and total fiber contents in green pods. On the other hand, the interactions between irrigation water quantity at 1000 m3 water/ fed., and spraying with SA at 200 ppm recorded the highest values of water use efficiency (2.692 and 2.731 kg green pods/m3 water) in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.

EFFECT OF ALGAE AND YEAST EXTRACTS AS FOLIAR APPLICATION ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SNAP BEAN GROWN UNDER SANDY SOIL CONDITIONS

A field experiment was carried out during the two successive summer seasons of 2017 and 2018 under sandy soil conditions at El-Khattara Experimental Farm, Fac. Agric., Zagazig University, to study the effect of algae extract at 0, 1 and 2 ml/l, and yeast extract at 0, 5 and 10 g/l as foliar application and their interactions on growth, chemical constituents, yield and pod quality of snap bean cv, Bronco. The most important findings could be summarized as follows: The interaction treatment between spraying snap bean with algae extract at 2 ml/l, and yeast extract at 10 g/l increased plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, shoot dry weight , chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll (a+b) in leaf tissues, N,P and K contents in shoots and its uptake by shoots, average pod length , pod weight , yield / plant, and total pods yield/fed., total carbohydrates, TSS and total protein in green pods and lowest total fiber content in green pods. However, this treatment recorded a high relative increases in total yield/fed. were about 69.5 % over the control as average of two seasons.

Faba Bean and Pea Can Provide Late-Fall Forage Grazing without Affecting Maize Yield the Following Season

Faba bean (Vicia faba Roth) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) are grown worldwide as protein sources for food and feed and can be used as cover crops after wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). However, faba bean is underutilized in upper Midwest farming systems. This study was conducted to determine how faba bean relates to pea as a forage, cover crop, and in cycling of nutrients to maize (Zea mays L.) in the following season. Five faba bean cultivars and two pea cultivars, a forage pea and a field pea, were established after wheat harvest in North Dakota, in 2017 and 2018. Faba bean and pea cultivars averaged 1.3 Mg ha−1 of biomass, enough to support 1.5 animal unit month (AUM) ha−1 for a 450 kg cow (Bos taurus L.) with calf, at 50% harvest efficiency. Crude protein content was highest in faba bean cv. Boxer (304 g kg−1), with faba bean cv. Laura and forage pea cv. Arvika having similar content, and field pea having the least (264 g kg−1). Cover crop treatments did not affect maize in the following year, indicating no nutrient cycling from faba bean and pea to maize. Both cover crop species tested provided high protein forage, suitable for late grazing, with a more fibrous crop residue. Faba bean has potential as a cover crop in the upper Midwest while providing greater quality forage than pea.

Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of faba bean in response to vernalization.

This study unravels the transcriptional response of a highly productive faba bean cultivar under vernalization treatment. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a member of the Leguminosae family and an important food crop worldwide providing valuable nutrients for humans. However, genome-wide studies and comprehensive sequencing resources of faba bean remain limited. Vernalization is crucial for enhanced yields in a number of winter-sown crops. However, the effects of vernalization on faba bean remain unknown. In this study, we generated a high-quality transcriptome assembly and functional annotation source for vernalized faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cv. Tongxian-2, a domesticated cultivar from southern China. A total of 369.9million clean Illumina paired-end RNA-Seq reads were generated, and the transcriptome was assembled into 68,683 unigene sequences, with an average length of 1018 bp and an N50 of 1652 bp. Comprehensive functional annotation provided putative functional descriptions for more than 70% of the faba bean transcripts. We annotated a total of 1560 faba bean transcripts encoding transcription factors (TFs) belonging to 55 distinct TF families. The bHLH (168 transcripts), ERF (123 transcripts) and WRKY (105 transcripts) contained the largest number of TFs in response to vernalization. Genome-wide transcript changes comparing vernalized and unvernalized seedlings were investigated using bioinformatics approaches, which revealed a strong repression of photosynthesis and carbon metabolism, while genes participating in 'response to stress' were significantly induced. We also specifically identified vernalization-induced twenty-two 'pollen-pistil interaction' genes. A detailed functional annotation and expression profile analyses unveiled a number of protein kinases, which were specifically induced in vernalized seedlings. We also identified a total of 6852 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in 6552 transcripts, representing a valuable genomic molecular marker resource for faba bean. In summary, this study provides new insights into the vernalization process in this economically valuable crop. The transcriptome data obtained provides us with a valuable candidate gene resource for future functional and molecular breeding studies. These data will contribute to the genome annotation for ensuing genome projects.

