Excessive Beam Research Articles

Spin-polarized electron beam generation in the colliding-pulse injection scheme

Employing colliding-pulse injection has been shown to enable the generation of high-quality electron beams from laser–plasma accelerators. Here, by using test particle simulations, Hamiltonian analysis, and multidimensional particle-in-cell simulations, we lay the theoretical framework for spin-polarized electron beam generation in the colliding-pulse injection scheme. Furthermore, we show that this scheme enables the production of quasi-monoenergetic electron beams in excess of 80% polarization and tens of pC charge with commercial 10-TW-class laser systems.

Adaptive Beam Splitting-Based Broadband Hybrid Precoding for Terahertz Massive MIMO.

Terahertz massive MIMO systems can be used in the local area network (LAN) scene of maritime communication and has great application prospects. To solve the problems of excessive beam training overhead in beam tracking and beam splitting in beam aggregation, a broadband hybrid precoding (HP) is proposed. First, an additional delayer is introduced between each phase shifter and the corresponding antenna in the classical sub-connected HP structure. Then, by precisely designing the time delay of the delayer and the phase shift of the phase shifter, broadband beams with flexible and controllable coverage can be generated. Finally, the simulation results verify that the proposed HP can achieve fast-tracking and high-energy-efficient communication for multiple mobile users.

Deterrence of Accident Using IoT

Now-a-days human beings have a tendency to transport in a faster pace which leads to greater street injuries. During night time motors typically tour in more velocity. When an coincidence happens in the course of night it is difficult for the rescue team to right away locate the place and shop the humans. This document gives a machine to robotically alternate between high and low beams with the aid of dimming the headlight of the different vehicles. Automatic collision prevention and detection is the device anticipated. It will become aware of a auto crash, and then ship the vital facts to the hospitals. This gadget substantially helps cars that have indulged in an accident in the search and rescue. The pace of the motors is one of the important reasons. If emergency offerings should achieve facts about accidents and attain them early, many lives can be saved. GPS has now end up a part of a vehicle framework. A GPS recipient is successful of checking the vehicle speed and recognizing mishaps dependent absolutely upon oversaw speed and sending an accident region to an Alert Service Center. We have put collectively an automated headlight dimmer prototype to stop such incidents. This adjusts the excessive beam routinely into the low beam, which reduces the depth of light by way of sensing the automobile approaching. It additionally eliminates the want for manual driver switching that is no longer constantly done. This paper talks about in element the building and blessings of this model.

Combined Radar Quality Index for Quantitative Precipitation Estimation of Heavy Rainfall Events

For quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) based on polarimetric radar (PR) and rain gauges (RGs), the quality of the radar data is crucial for estimation accuracy. This paper proposes a combined radar quality index (CRQI) to represent the quality of the radar data used for QPE and an algorithm that uses CRQI to improve the QPE performance. Nine heavy rainfall events that occurred in Guangdong Province, China, were used to evaluate the QPE performance in five contrast tests. The QPE performance was evaluated in terms of the overall statistics, spatial distribution, near real-time statistics, and microphysics. CRQI was used to identify good-quality data pairs (i.e., PR-based QPE and RG observation) for correcting estimators (i.e., relationships between the rainfall rate and the PR parameters) in real-time. The PR-based QPE performance was improved because estimators were corrected according to variations in the drop size distribution, especially for data corresponding to 1.1 mm < average Dm < 1.4 mm, and 4 < average log10Nw < 4.5. Some underestimations caused by the beam broadening effect, excessive beam height, and partial beam blockages, which could not be mitigated by traditional algorithms, were significantly mitigated by the proposed algorithm using CRQI. The proposed algorithm reduced the root mean square error by 17.5% for all heavy rainfall events, which included three precipitation types: convective precipitation (very heavy rainfall), squall line (huge raindrops), and stratocumulus precipitation (small but dense raindrops). Although the best QPE performance was observed for stratocumulus precipitation, the biggest improvement in performance with the proposed algorithm was observed for the squall line.

