Beam Conditions Research Articles

Integration of Finite Element Analysis and Machine Learning for Assessing the Spatial-Temporal Conditions of Reinforced Concrete

Composite reinforcements are attracting attention in the reinforced concrete (RC) field for their high corrosion resistance, low thermal conductivity, and low electromagnetic interference behavior. However, compared to metallic reinforcements, composites are less ductile and may lead to brittle failure. Three-point flexural tests provide information on the mechanical behavior of metal- and composite-reinforced concrete beams with distinct crack patterns. The structural conditions and failure mechanisms can be defined based on stress change and crack propagation. This study employs finite element analysis (FEA) to simulate the mechanical responses of composite- and metal-reinforced concrete beans under three-point flexural tests and predict the crack propagation in the beams. Machine learning-based algorithms are trained using FEA data to assess the spatial–temporal conditions of the RC beams. The findings indicate that composite rebars provide better reinforcement than metallic rebars in terms of stress fields (30.27% less stress in composite rebars) and crack propagation (fewer cracks in composite RC beams), with the initiation of shear cracks and maximum von Mises stress in rebars being correlated. The findings highlight the effectiveness of the Random Forest Regression (RFR) algorithm (R2=0.96) in assessing RC beam conditions under flexural loads, offering insights for efficient industry applications.

Improving the reconstruction accuracy of tomographic absorption spectroscopy sensor by optimizing laser beam arrangements

Tomographic absorption spectroscopy (TAS) typically employs multiple projections to reconstruct the spatial distribution of temperature and species concentration, making it a promising method for combustion diagnostics. However, the geometric arrangement of the laser beams significantly affects its accuracy, especially under limited beam conditions. In this work, we propose a beam arrangement optimization method to maximize the utilization efficiency of limited beams, thereby improving reconstruction accuracy in a simpler and more intuitive manner. We designed a cost function that combines the beam number matrix (BNM) and the total weight matrix (TWM). This approach ensures that the maximum number of rays passes through each grid while also maximizing the optical path length in the regions covered by the beam distribution. The optimization is performed using a simulated annealing algorithm to obtain the optimal beam arrangement. For a TAS sensor comprising 12 laser beams, numerical simulations demonstrate that the BNM-TWM optimized beam arrangement achieves lower reconstruction errors across various synthetic temperature fields when compared to traditional orthogonal beam arrangements and those optimized for orthogonality (OD). This improvement is particularly significant when the performance of the orthogonal and OD-optimized arrangements is suboptimal. Finally, we demonstrate the application of the BNM-TWM optimized beam arrangement for reconstructing temperature distributions of asymmetric butane flames, where parallel beam distributions were ineffective. The results effectively pinpoint the location of the flame, showing a temperature difference of less than 3% compared to thermocouple measurements for the center of the flame. These findings indicate that the developed beam arrangement optimization method has the potential to enhance the accuracy of TAS reconstruction under limited beam conditions and could be extended to other tomographic imaging systems.

Разрушение хрупких балок при антисимметричном четырехточечном изгибе

The nucleation of cracks in structural elements during their service life is due to the degradation of the material or the presence of hidden defects. The structure therefore loses its original load-bearing capacity and fails under significantly lower external loads. As a rule, the fracture of structures due to crack growth occurs under mixed loading. In this paper, an eccentric beam of rectangular cross-section with an edge crack subjected to antisymmetric four-point loading is considered. By changing the position of the crack relative to the center of the beam, it is possible to obtain the entire range of mixed fracture modes: I+II, pure I and pure II modes. Using the finite element method, stress intensity coefficients for modes I and II of failure, as well as T-stresses, were obtained for different geometric parameters of the beam and different loading conditions. The length of the crack, its position relative to the beam center, and the length of the short span were varied. The methods commonly used for calculating T-stresses were analyzed. In the element closest to the crack tip, strong displacement oscillations, not mentioned in the literature, are observed, therefore to determine T-stresses with the highest possible accuracy it is suggested to calculate them from displacements, cutting off the 3-4 nodes closest to the crack tip. Experimental studies of the fracture toughness of ebonite in a mixed mode were carried out. For each type of loading and geometry, 3-5 identical specimens were tested. The tests were carried out under static load until the specimens were completely destroyed. In all experiments, the crack initiation angle and critical load were recorded. Six failure criteria were used to predict both failure direction and critical load: the generalized maximum tangential stress criterion, the extended maximum tangential strain criterion, the generalized strain energy density criterion, the generalized maximum averaged stress criterion, the maximum elastic energy release rate criterion and the generalized maximum elastic energy release rate criterion. The results obtained demonstrate good agreement between the experimental values of critical loads and the numerical calculations. The error in determining the crack initiation angle does not exceed 5%. Considering that the experimental results agree with the predictions of failure criteria for the beam subjected to antisymmetric four-point bend loading, this type of a beam specimen can be used to study mixed-type fracture in the elements manufactured from engineering materials, such as, for example, plexiglass, ebonite, and getinax.

