Aphis Fabae Research Articles

Studies to identify an alternative aphid host for culturing the predatory syrphid, Ischiodon scutellaris (Fabricius) (Diptera: Syrphidae)

BackgroundAphidophagous syrphid, Ischiodon scutellaris (Fabricius) (Diptera: Syrphidae) is an effective predator of aphids that infest many agricultural and horticultural crops. Cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is the natural host for culturing syrphid predator, I. scutellaris. The present study was conducted to evaluate the feeding and development of I. scutellaris on seven species of aphid hosts viz., A. craccivora, Aphis fabae Scopoli, Aphis gossypii Glover (from cotton), Schoutedenia emblica (Patel & Kulkarni), Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), Aphis gossypii (from okra) and Hyperomyzus carduellinus (Theobald) and to identify an alternative aphid host to maintain the culture of I. scutellaris during the situation of non-availability/loss of the culture of A. craccivora.ResultsAphis fabae was not accepted for feeding by the larvae of I. scutellaris. The larvae of I. scutellaris did not survive on S. emblica. The descending order of feeding potential of aphids by I. scutellaris was A. craccivora > H. carduellinus > B.brassicae > A. gossypii (from cotton) > A. gossypii (from okra) > S. emblica. The larva of I. suctellaris completed its development in combination of the aphid prey (A. craccivora + H. carduellinus). The net reproductive rates (R0) of I. scutellaris when fed on A. craccivora and H. carduellinus were 308.28 and 302.33, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) of I. scutellaris was significantly higher when reared on H. carduellinus (0.155 ± 0.003) than on A. craccivora (0.143 ± 0.004).ConclusionThe results confirmed that H. carduellinus reared on Lactuca virosa could serve as an alternate host for the mass production of I. scutellaris.

THE EFFECT OF SOME ATTRACTANT PLANTS Lysiphlebus fabarum PARASITISM ON GREEN PEACH AHIDS Myzus persicae AND BLACK BEAN APHIDS Aphis fabae

This study was conducted in the fields of the College of Agriculture and Forestry / the University of Mosul, to identify the effect of plant species that attract parasites, which included (chamomile, coriander, and basil) in increasing the efficiency of the parasite Lysiphlebus fabarum in biological control programs. The results indicated that the chamomile as an L. fabarum attracting plant gave a height average mummy to Myzus persicae and Aphis fabae gave (45.06 ± 8.78, 262.00 ± 12.16) mummy, followed by the coriander plant which showed (35.80 ± 9.15 and 215.00 ± 8.71) mummy for each Myzus persicae and Aphis fabae, respectively. The basil plant showed the least average number of mummies for the two insects (25.78 ± 2.77 and 192.33 ± 13.65) mummy reach of the Myzus persicae and Aphis fabae. However, it was higher than the control upon the Myzus persicae and Aphis fabae (14.71 ± 2.70 and 124.33 ± 22.27) mummy, respectively. The parasitism rate was affected by the increase in the number of mummies, where the chamomile plant showed the highest parasitization rate on Myzus persicae (70.47 ± 4.05) %, followed by the coriander plant (65.90 ± 5.63%), then basil plant (52.77 ±2.24) %, while the control treatment was the least in parasitism (30.38 ± 4.09) %. On the other hand, the percentage of parasitism on Aphis fabae was superior in all treatments of Aphis fabae above the control group (63.29 ± 2.22, 62.16 ± 1.82, 59.66 ± 5.79 and 30.29 ± 1.52).

