Beacon Interval Research Articles

Improving performance metrics in WBANs with a dynamic next beacon interval and superframe duration scheme

The advancement of networking, information, and communication technologies has fueled the popularity of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) in both medical (remote patient monitoring) and non-medical sectors. Due to low, medium, and high data traffic requirements, WBAN performance suffers during the synchronization process that generates periodic beacon frames between sensor nodes and the coordinator. It also suffers when sensor nodes implicitly send data to the coordinator during the fixed time slot using the Contention Access Period (CAP). In this study, we propose a solution called Dynamic Next Beacon Interval and Superframe Duration Scheme (DNBISD) to tackle these issues of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. This standard relies on a Beacon Interval (BI) and CAP for synchronization and data transmission between sensor nodes and the coordinator. However, the standard must adapt to BI and CAP's changing traffic load requirements, resulting in drawbacks such as prolonged packet delays, increased energy consumption, and potential data loss, particularly in real-time patient monitoring applications. In order to overcome these challenges, our DNBISD scheme employs a fuzzy approach to adapt the BI and CAP based on requested synchronization and data considering input parameters like packet received ratio and buffer ratio. The inference system utilizes the Takagi, Sugeno, and Kang (TSK) fuzzy model for rational quantitative analysis. Simulations demonstrate that our proposed scheme significantly enhances data transmission, boosts the average packet delivery ratio and throughput, and reduces the coordinator's average packet loss ratio and energy consumption. Consequently, this improvement allows for more efficient data transfer among numerous nodes within the specified superframe structure.

Beacon Success Rate versus Gateway Density in Sub-GHz Sensor Networks

Multiple Gateways (GWs) provide network connectivity to Internet of Things (IoT) sensors in a Wide Area Network (WAN). The End Nodes (ENs) can connect to any GW by discovering and acquiring its periodic beacons. This provides GW diversity, improving coverage area. However, simultaneous periodic beacon transmissions among nearby GWs lead to interference and collisions. In this study, the impact of such intra-network interference is analyzed to determine the maximum number of GWs that can coexist. The paper presents a new collision model that considers the combined effects of the Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical (PHY) layers. The model takes into account the partial overlap durations and relative power of all colliding events. It also illustrates the relationship between the collisions and the resulting packet loss rates. A performance evaluation is presented using a combination of analytical and simulation methods, with the former validating the simulation results. The system models are developed from experimental data obtained from field measurements. Numerical results are provided with Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK) modulation. This paper provides guidance on selecting GFSK modulation parameters for low bit-rate and narrow-bandwidth IoT applications. The analysis and simulation results show that larger beacon intervals and frequency hopping help in reducing beacon loss rates, at the cost of larger beacon acquisition latency. On the flip side, the gateway discovery latency reduces with increasing GW density, thanks to an abundance of beacons.

An Investigation Schoolwork of IoT Systems In Interior Routing Outbreak

Internet of Things (IoT) deployments mostly relies on the establishment of Low-Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) among a large number of constraint devices. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) provides an effective IPv6-based LLN routing protocol, namely the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Network (RPL). RPL provides adequate protection against external security attacks but stays vulnerable to internal routing attacks such as a rank attack. Malicious RPL nodes can carry out a rank attack in different forms and cause serious network performance degradation. An experimental study of the impact of the decreased rank attack on the overall network performance is presented in this paper. In also besides, it is important to understand the main influencing factors in this context. In this study, several some many network scenarios were considered with varying network sizes, attacker properties, and topological setups. The experimental results indicate a noticeable adverse effect of the rank attack on the average PDR, delay, ETX, and beacon interval. However, such impact was varied according to network size, attacker position, attacker neighbor count, number of attack-affected nodes, and overall hops increase. The results give a practical reference to the overall performance of RPL networks under rank attacks.

AFB-GPSR: Adaptive Beaconing Strategy Based on Fuzzy Logic Scheme for Geographical Routing in a Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET)