USING SOME HERBEL WATER EXTRACTS AS A NUTRIENT FOLIAR SPRAY IN THE PRESENCE OF DIFFERENT MINERAL FERTILIZER LEVELS FOR IMPROVING YIELD AND QUALITY OF TOMATO FRUITS AND BROAD BEAN PODS

Tow field experiments were conducted during the two successive winter seasonsof 2016/ 2017 and 2017/2018 in the Experimental Farm of Kaha Station, Qalubia Governorate on broad bean cv. luz de tout and during summer season of 2017- 2018 in the location of Vegetable Research Departments, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki on tomato Alissa hybrid. The aiming of the experiments were to examine the effect of three rates of mineral fertilizers NPK, i.e.100% (as control), 75% and 50% either for broad bean or tomato and four safety materials, i.e. water (as control),seaweed extract (Tohlob gel) at 0.5 g/l,goosefoot extract andstingingnettle extract at two concentrations (10 and 20% of each) as foliar spray and their interactions on the vegetative growth, yield and its components of tomato and broad bean plants. Tomato fertilized with 75% of the recommended rate of NPK and sprayed with stinging nettle extract at 20% gave the highest value for each of vegetative growth parameters in both growing season. Moreover, as general the results showed that all treatments used, especially plants fertilized with 50% or 75% of the recommended rate of NPK and sprayed with goosefoot extract or stinging nettle extract at 20% of each, increased thetotal yield and its components, whereas decreased the percentage of infested fruits by blossom end rot disease compared with the control. The highest value of VC was obtained from using seaweed extract and fertilization by 50% of recommended NPK rate. On the contrary, the highest value of Juice acidity was recorded by the control treatment. Fertilizing with 100% of the recommended fertilization and foliar spray with goosefoot extract at 20% gave the highest value for each of total sugar (%) and K (%). All treatments had no significant impact on fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit shape, fruit firmness, flesh thickness and number of loculi. From forgoing results it could be concluded that, spraying tomato plants with goosefoot extract or stinging nettle extract at 20% of each gave the highest value for each of vegetative growth and total yield under fertilizing with 50% or 75% of the recommended fertilization. Regarding to broad bean, results indicated that, adding 75% followed by 50% of the recommended mineral fertilization and spraying by goosefoot extract at 20% concentration gave the highest values of all vegetative growth parameters, except plant length which showed favorable result under 100% from fertilization and spraying the plants with nettle extract at 20% concentration and leaf area which increased by adding 100% of recommended fertilizer level and spraying plants with goosefoot extract at 20% concentration. Spraying broad bean plants with stinging nettle extract at 20% concentration under 50% of the recommended fertilization gave the highest value for each of pod diameter and weight of 100 fresh seeds. Total pod yield/fed significantly increased by adding 100% then 75% of the recommended fertilization and spraying the plants by goosefoot extract at 20% then 10%, respectively while spraying broad bean plants with goosefoot extract at 20% concentration under 50% fertilization significantly increased P and K(%) but spraying broad bean plants with 20% concentration under 75% of the recommended fertilization gave the highest value for each of N and protein (%)in both seasons. Generally spraying broad bean plants with goosefoot or stinging nettle extract at 10% concentration under 75% or 50% of the recommended fertilization led to increase total green pod yield and its components, in addition saving 25% to 50% of the recommended fertilization.