Bioefficiency of the Extracts of Azadirachta and excelsa (Jack) Xanthium, itaricum Moretti on the Mortarity of Aphis fabae scopoli and its nyferparasitoids, Asaphes suspensus (Nees) and Pachyneuron aptriois Bouche (Hymenoptera:Pteromalidae)

Toxicity of ethanolic extracts of two plants (Azadirachta excelsa Jack) and Xanthium italicum Moretti to the bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli and its main hyperparasitoids; Asaphes suspensus (Nees) and Pachyneron aphidis Bouche was investigated. The susceptibility of the hyperprasitoidos to X. italicum and A. excelsa was not varied. All extracts showed remarkable toxicities. The extract from A. excelsa has shown more pronounced toxic effect, having Ecso 3.5 and 3.6 ppm compared to 90 and 22 ppm for M. italiucum against the aphid and its hyperparasitoids respectively. The percent mortality of A. fabae was found to be concentration and exposure-time dependent for A. excelsa extract. The extract of X. italicum was appeared selectivity of toxic action between aphid and its hyperparasitoids. These leaves extracts could have promising practical application in protection cultivated plants against attack by A. fabae and increasing efficiency of its primary parasitoids as biological control by reducing viability of main hyperparasitoids.

Essential oils from Acacia nilotica (Fabales: Fabaceae) seeds: May have insecticidal effects?

In the present study Acacia nilotica seed derived essential oils were tested against Spodoptera litura, Tenebrio molitor, Oxycarenus hyalinipennis, and Aphis fabae, as well as their effects on non-target species Eudrilus eugeniae and Artemia salina at 24 h post treatment. The seed essential oil produced insecticidal activity against A. fabae (LC50 = 41.679, LC90 = 75.212 μl/mL), O. hyalinipennis (LC50 = 37.629, LC90 = 118.485 μl/mL), T. molitor (LC50 = 56.796, LC90 = 201.912 μl/mL), and S. litura (LC50 = 62.215, LC90 = 241.183 μl/mL). Essential oils do not cause a remarkable effect on E. eugeniae and A. salina cytotoxicity. The essential oils produced a lower effect on Artemia salina (LC50 = 384.382, LC90 = 1341.397 μl/mL) and no lethal effects were observed on E. eugeniae. The histopathological evaluation showed no sub-lethal effects of essential oils on earthworm gut tissues. GC-MS analysis results revealed that the major chemical constituent was hexadecane (19.560%) and heptacosane (17.214%) and FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of alkanes and alkyles, aromatics, and amides functional groups that may be involved in insecticidal activity. Overall, the results showed that the seed derived essential oil has excellent insecticidal action against major agricultural insect pests and may therefore offer an environmentally benign alternative to conventional insecticide.

Effectiveness of Different Plant Extract for the Control of Black Bean Aphids and Abundance of Beneficial Insects on Common Beans

Effectiveness of Different Plant Extract for the Control of Black Bean Aphids and Abundance of Beneficial Insects on Common Beans

Effects of Combination of Plant Extracts for the Control of Black Bean Aphids and other Beneficial Insects on Common Beans

Effects of Combination of Plant Extracts for the Control of Black Bean Aphids and other Beneficial Insects on Common Beans

Comparative toxicity of essential oils, their emulsifiable concentrates and nanoemulsion formulations against the bean aphid, Aphis fabae

The present study aims to prepare emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and nanoemulsion formulations from the plant essential oils of Lavandula angustifolia (Mill.), Ambrosia maritima (L.), Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl., Juniperus virginiana (L.), Rheum palmatum (L.) and Tagetes minuta (L.). The efficiency of these essential oils along with their formulations were compared against the bean aphid, Aphis fabae (Scopoli). Results disclosed that all EC preparations passed the emulsion stability and foam formation tests. The particle droplet size of the nanoemulsions varied from 64.3 to 264.7 nm. The toxicity of EC formulations was slightly higher than the corresponding nanoemulsion formulations. Both EC and nanoemulsion of R. palmatum were the most efficient (LC50 = 1003.60 and 1105.34 mg L−1, respectively). EC preparations had no adverse effects on seed beans. The absence of organic solvents and the high aphicidal activity of EC formulations might make these preparations suitable for controlling A. fabae.