Study on the Fire Resistance of Concrete-filled Steel Tubular Column to Composite Beam Joints after Earthquake Damage

Background: Post-earthquake fire is one of the secondary disasters caused by the earthquake; many earthquakes around the world have brought about severe fires and led to enormous losses. It is of great significance to study the fire resistance of structures after earthquake to improve the level of urban disaster prevention and reduce the fire loss. Methods: A nonlinear finite element model of composite joints subjected to post-earthquake fires is established based on ABAQUS software. The state after the earthquake damage is imported into the thermal-stress analysis model through the restart request in ABAQUS, and considered as the initial state of the thermal-stress analysis model. Results: It is noticed that when the damage index is less than 0.517, the damage level shows significant effect on the fire resistance, but the influence is no longer significant when the damage index reaches 0.781. When only the column is exposed to fire, the column showed obvious local buckling and overall bending deformation. Meanwhile, when the joint area below the concrete slab is exposed to fire, the joint shows a mixed failure mode of the excessive vertical displacement of beam end and column instability. Conclusion: The fire resistance of the composite joint decreases gradually with the increase of seismic damage level. The fire condition has a significant effect on the fire resistance of the composite joints; with the increase of fire area, the fire resistance of composite joints with same damage degrees decreases gradually.

On the Behavior of Coupled Shear Walls: Numerical Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Coupling Beam Parameters

Modern construction of high-rise and tall buildings depends on coupled shear walls system to resist the lateral loads induced by wind and earthquake hazards. The lateral behavior of this system depends on the structural behavior of its components including coupling beams and shear walls. Although many research studies in the literature investigated coupling beams and shear walls, these studies stopped short of investigating the coupled shear walls as a system. Therefore, in this research, the effect of the coupling beam parameters on the nonlinear behavior of the coupled shear walls system was investigated. The full behavior of a 10-story coupled shear wall system was modeled using a series of finite element analyses. The analysis comprised of testing several coupling beam parameters to capture the effect of each parameter on system response including load-deflection behavior, coupling ratio, crack pattern, and failure mechanism. The results indicated that a span-to-depth ratio equal to two is a turning point for the coupling beam behavior. Specifically, the behavior is dominated by ordinary flexure for a ratio of more than two and deep beam behavior for a ratio of less than two. This study showed that the coupling beam width does not have a significant effect on the coupled shear wall response. Additionally, it was concluded that the excessive coupling beam diagonal reinforcement could significantly affect the coupled shear walls behavior and therefore an upper limit for the diagonal reinforcement was provided. Moreover, limitations on the longitudinal and diagonal reinforcement and stirrups are presented herein. The analysis results presented in this paper can provide guidance for practitioners in terms of making decisions about the coupling ratio of the coupled shear walls.

Truth and Myth of Phase Coexistence in Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Thin Film via Transmission Electron Microscopy.

Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites have attracted substantial interest as the most favorable prospective material for efficient photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices. However, their extreme sensitivity to electron beam radiation makes it difficult to obtain their intrinsic structure by transmission electron microscopy and can even lead to significant misidentifications. In 2018, the coexistence of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3 ) in the cubic and tetragonal phase using electron microscopy and electron diffraction techniques was reported in article "Self-Organized Superlattice and Phase Coexistence inside Thin Film Organometal Halide Perovskite". Herein, however, that claim is challenged by comparing their experimental data to simulated diffraction patterns and arguing that their perovskite samples may have been damaged due to excessive electron beam irradiation. Consequently, true phase coexistence was not observed in that previously reported work, rather merely the decomposition products of MAPbI3 .

Measurements of electron beam ring structures from laser wakefield accelerators

Laser-plasma interaction experiments using a 70 TW short-pulse laser were conducted to investigate the properties of electron beams produced from laser wakefield acceleration. In addition to narrow divergence electron beams in excess of 200 MeV, lower energy components of the electron beam were observed to have an annular emission pattern with much larger divergence. This ring-shaped component of the beam is up to several MeV in energy and gives rise to a corresponding increase in the divergence of bremsstrahlung x-rays while producing more background radiation. Scaling measurements of the emission angle of the beam with respect to plasma density were also made. From 3D numerical simulations of the interaction, it is shown that this phenomenon results from energetic electrons in the laser-driven wakefield which are not trapped by the plasma wave, but which can still obtain some longitudinal momentum from the interaction.

Optimization of LANSCE proton beam performance for isotope production

The LANSCE Isotope Production Facility (IPF) utilizes a 100-MeV proton beam with average power of 23 kW for isotope production in the fields of medicine, nuclear physics, national security, environmental science and industry. Typical tolerable fractional beam loss in the 100-MeV beamline is 4 ×10−3. Experimental beam study was made to minimize the beam losses. Adjustments to the ion source’s extraction voltage resulted in the removal of tails in phase space. Beam based steering in beamlines led to the reduction of beam emittance growth. Readjustment of the 100-MeV quadrupole transport resulted in the elimination of excessive beam envelope oscillations and removed significant parts of the beam halo at the target. Careful beam matching in the drift tube linac (DTL) provided high beam capture (75%) in the DTL. After improvements, beam losses in the 100-MeV beamline were reduced by an order of magnitude and reached the fractional level of 5×10−4.