Beneficial effect of Bacillus sp. P12 on soil biological activities and pathogen control in common bean

Soil is the foundation for agriculture and the medium where almost all food-producing plants are grown. Extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides has affected soil quality, with dangerous ecological effects; therefore, environmentally friendly biological alternatives have been widely recommended. This study explored the potential of Bacillus sp. P12 strain for improving soil quality and consequently favoring growth of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and, on the other hand, for controlling infection with the plant pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina, which induces charcoal rot. P12 inhibited in vitro the development of six native M. phaseolina strains isolated from Salta region, with fungal inhibition ranging between 55 and 70%. This bacilli synthesized different isoforms of the lipopeptides kurstakin, surfactin, iturin, polimyxin and fengycin in the presence of the plant pathogen, as determined by MALDI-TOF. Under greenhouse conditions, incidence of M. phaseolina was 100% in white common bean cv. Alubia in the control treatment, whereas seeds inoculated with P12 showed a 40% reduction of the pathogen effect at the end of the trial. Activities of the soil enzymes FDA, DHA and AP were increased (22, 31 and 6.2%, respectively) in the rhizosphere where P12-treated seeds were grown. P12 treatment decreased metabolic quotient, suggesting greater metabolic efficiency. P12 also enhanced the glomalin-related soil protein in the rhizosphere soil. Moreover, populations of the potential native biocontrol agents Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium spp. increased in the rhizosphere where P12 treatment was applied. Here, Bacillus sp. P12 was found to not only is a potential biocontrol agent, but also improves soil quality, which would enhance properties required for maintaining a healthy soil, rich in nutrients and beneficial microorganisms, thereby improving agricultural production.

Tolerancia a estrés hídrico en frijol cv. Pinto Saltillo modificado con el gen pirofosfatasa vacuolar-1 de Arabidopsis thaliana


 El gen Arabidopsis Vacuolar Pyrophosphatase-1 (avp1) por sus siglas en inglés, el cual codifica a la enzima H+ pirofosfatasa mejora la tolerancia a sequía y salinidad e incrementa la biomasa y rendimiento cuando se sobreexpresa en plantas transgénicas. El propósito de este estudio fue analizar las características fenológicas, fisiológicas y agronómicas del frijol cv. Pinto Saltillo (PS) transformado con el gen 35Sprom:avp1 bajo condiciones de estrés hídrico extremo. El diseño experimental consistió en una distribución aleatoria de 10 plantas homocigotas por cada una de las 9 líneas PS-avp1, así como plantas control no modificadas. El riego fue suspendido en la etapa fenológica de 50% de floración y el estrés hídrico inició a partir del 100% hasta 9% de contenido volumétrico de agua (CVA), a lo largo de 10 días. Los resultados mostraron que el índice de intensidad de sequía (IIS) fue de 0.78. Aun cuando la conductancia estomática y la transpiración mostraron una tasa de disminución similar a las plantas no transformadas, la tasa fotosintética de todas las líneas PS-avp1 fue superior a las plantas control bajo condiciones de estrés hídrico. El aumento de la biomasa total en algunas líneas PS-avp1 no correlacionó con un rendimiento mayor. Siete de las nueve líneas evaluadas mostraron un mayor rendimiento (35% - 96%) comparadas con las plantas PS no transformadas bajo condiciones de estrés, indicando una mayor eficiencia en la translocación de fotoasimilados a los órganos destino (semillas).

Biostimulants action in common bean crop submitted to water deficit

The water deficit (WD) is one of the severe problems in agriculture resulting in yield loss. The understating of crops behavior face to this condition becomes of great importance, and the use of biostimulants may act as a vegetal growth-promoting, considering its capacity of attenuate the impacts of WD on plants. This study aimed at evaluating the common bean changes in biometric parameters and its yield supplemented with biostimulants, as a response to the imposition of WD. The assay was conducted in a protected environment in Botucatu, Brazil, with common bean cv. IAC Imperador, disposed in split-plot in randomized blocks, with 4 repetitions. The treatments in the plots correspond to the irrigation depths (10 kPa and 40 kPa) and in the subplots the treatment B1 (control); B2 (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BV 03) and B3 (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BV 03 + brown algae extract – Ascophyllum nodosum). The irrigation was by drip and the management using a tensiometer. The biometric variables included stem diameter; leaf number and leaf area; leaf dry mass, stem, root and total; root length, diameter and volume; and yield parameters. Discussing the results, it was possible to conclude that the common bean is a very water dependable crop, with WD imposition interfering in all the studied variables, with growth decrease, biomass accumulation and yield. The applied biostimulants (B2 and B3) presented low capacity to attenuate the WD effects in common bean under the cultivation conditions adopted.