Selection of chemical pesticide to minimize toxic effect to ladybird beetle Coccinella septempunctata Linn (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) while managing black bean aphid Aphis fabae Scop. (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Faba bean (Vica faba L.) is important crop of Nepal which is grown in all climatic zone of country. Different insect pests are host of faba bean but black bean aphid Aphis fabae Scop. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is of more concern. Most of the farmer shifted to another crop due to A. fabae problem. Different insecticide have been sprayed to manage this aphid but most of the farmer were unable control them. However, very limited research were conducted for its ecofriendly management. Thus, we evaluate different insecticides such as nitenpyram, flonicamid, imidacloprid, dimethoate, azadirachtin, and neem oil on laboratory. Scintillating glass vial test and filter paper test were employed. Higher number of aphid mortality were found on dimethoate with LT50 value of 15.93 hour followed by nitenpyram, and imidacloprid with 18.61 and 32.87 hour, respectively on scintillating glass vial test. On filter paper test, LT50 of dimethoate was 27.34 hour followed by imidacloprid and nitenpyram with 49.51 and 53.44, respectively. Similarly, higher lady bird beetle Coccinella septempunctata Linn (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) mortality were also caused by dimethoate with LT50 value of 63.38 hour followed by imidacloprid and nitenpyram with 153.21 188.42 hour. Our result suggested that nitenpyram or imidacloprid could be used for ecofriendly management of A. fabae with low mortality of its predator C. septempunctata. However precautionary measure has to be taken before applying them and waiting period has to be maintained for harvesting.

Phenology of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae, on organic crops and effect of parasitoid communities

The data that support the findings of this study is available in the Mendeley Data repository: https://DOI: 10.17632/wnvt4grz9d.1.

Probing behavior of Aphis fabae and Myzus persicae on three species of grapevines with analysis of grapevine leaf anatomy and allelochemicals

The peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and the black bean aphid Aphis fabae Scopoli are polyphagous and cosmopolitan hemipterans, therefore they can infest grapevines in all areas of cultivation. Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) technique was applied to monitor the probing behavior of A. fabae and M. persicae on Vitis amurensis Rupr., Vitis riparia Michaux, and Vitis vinifera L. The content of major flavonoids and stilbenoids in grapevine leaves and epidermal thickness, distance between abaxial leaf surface and phloem, and the simulated shortest pathway from epidermis to phloem that might have affected aphid probing were also analyzed. Aphid probing was limited mainly to non-vascular tissues on the three studied grapevine species. Phloem phase occurred in 32%, 14%, and 6% of A. fabae and in 76%, 39%, and 74% of M. persicae on V. amurensis, V. riparia and V. vinifera, respectively. Phloem phase consisted of only salivation into sieve elements and lasted less than 2.5 minutes on average in all aphids. The time to reach the first phloem phase on grapevines was 5.0 hours in A. fabae and 2.6–3.6 hours in M. persicae. Of the analyzed flavonoids, catechin, epicatechin, and quercetin occurred in all grapevine species, while rutin – in V. amurensis and V. riparia and isorhamnetin only in V. amurensis. Of the analyzed stilbenoids, piceid occurred in all grapevines, resveratrol in V. amurensis and V. vinifera, and ε-viniferin only in V. vinifera. Aphid behavior demonstrated that V. amurensis, V. riparia and V. vinifera are not attractive host plants to A. fabae and M. persicae. It is likely that the content of flavonoids and stilbenoids contributes to the limited susceptibility of the three grapevine species to A. fabae and M. persicae, while the observed slight differences in the anatomical structure of the leaves seem not significant in this context.

Organic Production of Snap Bean in Bulgaria: Pests and Diseases Incidence and Control, Soil Fertility and Yield

Among factors affecting snap bean production in organic growing systems, pests and diseases are of paramount importance. The current study was aimed to determine the impact of organic production practices on snap bean pests and diseases infestation, soil fertility and yield. Five treatments of plants during the whole growing season with a Bordeaux mixture at a dose of 3000 g/ha, provided more than 50 percent protective effect against the development of the bacterial blight Xanthomonas axanopodis pv. phaseoli and anthracnose Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. In organic fields, commercial bioproducts containing pyrethrins or entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana can be successfully applied to control the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae Scop.). To limit the attack of bean weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus Say), phytopesticide containing pyrethrins can also be used. Against the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch.), products containing the active ingredient azadirachtin were seen to be effective five days after treatment. Soil amendment with vermicompost at a dose of 2850 L/ha slightly increased the amounts of water-soluble nutrients; however, soil remained nutrient deficient across the growing season. Among the tested Bulgarian varieties, Evros possessed higher yield, and appear to be suitable for organic system than the Tangra variety.