ANALYSIS OF THE THERMAL-KINETIC-FLUID-DYNAMIC PROFILE OF A SLAB REHEATING FURNACE USING CFD-DYNAMIC MESH

In this work, the actual operating conditions of a walking beam and direct flame reheating furnace for conventional steel slabs in continuous motion were numerically simulated. The fluid dynamics, heat transfer, chemical species and combustion were solved in a coupled way using a continuous readaptation of the computational domain by means of a dynamic mesh. The results were validated by means of temperature measurements averaged over 24 hours of plant operation with 16 thermocouples, resulting in an average error of 2.56%. With the reduction in flow rates in the range of 70-85% and a decrease in load of ?66.5% there was an overheating in the furnace of up to 33% in excess. The use of dynamic meshes allowed the oxide growth rate to be studied showing that, the higher the temperatures and residence times in the furnace, the higher the oxidation rate of the slab. Keywords: Reheating Furnace, CFD, Slab, Dynamic Mesh.

Spectroscopy and Excited-State Dynamics of Methyl Ferulate in Molecular Beams.

The spectroscopic and dynamic properties of methyl ferulate─a naturally occurring ultraviolet-protecting filter─and microsolvated methyl ferulate have been studied under molecular beam conditions using resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectroscopy in combination with quantum chemical calculations. We demonstrate and rationalize how the phenyl substitution pattern affects the state ordering of the lower excited singlet state manifold and what the underlying reason is for the conformation-dependent Franck-Condon (FC) activity in the UV-excitation spectra. Studies on microsolvated methyl ferulate reveal potential coordination sites and the influence of such coordination on the spectroscopic properties. Our quantum chemical studies also enable us to obtain a quantitative understanding of the dominant excited-state decay routes of the photoexcited ππ* state involving a ∼3 ns intersystem crossing pathway to the triplet manifold─which is much slower than found for coumarates─and a relatively fast intersystem crossing back to the ground state (∼30 ns). We show that a common T1/S0 crossing can very well explain the observation that T1 lifetimes are quasi-independent of the phenyl substitution pattern.

Correction method for ionization chamber dosimetry in flattening filter free radiotherapy based on Monte Carlo simulation.

The clinical use of flattening filter free (FFF) radiotherapy has significantly increased in recent years due to its effective enhancement of dose rates and reduction of scatter dose. A proposal has been made to adjust the incident electron angle of the accelerator to expand the application of FFF beams in areas such as large planning target volumes (PTVs). However, the inherent softening characteristics and non-uniformity of lateral dose distribution in FFF beams inevitably lead to increased dosimetry errors, especially for ionization chambers widely used in clinical practice, which may result in serious accidents during FFF radiotherapy. This study constructs a comprehensive Monte Carlo model that encompasses not only conventional FFF beams but also incorporates FFF beams with varying incident electron angles, to investigate dosimetry errors and correction methods in FFF radiotherapy. We have innovatively introduced a FFF output correction factor ( ) to address dosimetry errors in various ionization chambers under different incident electron angle conditions in FFF beams. The primary variations in were analytically determined to result from changes in and the perturbation correction terms of the ionization chamber. Ionization chambers with smaller sensitive volumes typically exhibit reduced dosimetry errors. Our findings indicate that for ionization chambers with sensitive volumes ranging from 0.016 to 0.125cm3, the dosimetry error under various FFF beam conditions consistently remains below 1.15%. This study provides crucial guidance for selecting appropriate ionization chambers in FFF radiotherapy. A correlation was established between the absorbed dose to water in beams with a flattening filter (WFF) and those without (FFF), defined by the FFF output factor ( ). Using the proposed Monte Carlo model, the can be derived and applied to theoretically calculate the absorbed dose to water in FFF beams at varying incident electron angles, with a relative standard uncertainty of 0.2. This study provides a valuable reference for clinical dose measurements and crucial support for establishing dose calibration standards in FFF radiotherapy.