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), geographical routing provides a robust and scalable solution for the randomly distributed and unrestricted movement of nodes. Each node broadcasts beacon packets periodically to exchange its position with neighboring nodes. However, reliable beacons can negatively affect routing performance in dynamic environments, particularly when there is a sudden and rapid change in the nodes’ mobility. Therefore, this paper suggests an improved Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Protocol, namely AFB-GPSR, to reduce routing overhead and increase network reliability by maintaining correct route selection. To this end, an adaptive beaconing strategy based on a fuzzy logic scheme (AFB) is utilized to choose more optimal routes for data forwarding. Instead of constant periodic beaconing, the AFB strategy can dynamically adjust beacon interval time with the variation of three network parameters: node speed, one-hop neighbors’ density, and link quality of nodes. The routing evaluation of the proposed protocol is carried out using OMNeT++ simulation experiments. The results show that the AFB strategy within the GPSR protocol can effectively reduce the routing overhead and improve the packet-delivery ratio, throughput, average end-to-end delay, and normalized routing load as compared to traditional routing protocols (AODV and GPSR with fixed beaconing). An enhancement of the packet-delivery ratio of up to 14% is achieved, and the routing cost is reduced by 35%. Moreover, the AFB-GPSR protocol exhibits good performance versus the state-of-the-art protocols in MANET.

A novel artificial intelligence based wireless local area network channel access control scheme for low latency e‐health applications

AbstractTo effectively support low‐latency e‐health applications, a novel artificial intelligence‐based wireless local area network (WLAN) channel access control scheme named intelligent hybrid channel access (IHCA) is proposed and studied. In the IHCA scheme, each beacon interval comprises multiple cycles, with each cycle containing a contention‐free period (CFP) and a contention period (CP). By adopting an artificial neural network (ANN) and utilizing its calculation outputs to (1) decide whether to poll a hub during the CFP and (2) determine the initial backoff count (IBC) of each hub, polling of empty hubs during CFP can be reduced, and collisions during CP can be relieved. The authors’ simulation results show that the IHCA scheme can effectively reduce latency compared to the Hybrid coordination function Controlled Channel Access (HCCA) and the Request based Polling Access (RPA) reference designs.

A Multiagency Long Short-Term Model Beamforming Prediction Model for Cellular Vehicle to Everything

<div>Machine learning (ML) for predicting wireless channels of vehicular communications networks has attracted interest in recent years. Beamforming is a technique used to selectively transmit and receive data in a desired direction. The receiver should be capable of choosing the right beam at the right time. The usage of adaptive antenna scanning, i.e., scanning all the beams and choosing the best beam will result only in 30% accuracy, which means 70% of the data will be lost. This article studied a multiagency long short-term memory (LSTM) beamforming prediction model based on signal strength to forecast optimum beams within each beacon interval (BI) for cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) systems. The model combines the outputs of several parallel prediction models resulting in an enhanced accuracy of prediction. Simulation data validated the effectiveness of the proposed prediction model on the university campus, resulting in a 24% improvement in prediction accuracy.</div>

Selective Polling and Controlled Contention Based WLAN MAC Scheme for Low-Latency Applications

A novel medium access control scheme is proposed and investigated for central coordinated wireless local area networks to support future low-latency applications. The scheme divides each beacon interval into multiple service cycles, and each service cycle is composed of a polling period (PP) and a contention period (CP). By polling stations according to their latest channel accessing times during each PP and properly assigning backoff count for each station during each CP, the proposed scheme reduces the resource waste caused by polling empty stations and collisions, thereby achieving low-latency performance. In each service cycle, the number of stations to poll during the PP is calculated based on station empty probability, and the backoff count assigned to a station that has not been polled during the PP is unique and relatively small. Our simulation results show that the proposed scheme reduces uplink latency effectively, and can afford more traffic under the 0.5 ms uplink latency constraint compared to the conventional schemes.

ALPS: An Adaptive Link-State Perception Scheme for Software-Defined Vehicular Networks

The software-defined vehicular networking (SDVN) paradigm alleviates the deficiencies brought on by distributed vehicular. The separation of the control plane and the data plane allows the controller to manage the network based on global information. Most existing routing schemes in SDVN obtain the link-state through which vehicles periodically send beacon messages to the controller. However, due to the high mobility of the vehicles and the dynamic communication environment, the link-state changes within the beacon interval. In this case, the controller may select an expired link to transmit data during routing calculation, which will undoubtedly result in packet loss. Therefore, it is important for the controller to timely obtain the link-state during the beacon interval. If the controller can timely obtain the information after a link becomes unavailable, the risk of selecting unavailable links can be significantly reduced. In this paper, we propose an <underline xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a</u> daptive <underline xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">l</u> ink-state <underline xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</u> erception <underline xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</u> cheme (ALPS) for SDVN, which enables the controller timely obtain the link-state within the beacon interval. We obtain the link-state by detecting the loss of packets on a link. A link quality evaluation method based on fuzzy logic is present to evaluate the possibility of link failure. After the link evaluation, we present an adaptive threshold adjustment method to dynamically adjust the detection range to decrease the detection cost. Simulation results demonstrate that ALPS can effectively reduce the packet loss ratio at a low cost.