Results of UFO dynamics studies with beam in the LHC

Micrometer sized particles entering the LHC beam (the so called Unidentified Falling Objects or UFOs) are a known cause of localized beam losses since the beginning of high intensity beam operation, however the origin of these particles is not fully known. Their effect limits LHC availability by causing premature dumps due to excessive beam losses and occasionally even magnet quenches. This could become an important limitation for future accelerators such as the High Luminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC) and the Future Circular Collider (FCC). The dynamics of these UFOs was investigated in two dedicated experiments. In the first experiment, it was shown that the transverse movements of these particles can be studied by observing bunch-by-bunch losses from bunches with different horizontal and vertical emittances. In the second experiment, UFO-like events around the 16L2 interconnect in the LHC, which has seen intense UFO activity in 2017, were studied with the above method. This paper summarizes the results of both experiments.

High intensity cyclotrons for neutrino physics

In recent years, the interest in high intensity proton beams in excess of several milli-amperes has risen. Potential applications are in neutrino physics, materials and energy research, and isotope production. Continuous wave proton beams of five to ten milli-amperes are now in reach due to advances in accelerator technology and through improved understanding of the beam dynamics. As an example application, we present the proposed IsoDAR experiment, a search for so-called sterile neutrinos and non-standard interaction using the KamLAND detector located in Japan. We present updated sensitivities for this experiment and describe in detail the design of the high intensity proton driver that uses several novel ideas. These are: accelerating H2+ instead of protons, directly injecting beam into the cyclotron via a radio frequency quadrupole, and carefully matching the beam to achieve so-called vortex motion. The preliminary design holds up well in PIC simulation studies and the injector system is now being constructed, to be commissioned with a 1MeV/amu test cyclotron.

Shear-slip behaviour and ductility of composite dowel connectors with pry-out failure

The flexural strength of steel and concrete composite beams is influenced by both the connectors’ shear capacity and the slip across the steel–concrete interface. However, plastic design strategies commonly used in engineering practice assume a rigid-plastic connector behaviour neglecting the real nonlinear shear-slip characteristic. As to prevent a premature connector failure due to excessive beam end slip, design codes usually allow only ductile shear connectors with a deformation capacity δult of at least 6mm to be used. But, especially for innovative shear connectors like composite dowels, approaches for assessing and describing the nonlinear shear-slip behaviour and deformation capacity are lacking, so far. Therefore, the present paper proposes models for the calculation of the slip capacity and the description of the shear-slip characteristic, considering the composite dowels’ shear capacity and elastic connector stiffness. The proposed models can be used to replace expensive and time-consuming shear tests for the characterization of the composite dowels’ deformation capacity. Furthermore, they allow to define the required material combinations and to carve out the dowels’ geometrical dimensions for a ductile connector behaviour.

Bunch shape monitor development in J-PARC linac

In the linac at the Japan accelerator research complex (J-PARC), we decided to use bunch shape monitors (BSMs) as phase-width monitors. Both centroid-phase set point at the frequency jump from SDTL (324 MHz) to ACS (972 MHz) and phase-width control are key issues for suppressing excess beam loss. BSM was designed and developed at the Institute for Nuclear Research, Russia. Because the BSM was first used between acceleration cavities, we need to improve it to protect it from the leakage-magnetic field of the quadrupole magnets and from outgassing impacts on the cavities. In this paper, we introduce these improvements to the BSM for the adoption of the location nearby the acceleration cavities.

Technical improvements and performance of the HVE AMS sputter ion source SO-110

The cesium sputter ion source model SO-110, with its latest upgrade SO-110C, is designed to fulfill the stringent requirements of AMS. It has a storage capacity of up to 200 samples for unattended operation and accepts solid as well as gaseous CO2 samples. The samples are stored in a separate vacuum chamber and transported upon use into the hot central part of the ion source, thereby minimizing cross-talk between the samples. The very open construction of the source head optimizes pumping of evaporated sample material, thus minimizing the source memory. Details of the geometry of the interior of the source were shaped to yield a small Cs+ spot size with virtually no halo, minimizing background for measurement of volatile samples. The latest upgrade of the source to model SO-110C increased the sputter voltage capability to 12kV. Consequently, the SO-110C produces 27Al− outputs of up to 2μA, 9BeO− outputs of more than 30μA and 12C− beams in excess of 400μA. The latest upgrade also addresses several servicing issues, including easy replacement of disposable parts as well as ensuring optimal alignment of critical parts.