Do stars still form in molecular gas within CO-dark dwarf galaxies?

Abstract In the Milky Way and other main-sequence galaxies, stars form exclusively in molecular gas, which is traced by CO emission. However, low metallicity dwarf galaxies are often ‘CO-dark’ in the sense that CO emission is not observable even at the high resolution and sensitivities of modern observing facilities. In this work we use ultra high-resolution simulations of four low-metalicity dwarf galaxies (which resolve star formation down to the scale of star-forming cores, 0.01 pc) combined with a time-dependent treatment of the chemistry of the interstellar medium, to investigate the star formation environment in this previously hidden regime. By generating synthetic observations of our models we show that the galaxies have high to extremely high dark gas fractions (0.13 to 1.00 dependent on beam size and conditions), yet despite this form stars. However, when examined on smaller scales, we find that the stars still form in regions dominated by molecular gas, it is simply that these are far smaller than the scale of the beam (1.5″). Thus, while stars in CO-dark dwarf galaxies form in small molecular cores like larger galaxies, their cloud-scale environment is very different.

Comprehensive image quality comparison of conventional and new flat panel detectors under bedside chest radiography beam conditions.

Recently, a novel wireless flat-panel detector with auto-exposure control has become available. This study aimed to elucidate the potential advantages of the new detector over conventional detectors through a comprehensive analysis of the physical image quality characteristics. Measurements were conducted on two models: new (720C) and conventional (710C) versions; this assessment was performed by assuming the beam quality for bedside chest radiography, utilizing a portable device for X-ray exposure. The detective quantum efficiency (DQE) was computed based on the presampled modulation transfer function (MTF) and normalized noise power spectrum. The validity of the DQE results was verified through the visualization of the analog blurring components and a detailed analysis of the noise components. The spatial frequency at which the presampled MTF value reached 10% was 5.2 cycles/mm for 720C and 3.9 cycles/mm for 710C. The full width at half-maximum of the spatial spreading of analog components was estimated at 0.09mm for 720C and 0.14mm for 710C by the visualization. Regarding the DQE, 720C was superior under low-dose conditions despite no significant differences being observed under high-dose conditions. The new detector demonstrated superior resolution characteristics compared with the conventional detector and an improvement in the DQE under low-dose conditions. However, similar to the conventional detector, a significant dose dependence caused by a structural factor was confirmed for the DQE. These results suggest the existence of an appropriate dose range for maximizing detector performance and provide insights crucial for optimization tasks in the X-ray imaging.

A Review on Mechanism and Influencing Factors of Shear Performance of UHPC Beams

Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) is increasingly used in various engineering projects due to its exceptional mechanical properties. This work conducts a literature review of research on the shear performance of UHPC beams in recent decades, with a focus on summarizing the formulas for calculating shear capacity and the main factors influencing shear performance. Firstly, this work reviews the calculation methods for the shear capacity of UHPC beams in different countries, along with their respective advantages and limitations. Subsequently, it provides a detailed analysis of various factors influencing the shear performance of UHPC beams, including longitudinal and stirrup reinforcement, steel fiber content, aggregates, admixtures, the shear-span ratio, shear keys, bolts, shear-reinforcement techniques, and environmental impacts. Through horizontal comparisons, the performance of UHPC beams and ordinary concrete beams under similar experimental conditions is examined to reveal the optimal shear working conditions for UHPC beams. Additionally, it is found that UHPC performs exceptionally well in composite beams, being compatible with numerous materials and significantly enhancing the shear strength of these beams. Lastly, the paper proposes suggestions for maximizing the shear performance of UHPC beams within a safe and reliable operating range and outlines future research directions.