Practical Covert Wireless Unidirectional Communication in IEEE 802.11 Environment

Covert communications, or covert channels, are commonly exploited to establish a data exfiltration channel from an insider on a trusted network to a malicious receiver outside the network without using normal communication of the network. It is because the malicious receiver is an unauthorized user of the communication network and so he cannot communicate with any entity in the network. In this study, we construct a new covert wireless unidirectional communication mechanism in an IEEE 802.11 environment. Our covert communication is based on a covert timing channel exploiting the beacon interval of a given commercial-like AP. Because the wireless covert channel we proposed can be implemented only with firmware modification to the WLAN MAC protocol, it is very suitable for application in a real public AP environment. In order to dramatically reduce the chance of covert signals being detected by others, a new and simple covert data encoding scheme, called ping-pong covert timing channel (PPCTC), is proposed, and we show that the covertness of the PPCTC is excellent compared to the previous timing-based covert channels. Although this wireless covert communication is unidirectional communication, since PPCTC has recovery characteristics against consecutive 2-bit errors, stable communication is guaranteed. Furthermore, a covert frame structure is presented for providing the confidentiality and integrity of the information transmitted via our covert channel. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt.

A position-based reliable emergency message routing scheme for road safety in VANETs

Reliable emergency message (EM) transmission in vehicular adhoc networks (VANETs) necessitates an effective routing scheme. Position-based routing is considered more suitable for VANETs for not having to maintain any routing table or sharing connection states with neighbors. However, position-based routing is challenging in VANETs because vehicles change their positions instantly, and the next-hop can often go out of the communication range in greedy forwarding mode. This unstable behavior of the next-hop triggers route redundancy and leads to a high end-to-end delay (ED) and lower packet delivery ratio (PDR). Moreover, routing decisions based on a next-hop (relay) vehicle may be less optimal if we do not consider the stability and predict the position of a next-hop vehicle in such dynamic environments. To that end, we propose a position-based reliable emergency message routing (REMR) scheme based on our mobility metrics, which exploits the vehicle moving behaviors to enhance EM delivery. We describe how the choice of next-hop in greedy forwarding can be enhanced by leveraging neighbor’s future location information. By taking into account the Euclidean distance and position information, REMR predicts the relative positions of neighbor vehicles to exclude unstable neighbors from the list of candidate next-hops. In addition, REMR employs the vehicles’ movement information (e.g., position, speed variation, and moving angle) to minimize a possible link disruption and to choose an optimal next-hop for robust routing of EMs. REMR also offers a beaconing control strategy to enhance message reliability and to deal with the problem of beacons congestion. To minimize beacons congestion, REMR adjusts the beacon interval based on the neighborhood density. By consolidating mobility metrics and beacon control strategy, REMR can respond adequately to variation in the network traffic and frequent topology changes as validated by our simulation results.

Taguchi Approach for Recognizing the Most Influential Factor in Improving IEEE 802.15.4 Performance

WPAN using IEEE 802.15.4 protcol operated in non beaconing mode an attempt has made to find out the most significant factor of defacto parameters of IEEE 802.15.4 to enhance the performance by minimizing energy consumption and to enhance the network lifetime of the Wireless Personal Area Networks(WPAN). The factors include Buffer size, Beacon Interval, Back-off-transmission has an ideal impact on QoS metrics in IEEE 802.15.4 protocol. A Design of experiments have been simulated to an optimum level using the taguchi approach. The experimental results from the taguchi approach reveales that Back-of-transmission as the most significant factor for IEEE 802.15.4 in minimizing the power consumption in the WPAN.

A Secure Model to Protect Healthcare IoT System from Version Number and Rank Attack

Recently the entire world is witnessing a pandemic outbreak of COVID-19. Resultantly, the healthcare sector battles the challenges like inadequacy of staff members, feeble patient monitoring services, etc. IoT technology provides complete digitization. However, this healthcare IoT falls prey to various attacks and security threats. The main cause of the attacks is the IoT communication and routing protocols. Routing protocol for low power lossy network (RPL) provides the potent routing mechanism in the 6LoWPAN network. However, RPL is an unsecured protocol; hence providing security to IPV6-RPL connected devices is a challenging task. This paper modeled the rules for RPL protocol signatures like ETX, beacon interval, and energy consumption in a novel attack detection system. The simulation results proved that the proposed system detects the conventional as well as RPL specific attacks precisely version number and rank attacks in healthcare IoT systems with higher accuracy and detection rate.