Effect of seed biopriming with indigenous PGPR, Rhizobia and Trichoderma sp. on growth, seed yield and incidence of diseases in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

The effect of seed biopriming with different bioagents including plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR-1), rhizobial biofertilizer (Rhizobium strain B1) and biological control agent (Trichoderma viride) was observed on plant growth, seed yield and incidence of diseases in French bean cv. Contender conducting a field experiment during kharif season in the year 2017 and 2018. Under field conditions in both the years, field emergence (95.18 %), plant height at 30 days after sowing (34.09 cm), plant height at final harvest (56.99 cm), days to pod harvest (52.33), harvest duration (18.67), pod length at final harvest (16.83 cm), number of pods per plant (20.17), dry pod weight (2.72 g), pod yield per plant (38.64 g), number of seeds per pod (7.17), seed yield per plant (20.76 g), seed yield per plot (875.33 g), seed yield per hectare (23.34 q), 100 seed weight (34.19 g), quality of harvested seeds were recorded significantly higher after seed biopriming with PGPR-1+ Rhizobium strain B1 (T4) as compared to carbendazim seed treatment and untreated control. This treatment combination also reduced the incidence of major diseases like, Rhizoctonia root rot and Angular leaf spot significantly as compared to carbendazim seed treatments and untreated control. It can be concluded from the present investigation that seed biopriming of French bean cv. Contender with PGPR-1+Rhizobium strain B1 @ 109cfu/ml for 8 hours was an effective treatment which significantly improved plant growth, pod yield, seed yield, seed quality and seed vigour and reduced disease incidence as compared to seed treatment with carbendazim @ 0.2% as well as untreated control under field conditions.

Mitigation of Salinity Stress Effects on Growth, Physio-Chemical Parameters and Yield of Snapbean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.) by Exogenous Application of Glycine Betaine

Pots experiment was carried out during season 2017 at greenhouse of the Agric. Bot. Dep., Fac. of Agric., Zagazig Univ., Egypt to evaluate the effect of glycine betaine (GB) application under salinity stress (50 and100 mM NaCl) on growth, physio-chemical analysis and yield of snap bean cv. Bronco. A complete randomized blocks design was used in this search with three replications. Growth parameters, chlorophyll content and green pod yield were significantly decreased with subjecting plants to NaCl. However foliar application of GB detoxified the stress generated by NaCl and significantly improved the above mention parameters. Salinity stress increased the electrolyte leakage (EL) and decreased membrane stability index (MSI) and relative water content (RWC). While foliar application of GB was improved MSI and RWC and minimized EL. Proline content and antioxidant enzymes significantly increased in the response to NaCl stress as well as GB application.

Mitigation of Salinity Stress Effects on Growth, Physio-Chemical Parameters and Yield of Snapbean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.) by Exogenous Application of Glycine Betaine

Pots experiment was carried out during season 2017 at greenhouse of the Agric. Bot. Dep., Fac. of Agric., Zagazig Univ., Egypt to evaluate the effect of glycine betaine (GB) application under salinity stress (50 and100 mM NaCl) on growth, physio-chemical analysis and yield of snap bean cv. Bronco. A complete randomized blocks design was used in this search with three replications. Growth parameters, chlorophyll content and green pod yield were significantly decreased with subjecting plants to NaCl. However foliar application of GB detoxified the stress generated by NaCl and significantly improved the above mention parameters. Salinity stress increased the electrolyte leakage (EL) and decreased membrane stability index (MSI) and relative water content (RWC). While foliar application of GB was improved MSI and RWC and minimized EL. Proline content and antioxidant enzymes significantly increased in the response to NaCl stress as well as GB application.