Ant attendance does not necessarily imply protection of aphids from their arthropod natural enemies

Abstract Many ants and hemipterans are bound by a mutualistic relationship (trophobiosis) which represents an ecological keystone: ants receive food (honeydew) providing different kinds of protection. Partner protection against arthropod natural enemies is considered to be frequent and to interfere with biological control strategies of hemipteran pests. We carried out an ant‐exclusion field experiment in a fava bean (Vicia faba) plantation in Italy to monitor the abundance and behaviour of the ants (Plagiolepis pygmaea, Tetramorium semilaeve and the exotic Nylanderia jaegerskioeldi) and their relationship with facultative mutualist (Aphis fabae) and non‐mutualist (Megoura viciae) aphids, the arthropod natural enemies of the aphids, and extrafloral nectaries. Ants concentrated their activity on the attendance of facultative mutualist aphids much more than on the extrafloral nectaries. The ant‐exclusion treatment had no effect on the abundance of M. viciae and on the parasitization rate of A. fabae, while it reduced the abundance of A. fabae, aphid predators, and aphid parasitoids. Our results demonstrate that ant attendance does not imply the protection of aphids from arthropod natural enemies and suggest that the identity of the ant species involved is important for the outcome. As relatively few species have been studied in this regard, extending our knowledge to the role of more ant species is desirable to understand the ecology and evolution of ant‐aphid mutualisms and to refine integrated control strategies of aphid pests.

Biocidal Effect of Essential Oil of Verbena Officinalis on the Black Bean Aphis Fabae

The polyphagia and the great capacity of reproduction of the aphids, arouse the use of several control methods, among others, essential oils which constitute a good alternative to the fight chemical and one of the most explored pathways in the biological regulation of pests. The aim of the study is to estimate the insecticidal power of a bio product formulated from an oil bitter Verbena officinalis, on the reduction of fertility and population density of different biological forms of the black bean aphid Aphis fabae. The temporal effectiveness of the formulated bio product was estimated by evaluating the rates of residual populations Methods: The essential oil is extracted by hydrodistilation from Verbena officinalis leaves. After formulation, two doses were recommended (D=0.4g/l and DD=1g/l), and two treatment methods were used (foliar application and root absorption) on broad bean plants infested by Aphis fabae with the aim of highlight the insecticidal capacity of the essential oil of Verbena officinalis. The results showed that the two treatment modes have a very marked effect on the density of Aphis fabae where the dose parameter has little influence on the aphicidal activity of the essential oil of Verbena officinalis. On the other hand, the treatment by root absorption acts more on the residual populations and the fecundity of the black bean aphid compared to foliar application, the Biocidal potential of which is accentuated with increasing doses. The formulation has optimized the effectiveness of the essential oil of Verbena officinalis, which resulted in its high toxicity, the most effective root application of which.

The Adult Tendency of Eleven-Spotted Ladybird, Coccinella undecimpunctata for Preference of Certain Type of Aphid