Channel Condition Based Dynamic Beacon Interval for Faster Formation of 6TiSCH Network

Industrial applications of Internet of Things (IoT) demand high reliability, deterministic latency, and high scalability with energy efficiency to the communication and networking protocols. 6TiSCH is a time slotted channel hopping (TSCH) medium access control (MAC) protocol running under the IPv6 enabled higher layer protocols for industrial IoT (IIoT). In this paper, we theoretically analyze the network formation protocol in 6TiSCH network. Analysis reveals that the performance of the 6TiSCH network degrades when a pledge (new node) joins as it increases channel congestion by allowing to transmit beacon message. On the other hand, beacon transmission is essential to expand or reorganize the present network topology. To overcome this performance tradeoff, a channel condition based dynamic beacon interval (C2DBI) scheme is proposed in which beacon transmission interval varies with channel congestion status during network formation. Channel congestion status is estimated by each joined node in distributed manner, and subsequently changes its beacon generation interval to best fit with present condition. Finally the performance of C2DBI is compared with the minimal configuration standard and few other benchmark protocols. Analytical, simulation and real testbed results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the state of the art protocols in terms of joining time and energy consumption during network formation.

Context-aware Hybrid Adaptive Beaconing for Driver Behavior Dissemination in VANETs

VANET is a special paradigm of high mobility ad hoc network that promotes communication among the vehicles to enhance traffic safety. Cooperative awareness is the basic principle of VANETs that is accomplished by periodic exchange of beacons/ WSMs between vehicles. Due to highly dynamic topology and irregular distribution of vehicles, there is a necessity of a flexible beaconing mechanism that maintains a balance between the required level of cooperative awareness and network load and overcomes the limitations of periodic beaconing scheme of IEEE 802.11p. We proposed a context-aware hybrid beaconing algorithm that piggybacks driver status in beacon and disseminates it to the neighboring vehicles to enhance safety. The complete context has been considered to get the value of driver status and initial network status using SBN. The proposed technique considers real-time network congestion status and dynamically adapts the transmission range and power parameters at PHY layer, and beacon interval and CW at MAC layer using EDCA mechanism. The performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated using SUMO and NS-3 based on PDR, WSM PDR, goodput, and EED. The proposed algorithm demonstrates comparable WSM PDR to the benchmark scheme of LIMERIC and outperforms periodic beaconing scheme by exhibiting 35% improvement in WSM PDR on CCH and 15% improvement in PDR on SCH. Further, our proposed approach depicts more realistic scenario by considering the complete context; and maintains balance between transmission of safety and non-safety messages, thus, preventing starvation of non-safety applications as compared to the techniques in the existing literature.

Energy Efficient Beacon-Enabled IEEE 802.15.4 Guaranteed Time Slot-Based Adaptive Duty Cycle Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network

In this work, energy-efficient adaptive duty cycle guaranteed time slot algorithm is proposed for beacon-enabled standard medium access control protocol to efficiently handle low, medium and high data traffic loads. The proposed protocol can efficiently handle high traffic load by effective utilization of slots. The protocol can dynamically update the number of slots for contention access period and contention free period in each beacon interval. Therefore, it can capably handle high network load condition. The protocol continuously monitors the utilization capacity of each of the sensor node and allots the contention free period slots to the needy nodes based on their utilization capacity. Simulation analysis is done for three different scenarios. The performance of the proposed protocol is compared with the other existing protocols. Simulation results show the overall superiority of our proposed algorithm in terms of packet delivery and energy consumption.

Tackling control channel saturation for load balancing in multi-channel mobile ad hoc networks

Multiple wireless channels in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) promises to improve Quality of Service (QoS) and their well coordinated usage can result in significant operational improvements. Traditional methods implementing multi-channels in MANET uses control channel based approach for synchronization and coordination among multiple channels. Control channel is a separate and dedicated channel reserved for performing channel negotiations and other control operations. In multi-channel MANET, conventionally all mobile devices have to resort to the control channel for channel reservation during a well defined beacon interval. This approach requires tight synchronization and works well when magnitude of traffic and node density is moderate. With the rise in traffic and node density, the control channel becomes saturated and network operation is compromised. The paper proposes Parallel Rendezvous Multi-Channel MAC (PRMMAC) protocol based on the concept of multi-channel communications and results reflects that it resolves the basic saturation of the control channel and ensures a balanced load among multiple channels catering to data communication needs. Key findings of the proposed system has been observed in terms of throughput, frame delivery ratio and delay under varied networks and channel configurations and significant performance improvement in terms of throughout delay and Frame Delivery Ratio (FDR) has been observed in comparison to other protocols of its category.