The effect of bi-cropping wheat (Triticum aestivum) and beans (Vicia faba) on forage yield and weed competition

ABSTRACTField experiments were conducted from April 2015 to September 2016 at the Royal Agricultural University, UK to explore the impact of drilling pattern and species mixtures on weed growth and forage yield. The bi-crops of spring field bean (Vicia faba) cv. Maris Bead and Fuego with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv. Paragon were evaluated at four drilling patterns in a randomized complete block design with four replicates and compared against their respective sole crops. Weed DM was 59% higher in the sole cropping systems than the bi-cropping systems. The sole cropping systems outperformed the bi-cropping systems for wheat (in 2016 only) and for bean forage DM yield. However, the bi-cropping systems produced higher total forage DM yields than sole cropping systems. Weed DM was higher in broadcast than in alternate rows systems. Bean forage DM was 74% higher in treatments with alternate rows than in the broadcast treatment. Wheat forage DM was not affected by the drilling patterns. Maris Bead had higher forage DM than Fuego (in 2016 only). It was concluded that bi-cropping can increase land productivity per unit area over sole cropping, whilst improving forage DM yield and providing low cost integrated weed management. Alternate row drilling can improve bi-cropping productivity over the broadcast practice.Abbreviations: LER - Land Equivalent Ratio

The Value of Legume Foods as a Dietary Source of Phytoprostanes and Phytofurans Is Dependent on Species, Variety, and Growing Conditions

Bioactive phytoprostanes and phytofurans are synthesized in higher plants by non‐enzymatic oxidation of α‐linolenic acid (C18:3 n‐3), triggered by high concentrations of reactive oxygen species. In the current scenario of changing dietary patterns, additional information is needed on the concentrations of oxylipins in legumes and on the effect of sustained deficit irrigation on their concentration. The main objective of the work is to elucidate the phytoprostane and phytofuran profile (including eight and three compounds, respectively) of three Pisum sativum cultivars (“mangetout” (ssp. arvense), “BGE‐033620,” and “Lincoln”) and Phaseolus vulgaris (French bean cv. “Helda”), to unravel the oxidative response of these crops to sustained irrigation deficit in terms of oxidative stress, as well as in their importance as healthy dietary sources of new bioactive compounds. Phytoprostanes and phytofurans vary between varieties and species, with 9‐F1t‐PhytoP and ent‐16‐(RS)‐13‐epi‐ST‐Δ14‐9‐PhytoF being the most abundant. The level of phytoprostanes and phytofurans is also determined in sustained deficit irrigation (50% water needed), revealing modifications of their profile and concentration. In conclusion, bioactive phytoprostanes and phytofurans are present in legumes in high concentrations, being further modified by abiotic stress growing conditions, highlighting the importance of this plant food as a dietary source of these bioactive molecules.Practical Applications: This work is of high relevance from the lipidomic point of view, given that phytoprostanes and phytofurans have been promoted as new bioactive secondary metabolites due to their structural analogy with mammal oxylipins. These compounds can be further postulated as possible markers for the monitoring of the physiological status of legume plants under different agronomical conditions. The results obtained can contribute to the successful development of future research in the field of plant physiology and nutrition, significantly contributing to the advance of the current knowledge on the biological role of phytoprostanes and phytofurans in plants and complex biological systems.Species‐dependent modification of phytoprostanes and phytofurans by deficit irrigation in French‐bean, pea, and mangetout.

Controlled traffic farming delivers better crop yield of winter bean as a result of improved root development

This paper reports on the continuation of a long–term experiment on the effects of alternative field traffic systems (STP–random traffic with standard tyre inflation pressure, LTP–random traffic with low tyre inflation pressure and CTF–controlled traffic farming) on soil conditions and crop development as influenced by different tillage depths (DEEP–250 mm, SHALLOW–100 mm and ZERO–tillage), in a randomised 3 x 3 factorial design in 4 replicates launched by Harper Adams University in Edgmond, UK, in 2011. The results from season 2017–2018 revealed that CTF delivered 8% higher crop yield of winter field bean (Vicia faba) cv. Tundracomparing to STP (p = 0.005), i.e. 4.13 vs 3.82 tonnes ha-1respectively (at 14% moisture content). The ZERO–tillage plots featured significantly lower plant establishment percentage comparing to shallow and deep tillage: 79% vs 83% and 83% respectively (p = 0.012). The research showed that roots traits differed significantly between contrasting traffic at depths greater than 50mm with p < 0.05of: tap root biomass, number of lateral roots, biomass of lateral roots as well as total root biomass (tap+lateral roots),delivering significantly greater values of those before mentioned parameters on CTF comparing to STP. Tap root length significantly differed between traffic systems (p < 0.001)giving significantly greater results on CTF comparing to LTP and STP (17.7, 13.4 and 12.6 mm respectively). Significant differences in tap root diameter were found only at the depth of 100 mm (p < 0.001) where again CTF delivered significantly higher root diameter than the remaining 2 traffic systems.In the shallow layer of soil (0–50 mm) a significant difference was found only for tap root biomass, for interactions, where STP ZERO gave significantly higher results than STP SHALLOW and CTF SHALLOW (1.430, 0.733 and 0.716 g respectively).