Ibrahim, A.K. 2023. The Adult Tendency of Eleven-Spotted Ladybird, Coccinella undecimpunctata for Preference of Certain Type of Aphid. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(4): 369-374. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.4.369374 This study explored the extent of eleven ladybirds preference to a specific aphid species, i.e., Aphis fabae, A. nerii, Macrosiphoniella sanborni and Hyalopterus pruni and the extent of the host plant and type of prey in attracting predators. Results obtained showed a preference of adult ladybird predators for H. pruni, Macrosiphoniella sanborni, Aphis nerii, whereas Aphis fabae was the least attractive and consumed by predators. The consumption rate of apricot aphid reached 23.66% in the presence of aphids and the host plant together. The most attraction to apricot leaves in the presence of the plant only was 55.90%. The time required for ladybirds to reach the first prey was 2.15 min for the apricot aphid in the presence of aphids and plants together. Furthermore, the ladybirds reached the prey within 1.30 minutes in the presence of aphids only. The predation efficiency of the four larval instars varied according to the type of aphids. It reached 86.30% for the fourth larval instar on apricot aphids and was the highest compared with the rest of the aphid species, which ranged between 7.10 and 84%. The general average predation efficiency values on aphids were 57.45% for H. pruni, 53.13% for Macrosiphoniella sanborni, 46.05% for A. nerii and 41.16% for A. fabae. The relative efficiency values for the larval instars reached 12.25, 42.27, 60.20 and 83.50%, respectively, for the first, second, third and fourth instars. This was confirmed by the high attraction of predatory ladybirds towards H. pruni and Macrosiphoniella sanborni, compared to Aphis nerii and Aphis fabea. The proportion of aphids consumed by ladybirds in the presence of the plant host was highest for H. pruni and lowest on Aphis fabea. Keywords: Aphids, ladybugs, plant host, predation efficiency

MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF SOME APHID SPECIES (HOMOPTERA; APHIDIDAE) BASED ON RFLP-PCR TECHNIQUE

This work includes, identification eight species of Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) which collected from the leaves of different plants in many localities of Erbil governorate Kurdistan region-Iraq from the period May till July 2022, these are: Chaitophorus salijaponicus, Aphis fabae, Macrosiphum rosae, Capitophorus carduinus, Myzus persicae, Aphis ruborum, Aphis punca, and Aphis gossypii. The mitochondrial cytochrome C Oxidase subunit I (COI) gene used for identification these species. DNA was isolated, and a band of 550 bp of mt COI gene was amplified during the PCR amplification. The amplicons were digested with HinfI and DdeI restriction enzymes. The restricted fragments produced by RFLP technique were proved by agarose gel electrophoresis. The results illustrated that digested amplicons were given bands according to their cut sites. This study presented that studying aphids to detect their species through a RFLP-PCR technique by using these restriction enzymes can distinguish some species with reliable results. HinfI and DdeI REs could not distinguish all species, HinfI only discriminated species Macrosiphum rosae, Capitophorus carduinus, Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii, but DdeI identified the remain species, Chaitophorus salijaponicus, Macrosiphum rosae, Myzus persicae and Aphis ruborum,within and among other species exactly. The study suggested using other restriction enzymes to provide full recognition profile for all species.

Aphis fabae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Mücadelesinde Laurus nobilis (Lauraceae) Yağlarının Etkinliğinin Belirlenmesi

In this study efficacy of essential and fixed oil of Laurus nobilis L., on controlling Aphis fabae Scopoli that grows on Vicia faba L. (Fabaceae) has been studied by experiments set up in the laboratories of Çukurova University Biology and Plant Protection Departments in 2016-2017. Fixed oils had previously been found to be effective on aphids according to death rate and Abbott test values, but they had also phytotoxic effects on plants. Therefore, the essential oils were preferred in the present study. In essential oil solution applications (prepared with hexane and glycerol monostearate), 100 µL mL-1 and overdoses caused significant phytotoxicity and according to the results hexane significantly caused the death of aphids, therefore, the study was continued without the use of hexane. The effects of hexane-free solutions prepared with glycerol monostearate were found statistically differences (p

Differences in Oxidative Stress Markers and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Black Bean Aphid Morphs (Aphis fabae Scop.) Fed on the Primary Host Viburnum opulus L.

Changes in the level of oxidative stress markers-superoxide anion radical (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in the black bean aphid occurring on the primary host (viburnum plants) were studied. Among the aphid morphs, the lowest contents of O2-, H2O2 and MDA were noted for winged adults (alatae), which were also characterized by the highest activity of antioxidant enzymes. These metabolic features indicate the adaptation of winged morphs to the colonization of new host plants. During spring migration, an increase in the content of oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzyme activities in wingless females (fundatrigeniae) was observed. The significance of the biochemical adaptation of the black bean aphid to its winter host is discussed.