On Assessing the Performance of IEEE 802.11ad Beamforming Training

In the race for Gigabit wireless links, IEEE introduced 802.11ad, an amendment aimed at delivering Gbps capacities in a WLAN setting by leveraging the 60 GHz band. The key innovation of the standard is its beamforming training protocol. Executed periodically at the beginning of every beacon interval, it enables the formation of directional links. To address contention during the uplink part of beamforming training, 802.11ad introduced A-BFT (Association BeamForming Training), an Aloha-inspired, two-level backoff race. While central to the functionality of 802.11ad networks, the performance of A-BFT, however, remains poorly understood. In this article, we propose an analytical finite-population model for evaluating the performance of IEEE 802.11ad A-BFT under two channel models: loss-free, and a channel introducing a constant bit error rate. After using an open-source simulator to demonstrate its accuracy, we use our model to assess the performance of A-BFT. We find that a counter-intuitive, quit-easily/be-lazy approach by the stations leads to the best overall beamforming training performance.

Fuzzy logic-based VANET routing method to increase the QoS by considering the dynamic nature of vehicles

Vehicular ad hoc network usually operates in various challenging situations like frequent topology changes, high vehicular mobility and the wide range of communication networks. Due to this it is very hard to maintain a higher data rate and also to achieve low latency during data communication. To overcome these problems, given the dynamic natures of all the vehicles in a given network in the proposed routing method, we have defined two fundamental parameters to determine the forwarding vehicle. The first parameter, which we developed, we call it “Channel quality factor (CQF)” or ‘Z’. The other parameter known as “Communication expiration time” or ‘T’ together with CQF is used in the present method to determine the forwarding vehicle. Fuzzy logic is also used to optimize various Quality of Service matrices. This proposed routing method involves two main parts; one is for forwarding Vehicle selection in the road based on the fuzzy logic. The second one is Road selection at the Road Junction to select the right path to reach the signal to the destination vehicle. The simulation results show that our proposed method performs well compare to other well-known protocols (MoZo, BRAVE, OFAODV) in terms of the average end to end delay, packet delivery ratio and control packet overhead, given any number of vehicles in a set of streets. While we are comparing with VEFR protocol, our proposed method shows higher performance in terms of average E2E delay and control packet overhead. However, it is interesting to see that VEFR gives $$\sim $$ 5% better result than our proposed method when the number of vehicles in the streets are lower. But in the limit, when the number of vehicles reaches close to $$\sim $$ 1900 the difference between the proposed method and method in VEFR goes to zero. At last we compare our proposed method with junction based two V2I protocols. In every cases, it shows better result even though we change the speed of the vehicles, beacon interval, channel data rate and transmission region.

An Experimental Study of IoT Networks Under Internal Routing Attack

Internet of Things (IoT) deployments mostly relies on the establishment of Low-Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) among a large number of constraint devices. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) provides an effective IPv6-based LLN routing protocol, namely the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Network (RPL). RPL provides adequate protection against external security attacks but stays vulnerable to internal routing attacks such as a rank attack. Malicious RPL nodes can carry out a rank attack in different forms and cause serious network performance degradation. An experimental study of the impact of the decreased rank attack on the overall network performance is presented in this paper. In also besides, it is important to understand the main influencing factors in this context. In this study, several some many network scenarios were considered with varying network sizes, attacker properties, and topological setups. The experimental results indicate a noticeable adverse effect of the rank attack on the average PDR, delay, ETX, and beacon interval. However, such impact was varied according to network size, attacker position, attacker neighbor count, number of attack-affected nodes, and overall hops increase. The results give a practical reference to the overall performance of RPL networks under rank attacks.

Specification parameters of WLAN performance with MatLab Simulink model of IEEE 802.11

Wireless networks have gained popularity that are providing users flexibility and mobility in accessing information. The IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) standard has become the dominant architecture in practice. In this paper IEEE 802.11 standard implemented in MATLAB Simulink, where Allowing to modify beacon frame parameters such as beacon interval, SSID, supported rates, etc. Also include or exclude the CF parameter set element from the generated beacon frame, DBPSK and DQPSK modulation techniques of BER performance included in this paper to illustrate the performance of the model in AWGN and Rayleigh channels.