Radiating Elements for Shared Aperture Tx/Rx Phased Arrays at K/Ka Band

A dual-band, Tx/Rx, self-diplexing phased array is presented. The antenna has been designed to cover Tx/Rx satellite communications at K/Ka band with a frequency ratio 1.5:1. To obtain dual-band operations with a single radiating surface, a novel dual-band radiator is adopted and placed in a configuration in which dual-band and single-band elements are interleaved. The proposed configuration reduces the number of radiating elements required by other solutions while avoiding the insurgence of grating lobes. The tightly packed arrangement of the elements poses many integration issues, which are solved with a novel integration technique. The array elements are optimized to scan the beam in excess of 50° in both bands. A subarray with 49 Rx elements and 105 Tx elements was built and measured confirming the results obtained in simulations.

On the role of CFRP reinforcement for wood beams stiffness

In recent years, carbon fiber composites have been increasingly used in different ways in reinforcing structural elements. Specifically, the use of composite materials as a reinforcement for wood beams under bending loads requires paying attention to several aspects of the problem such as the number of the composite layers applied on the wood beams. Study consolidation of composites revealed that they are made by bonding fibrous material impregnated with resin on the surface of various elements, to restore or increase the load carrying capacity (bending, cutting, compression or torque) without significant damage of their rigidity. Fibers used in building applications can be fiberglass, aramid or carbon. Items that can be strengthened are concrete, brick, wood, steel and stone, and in terms of structural beams, walls, columns and floors. This paper describes an experimental study which was designed to evaluate the effect of composite material on the stiffness of the wood beams. It proposes a summary of the fundamental principles of analysis of composite materials and the design and use. The type of reinforcement used on the beams is the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheet and plates and also an epoxy resin for bonding all the elements. Structural epoxy resins remain the primary choice of adhesive to form the bond to fiber-reinforced plastics and are the generally accepted adhesives in bonded CFRP-wood connections. The advantages of using epoxy resin in comparison to common wood-laminating adhesives are their gap-filling qualities and the low clamping pressures that are required to form the bond between carbon fiber plates or sheets and the wood beams. Mechanical tests performed on the reinforced wood beams showed that CFRP materials may produce flexural displacement and lifting increases of the beams. Observations of the experimental load-displacement relationships showed that bending strength increased for wood beams reinforced with CFRP composite plates and sheets compared to those without CFRP reinforcement. The main conclusion of the tests is that the tensioning forces allow beam taking a maximum load for a while, something that is particularly useful when we consider a real construction, so in case of excess lift beam, we have time to take strengthening measures and when is about a catastrophic request (earthquake) the construction remain partially functional. The experiments have shown that the method of increasing resistance of wood constructions with composite materials is good for it. The solution is easy to implement and has low costs.

Performance characteristics of the new detector array for the SANS2d instrument on the ISIS spallation neutron source

The performance of the new position sensitive neutron detector arrays of the Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) instrument SANS2d is described. The SANS2d instrument is one of the seven instruments currently available for users on the second target station (TS2) of the ISIS spallation neutron source. Since the instrument became operational in 2009 it has used two one metre square multi-wire proportional detectors (MWPC). However, these detectors suffer from a low count rate capability, are easily damaged by excess beam and are then expensive to repair. The new detector arrays each consist of 120 individual position sensitive detector tubes, filled with 15 bar of 3He. Each of the tubes is one metre long and has a diameter of 8mm giving a detector array with an overall area of one square metre. Two such arrays have been built and installed in the SANS2d vacuum tank where they are currently taking user data. For SANS measurements operation of the detector within a vacuum is essential in order to reduce air scattering. A novel, fully engineered approach has been utilised to ensure that the high voltage connections and preamps are located inside the SANS2d vacuum tank at atmospheric pressure, within air tubes and air boxes respectively. The signal processing electronics and data acquisition system are located remotely in a counting house outside of the blockhouse. This allows easy access for maintenance purposes, without the need to remove the detectors from the vacuum tank. The design will be described in detail. A position resolution of 8mm FWHM or less has been measured along the length of the tubes. The initial measurements taken from a standard sample indicate that whilst the detector arrays themselves only represent a moderate improvement in overall detection efficiency (∼ 20%), compared to the previous detector, the count rate capability is increased by a factor of 100. A significant advantage of the new array is the ability to change a single tube in situ within approximately one day with a relatively small staff effort. The results obtained from the first user trials are reported.