A feasibility study of the measurement of kaonic lead X-rays at DA[formula omitted]NE for the precise determination of the charged kaon mass

An HPGe detector equipped with a transistor reset preamplifier and readout with a CAEN DT5781 fast pulse digitizer was employed in the measurement of X-rays from kaonic lead at the DAΦNE e+e− collider at the Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati of INFN. A thin scintillator in front of a lead target was used to select kaons impinging on it and to form the trigger for the HPGe detector. We present the results of the kaonic lead feasibility measurement, where we show that the resolution of the HPGe detector in regular beam conditions remains the same as that without the beam and that a satisfactory background reduction can be achieved. This measurement serves as a test bed for future dedicated kaonic X-rays measurements for the more precise determination of the charged kaon mass.

Buckling instability analysis of delaminated beam-like structures by using the exact stiffness method

In multilayered structures, delamination not only reduces local strength but also induces buckling instability, compromising structural safety even before reaching the critical buckling load. This paper introduces a novel model for buckling analysis of structures with delamination damage. The model utilizes exact stiffness formulations derived from Timoshenko theory, enabling precising modeling of beam-like structures with through-thickness delamination. The Wittrick–Williams algorithm is utilized to calculate the critical buckling loads, which are validated against results from the finite element software ANSYS. Additionally, a modified Euler buckling formula for the approximate yet closed-form critical buckling load of delaminated beam-like structures is proposed, with comparisons made to the exact stiffness method results. The study investigates the effects of position and length of delamination and boundary conditions of beam on the critical buckling loads. The findings indicate that the buckling reduction factors of delaminated beam is primarily influenced by the thickness-wise position of the delamination, followed by the delamination length, and then the length-wise position of the delamination. Furthermore, the impact of boundary conditions becomes more significant when the delamination is near the beam’s end. This research provides practical guidelines for preventing buckling instability in delaminated beam-like structures.

Redefining FLASH Radiation Therapy: The Impact of Mean Dose Rate and Dose Per Pulse in the Gastrointestinal Tract

The understanding of how varying radiation beam parameter settings affect the induction and magnitude of the FLASH effect remains limited. We sought to systematically evaluate how the magnitude of radiation-induced gastrointestinal toxicity depends on the interplay between mean dose rate (MDR) and dose per pulse (DPP). C57BL/6J mice received total abdominal irradiation (TAI, 11-14 Gy single fraction) through either conventional (CONV) irradiation (low-DPP and low MDR, CONV) or through various combinations of DPP and MDR up to ultra-high-dose-rate beam conditions. DPPs ranging from 1 to 6 Gy were evaluated, while the total dose and MDR (>100 Gy/s) were kept constant; the effects of MDR were evaluated for the range of 0.3 to 1440 Gy/s, while the total dose and DPP were kept constant. Radiation-induced gastrointestinal toxicity was quantified in nontumor-bearing mice through the regenerating crypt assay and survival assessment. Tumor response was evaluated through tumor growth delay. Within each tested total dose using a constant MDR (>100 Gy/s), increasing DPP led to an increase in sparing (an increase in the number of regenerating crypts), with a more prominent effect seen at 12- and 14-Gy TAI. Interestingly, at DPPs of >4 Gy, a similar level of crypt sparing was demonstrated irrespective of the MDR used (from 0.3 to 1440 Gy/s). At a fixed high-DPP of 4.7 Gy, survival was equivalently improved relative to CONV irrespective of MDR. However, at a lower DPP of 0.93 Gy, an MDR of 104 Gy/s produced a greater survival effect compared with 0.3 Gy/s. We also confirmed that high-DPP, regardless of MDR, produced the same magnitude of tumor growth delay relative to CONV using a clinically relevant melanoma mouse model. This study demonstrates the strong influence that the beam parameter settings have on the magnitude of the FLASH effect. Both high-DPP and ultra-high-dose-rate appeared independently sufficient to produce FLASH sparing of gastrointestinal toxicity while isoeffective tumor response was maintained across all conditions.