Phytophthora sojae zoospores differ in chemotaxis to the root and root exudates of host soybean and nonhost common bean

Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean is a destructive disease in many countries caused by the soil-borne pathogen Phytophthora sojae. The interaction between soil-borne pathogens and plant roots before invasion is a focus of interest for revealing host and nonhost resistance mechanisms to soil-borne pathogens. In the present study, soybean cvs. Sloan (susceptible), Williams 82 (resistant) and nonhost common bean cv. Yidianhong were used to determine the effect of roots, root exudates, and isoflavones, amino acids, sugars, and citric acid from the root exudates on the pre-infection behavior (taxis, encystment and cyst germination) of zoospores of P. sojae. The elongation zone of roots of both host soybeans attracted significantly more zoospores than did that of the nonhost bean, and that of the susceptible cultivar attracted significantly more zoospores than did that of the resistant cultivar. Similarly, the host soybean root exudates attracted zoospores and promoted zoospore encystment and cyst germination, but nonhost root exudates had no effect on zoospores. Thus, P. sojae apparently selects its host depending on the root exudates. Of the 26 total components detected from root exudates, the exudates from susceptible and resistant soybeans and nonhost common bean had 12, 17, and 25 components respectively. The differences between the host and nonhost were mainly in the type and concentration of amino acids. Most components were significant chemoattractants of P. sojae zoospores. However, when these attractants were mixed at their relative concentrations in the root exudates, the chemoattraction was significantly reduced compared to that of the sum of each components, and the reduction from strongest to weakest was nonhost common bean, resistant and susceptible soybeans, indicating that these components in the root exudates interact with each other, and the intensity of the interaction relates to the type and concentration of the components. This phenomenon is because some components may share the same receptor, thus causing an obstructive effect. This result may also be a reason that common bean is a nonhost of P. sojae. In addition, the relative local concentrations of citric acid in the root exudates of both nonhost cv. Yidianhong and resistant cv. Williams 82 were repellent to zoospores of P. sojae. Root exudates of susceptible cv. Sloan amended with two concentrations of citric acids especially reduced zoospore chemoattraction, indicating that citric acid in the root exudates also plays an important role in host and nonhost resistance to P. sojae.

Effect of Sowing Dates and Potassium Fertilizer Rates on Seed Yield of Lima Bean CV. (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

To investigate the effect of sowing dates and potassium fertilizer rates on seeds yield and yield component of lima bean. Two field experiments were conducted at Sakha Agricultural Research Station during 2015 and 2016 summer seasons. Four sowing dates (1st May, 15th May, 30th May and 15th June) and potassium fertilizer rates (0, 50, 75, and 100 kg/fed) were used as treatments. The main findings could be summarized as follows:Sowing dates significantly affected seed yield (t/fed), No. of seeds/pod, pod length (cm), No. of pods/plant, pods weight/plant, plant height (cm), stem diameter (cm), No. of branches/plant. Sowing on 1st May significantly exceeded all studied traits compared with other sowing dates and produced the highest yield (2.477 t/fed), while the lowest sowing date on 15th June. The stem diameter increased with sowing late (1.810 t/fed.).Potassium fertilizer rates significantly affected on seed yield (t/fed), No. of seeds/pod, pod length (cm) , No. of pods/plant, pods weight (t/ fed), plant height (cm), stem diameter (cm), No. of branches/ plant. The results indicated that the highest lima bean seed yield was 2.375 (t/fed) when fertilized with100kg k2o/fed and the lowest at control zero fertilizer 1.990 (t/fed).It could be concluded that early sowing on 1st May with addition potassium fertilizer rate at 100 kg k2o/fed were the recommended treatment to produce the highest seed yield production of lima bean at North Delta under the environmental condition of Kafr EL-Sheikh Governorate.