SU‐E‐T‐446: Evaluation of the Dosimetric Properties of a Diode Detector to Proton Radiosurgery

Purpose:To test the PTW PR60020 proton dosimetry diode in radiation fields relevant to proton radiosurgery applications and evaluate its suitability as a high resolution, real time dosimetry device.Methods:Data was collected using our standard nominal radiosurgery energies of 126 MeV and 155 MeV through a single stage scattering system, corresponding to a range of 9.7 and 15 cm in water respectively. Various beam modulations were tested as part of this study. Depth dose and beam profile measurements were completed with the PTW PR60020 dosimetry diode with comparative measurements using a PTW Markus ionization chamber and EBT2 Gafchromic film. Monte Carlo simulations were also completed for comparison.Results:The single 1 mm2 by 20 μm thick sensitive volume allowed for high spatial resolution measurements while maintaining sufficient sensitive volume to ensure that measurements could be completed without excessive beam delivery. Depth dose profiles exhibited negligible LET dependence which typically impacts film and other solid state dosimetry devices, while beam ranges measured with the PTW diode were within 1 mm of ion chamber data. In an edge on arrangement beam profiles were also measured within 0.5 mm full‐width at half‐maximum at various depths as compared to film and simulation data.Conclusion:The PTW PR60020 proved to be a very useful radiation metrology apparatus for proton radiosurgery applications. Its waterproof and rugged construction allowed for easy deployment in phantoms or water tanks that are commonly used in proton radiosurgery QA. Dosimetrically, the diode exhibited negligible LET dependence as a function of depth, while in edge on arrangement to the incident proton beam it facilitated the measurement of beam profiles with a spatial resolution comparable to both Monte Carlo and film measurements.This project was sponsored in part by funding from the Department of Defense (DOD# W81XWH‐BAA‐10‐1).

SU-E-T-353: Decoding the Beam Complexity in Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy Plans

Purpose: Modern IMRT relies on computers to generate treatment plans of varied complexity. A highly complex treatment plan may use a large number of small and irregular beam apertures in order to achieve high dose conformity. However, excessive beam complexity can increase dosimetric uncertainty, prolong treatment time, and increase susceptibility to target or organ motion. In this study we sought to develop metrics to assess the complexity of IMRT beams and plans. Methods: Based the information of leaf positions and MU for each beam segment, we calculated the following beam complexity metrics: aperture area, shape irregularity, and beam modulation. Then these beam complexity metrics were averaged to obtain the corresponding plan complexity metrics, using the beam MUs as weighting factors. We evaluated and compared the beam and plan complexity scores for 65 IMRT plans from 3 sites (prostate, head and neck, and spine). We also studied how the plan complexity scores were affected by adjusting inverse planning parameters. Results: For prostate IMRT, the lateral beams had large MUs and smaller shape irregularity, while the anterior or posterior beams had larger modulation values. On average, the prostate IMRT plans had the smallest shape irregularity and beam modulation; the HN IMRT plans had the largest aperture area, shape irregularity, and beam modulation; and the spine stereotactic IMRT plans often had small aperture area, which may be associated with relatively large discrepancies between calculated and measures doses. The plan complexity increased as the number of optimization iterations and the number of beam segments increased and as the minimum segment area decreased. Conclusion: Complexity of IMRT beams and plans were quantified in terms of aperture area, shape irregularity and beam modulation. The complexity metrics varied among IMRT plans for different disease sites and were affected when the planning parameters were adjusted.

709 セリア系セラミックス材料のレーザ焼結における中間層導入の効果(OS7-(3),OS7 オーガナイズドセッション《精密/微細加工と評価》)

Laser-sintered samaria-doped ceria (SDC) films can be utilized in electrolyte films for micro solid oxide fuel cells. This paper reports improvement effects of characteristics in the green-tape laser-sintering process using an interlayer. As an interlayer NiO/SDC was used because it has an infrared-absorption characteristic and shows the similar coefficient of thermal expansion in comparison with SDC. The SDC green-tape with the pre-sintered interlayer was sintered on the yttria-stabilized zirconia substrate by using a continuous-wave Nd:YAG laser beam. Cracks and voids formation in the laser-sintered SDC film and the substrate were decreased when the NiO/SDC interlayer was pre-sintered at 900℃ for 2 h. This improvement is attributed to the suppression of excessive beam irradiation.