Prospect for detecting magnetism in two-dimensional perovskite oxides by electron magnetic circular dichroism

Two-dimensional (2D) magnets, especially strongly correlated 2D transition-metal perovskite oxides, have attracted significant attention due to their intriguing electromagnetic properties for potential applications in spintronic devices. Potentially electron magnetic circular dichroism (EMCD) under zone axis conditions can provide three-dimensional components of magnetic moments in 2D materials, but the collection efficiency and the signal-to-noise ratio for out-of-plane (OOP) components is limited due to the limited collection angle. Here we conducted a comprehensive computational simulation to optimize the experimental setting of EMCD for detecting the OOP components of magnetic moments in three beam conditions (3BCs) on 2D perovskite oxides La1-xSrxMnO3 (LSMO) in a TEM. The key parameters are sample thickness, accelerating voltage, Sr doping concentration, collection semi-angle and position, and sample orientation including systematic reflections excited and tilt angle. Our simulation results demonstrate that the relative dynamical diffraction coefficients of Mn OOP EMCD of LaMnO3 with a thickness ranging from 1 unit cell (uc) to 4 uc can be optimized in a 3BC with (110) systematic reflections excited and a relatively large collection semi-angle of 19 mrad at the relatively low accelerating voltage of 80 kV. In most cases, the relative dynamic diffraction coefficients for La1-xSrxMnO3 with the thickness ranging from 1 uc to 4 uc decrease with the increase of the Sr doping concentrations. The optimal tilt angle from a zone axis to a 3BC is 18° for the cases of the LSMO thickness of 2 uc, 3 uc and 4 uc, and 22° for the monolayer LSMO. Our work provides the theoretical simulation foundation for optimized EMCD experiments for measuring OOP components of magnetic moments in 2D transition-metal perovskite oxides.

Investigating μ±μ−→μ±μ− collisions under the effect of scalar and vector unparticles in Randall–Sundrum model

A theoretical attempt is made to present the unparticles contribution to the muon processes [Formula: see text], in Standard Model (SM), Randall–Sundrum (RS) model and RS model with unparticles (RS([Formula: see text])) including scalar and vector unparticles. We evaluated the cross-sections versus the scattering angle [Formula: see text], the kinetic energy [Formula: see text] of the outgoing muon beams, the collision energy [Formula: see text], the scaling dimension [Formula: see text] and the energy scale [Formula: see text]. The numerical results show that the cross-sections of two processes in RS([Formula: see text]) are much larger than in SM. The [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] beams can be accelerated and collided, producing the outgoing [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] beams as final states with large kinetic energy to probe new physics effects. The total cross-sections depend strongly on the polarization conditions of incoming muon and anti-muon beams, the scaling dimension [Formula: see text] and the energy scale [Formula: see text]. The final states of the muon collisions also depend on [Formula: see text] of colliders and unparticles parameter: ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) if unparticle physics included. The results subsequently lead to the unparticle contribution as propagator significantly larger than SM and Higgs–radion propagator. Hence, it would be worthwhile probing at the future colliders when the muons become the accelerating candidates in the collisions we restricted.

Investigations on the effects of rebar diameter on the post-fire bond capacity of RC flexural members and development of a novel post-fire bond model

This study is part of a comprehensive research effort focused on examining the impact of various parameters on the post-fire bond behaviour of RC flexural members. Precisely, the impact of the rebar diameter is thoroughly discussed. Beam-end specimens, which realistically simulate the boundary conditions of a full-scale beam while maintaining a relatively compact size, were subjected to ISO 834 fire curve. To investigate the behaviour of lap-splice in a slab and beam, two different fire exposure scenarios, where one side (slab) and three sides (beam) of the specimens were exposed to fire, were considered. It is evident that although the initial and residual load-carrying capacities increase with larger rebar diameters in absolute terms, the differences in residual bond capacities remain relatively insignificant across nearly all examined fire-exposure durations. Based on the evaluation of the test results, a model for local bond stress-slip curve of bond affected by fire is proposed.

A Protocol for Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) of Monazite for Chemical Th-U-Pb Age Dating

A protocol for the monazite (LREE,Y,Th,U,Si,Ca)PO4 in situ Th-U-Pb dating by electron probe microanalyser (EPMA) involves a suitable reference monazite. Ages of several potential reference monazites were determined by TIMS-U-Pb isotope analysis. The EPMA protocol is based on calibration with REE-orthophosphates and a homogeneous Th-rich reference monazite at beam conditions of 20 kV, 50 nA, and 5 µm for best possible matrix matches and avoidance of dead time bias. EPMA measurement of samples and repeated analysis of the reference monazite are performed at beam conditions of 20 kV, 100 nA, and 5 µm. Analysis of Pb and U on a PETL crystal requires YLg-on-PbMa and ThMz-on-UMb interference corrections. Offline re-calibration of the Th calibration on the Th-rich reference monazite, to match its nominal age, is an essential part of the protocol. EPMA-Th-U-Pb data are checked in ThO2*-PbO coordinates for matching isochrones along regressions forced through zero. Error calculations of monazite age populations are performed by weighted average routines. Depending on the number of analyses and spread in ThO2*-PbO coordinates, minimum errors <10 Ma are possible and realistic for Paleozoic monazite ages. A test of the protocol was performed on two garnet metapelite samples from the Paleozoic metamorphic Zone of Erbendorf-Vohenstrauß (NE-Bavaria, western Bohemian Massif).