Results of monitoring winged aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on potato plantations in the conditions of the Northern region of Russia

The studies were carried out in the conditions of the northern part of the Arkhangelsk region in the period 2017-2021. The purpose of the research is to determine the abundance and species composition during the annual monitoring of the flight of winged aphids on potato plantations, to establish patterns of insect migration. To catch winged individuals, yellow water traps were used, installed along the perimeter of the field at the beginning of the potato germination phase. The last extraction of the catch was carried out after the desiccation of the potato tops. As a result of the monitoring, 22 species of winged aphids were identified. Of the total number, direct and potential vectors of viruses are represented by 6 species ‒ Acyrthosiphum pisum Harr., Aphis fabae Scop., Aphis nasturtii Kalt., Aulacorthum solani Kalt., Hyperomyzus lactucae L., Rhopalosiphum padi L., their share in the abundance structure ranged from 69.8 to 91.7 %. From the group of aphids-carriers of viruses, 5 species annually migrate to plantings: A. corni F., A. fabae Scop., A. nasturtii Kalt., A. solani Kalt., R. padi L. The total number of winged aphids ranged from 61 individuals in 2020 to 107 individuals in 2018, and in 2021 there was an outbreak of mass reproduction R. padi L. and A. fabae Scop., which increased the total number of captured winged aphids to 1778 individuals. In the period from 2017 to 2020, the prevalence of virus vectors corresponded to a low value (16-27 individuals per 1 water trap), in 2021, against the background of an outbreak of mass reproduction, the prevalence of virus vectors increased to an average value (445 winged individuals per 1 water trap during the growing season). The accumulation of a large migratory potential of aphids occurs under favorable weather conditions in the winter and spring periods, and also, if possible, feed on the primary food plant for a long time. If the host plant is unsuitable for feeding, aphids migrate in search of food, as a result of which their number decreases.

Cadmium armors the Cd hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii against aphid attack

The cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii has been identified to have great ability to accumulate >100 ppm (dry weight) of Cd in its aboveground biomass. However, little attention has been paid to the possibility that S. alfredii may benefit from this trait. Here, we investigated the effect of Cd accumulation on the performance of the black bean aphid Aphis fabae in S. alfredii. The results showed that 6 weeks of Cd exposure prevented S. alfredii from being infested by aphids. In another experiment, S. alfredii was pretreated with 100 μmol⋅dm⁻³ CdCl2 for 7 days. Prolonged Cd exposure significantly reduced the number of aphids in the Cd-pretreated S. alfredii after 7 days of aphid infestation. The Cd concentration in the phloem exudates of S. alfredii was also high. Micro X-ray fluorescence mapping of aphids collected from Cd-treated plants revealed high levels of Cd in the stylets. In summary, Cd protects S. alfredii from A. fabae through toxicity, but not deterrence, which may be related to the abundance of Cd in the phloem.

Развитие свекловичной тли (Aphis fabae Scop.) в зависимости от различных фотопериодических условий

Among the sucking pests of sugar beet crops in Azerbaijan, black bean aphid (Aphis fabae Sсop.), which occurs on beet seedlings from the moment of development of true leaves, causes significant damage. Based on this, the task of our study was to study the main life processes of beet aphids depending on photoperiodic conditions. The work was carried out in the Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Insects and the Center for Applied Zoology of Azerbaijan National Academy of Science in 2013–2019. The experiments were carried out in special photo thermostats with automatic control of temperature and light. The results obtained show that the light factor is of secondary importance for the duration of the larval, reproductive periods and for the entire development cycle compared to temperature. It should be noted that winged forms (about 50%) appear in aphid colonies during a 12-hour photoperiod at a temperature of 17 °C. Under the conditions of Azerbaijan, such photoperiod is observed at the end of March and at the beginning of October, when aphids migrate from primary to intermediate plants and vice versa in autumn (early October) from intermediate to primary. The length of the day established in the experiments, which causes the appearance of winged forms, is consistent with the phenology of this species.