Preliminary results of the 2023 International Fermilab Booster Studies

An overview is given of the methods and preliminary results from dedicated beam studies on three topics conducted over five days in July 2023. In the first study, the Fermilab Booster magnets were held constant at magnetic fields corresponding to the injection energy. The beam loss and emittance growth were observed under varying intensity, tunes, and sextupole resonances. The corresponding beam conditions were also simulated with the MADX-SC code [1]. In the second study, measurements of the vertical half-integer resonance and correction methods are conducted for high-intensity beams ramping in the Booster. Finally, syncho-betatron instabilities are observed during transition-crossing in the Booster under strong space-charge conditions.

Identification of Damage Modes and Critical States for FRP/Steel-Concrete Composite Beams Based on Acoustic Emission Signal Analysis

This paper applied the prevalent acoustic emission (AE) technology to identify the damage modes and critical conditions for FRP/steel-concrete composite beams during the failure process. AE signals generated by the structural damages were classified efficiently by using a novel self-adaptive real-time clustering (SARTC) method; damage modes corresponding to each clustering category were recognized and analyzed, and the dominant damage type at different stages was obtained by comparing the AE activities and feature values. By conducting the AE intensity analysis, the dynamic evolutionary mechanisms and critical conditions of composite beams were identified; the increase in intensity value from 0.2 to 0.3 reflects the process from critical yielding to major fracture. By establishing the non-linear fitting model between local response and cumulative AE energy, the instantaneous status at arbitrary local position of the composite beam can be inverted and predicted quantitatively by independent AE testing.

Talbot phenomenon in binary optical gratings under Gaussian illumination

Binary optical gratings are used in applications such as optical metrology. Due to the fact, that self-imaging phenomenon depends on the grating fill factor, in present work the effect of fill factor on Talbot image formation has been analyzed when the grating is illuminated with a Gaussian beam. A model based on Fresnel regime is used to determine the intensity distribution in the near field. Self-images are obtained under different initial beam conditions and it is found several regimes of the effect of Gaussian beam intensity distribution on the self-images are found: (I) decreasing intensity of grating slit at the beam border when Gaussian waist radius is 10 times greater than grating period, (II) transforming binary-like self-image to the cosine-like one in case when Gaussian waist radius ranges from 2 to 5 grating periods, and (III) disappearing regular grating structure when Gaussian waist radius is less than grating period. Additionally it is analyzed transform from Fresnel to Fraunhofer regime in case of Gaussian beam and effect of wavefront curvature radius value on the distance where different regimes appear.

Influence of launch light beam conditions on the bandwidth in multimode graded-index microstructured POFs

The time-dependent power flow equation (TD PFE) is used to theoretically examine the wavelength dependency of the bandwidth in a multimode graded-index microstructured polymer optical fiber (GI mPOF) with a solid core. The TD PFE is numerically solved using the explicit finite difference method (EFDM) and physics-informed neural networks (PINNs). Our numerical results show that the bandwidth decreases with an increasing wavelength from 476 to 522 and finally to 568 nm. With further increasing of the wavelength from 568 to 633 nm, the bandwidth increases. In this way, we have demonstrated that the maximum bandwidth of the analyzed GI mPOF in the analyzed wavelength region is obtained at 633 nm. Such bandwidth behavior is a consequence of the different influences of the analyzed wavelengths on the parameters that characterize the refractive index distribution and the maximum propagating principal mode number of the analyzed GI mPOF. We also showed that, when the radial offset of the incident light beam increases, the bandwidth decreases. This results from a greater modal dispersion when higher guided modes are excited. As a result, based on the observations reported in this work, it is simpler to modify the GI mPOF for a particular application at various wavelengths.