BDI Scores Research Articles

Quality of Life and Emotional Health of Stroke Survivors and Caregiver After Stroke Camp (P11-5.031)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To assess the impact of stroke camp on stroke survivors and caregiver emotional health and quality of life. <h3>Background:</h3> Stroke survivors and caregivers, “stroke unit”, face untold hurdles. Physical disability can limit quality-of-life leading to depression. Following acute care and rehabilitative epoch, “stroke units” have little opportunity for shared experiences with other similar units. Stroke camps were developed to share solutions for problems encountered by “stroke units” and to develop support networks. Stroke camp’s effect on stroke survivors and caregiver is incomplete. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> Stroke survivors and their caregivers registered for stroke camp completed a Beck’s Depression Inventory within the month prior to and the month following camp. An SSQOL (stroke patients) or SF-36 questionnaire (caregivers) were also completed. “Stroke units” not participating in camp were used as controls. <h3>Results:</h3> 28 participants were enlisted; 7 stroke survivors attending camp along with their 7 caregivers and 7 “stroke units” declining camp. Completion rate was suboptimal especially in “stroke units” not attending. The camp did not have a statistically significant effect on BDI or QOL for survivors although higher QOL and lower BDI scores were seen. Caregivers’ emotional health fared best with reduction in BDI approaching significance (p= 0.07). Demographic analyses revealed that stroke survivors with higher education had a significantly higher quality of life than those with lower levels (p&lt; 0.05). Gender and race had no effect on outcomes. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Stroke units face multiple hurdles that can profoundly affect quality-of-life and emotional health. Stroke camps developed to improve these within “stroke units” insignificantly improved the emotional health and QOL of stroke survivors and even more so their caregivers. This pilot study’s design should be applied to a larger sample size powered to conclude with a high certainty whether stroke camps assist “stroke units” willing to participate with QOL and emotional well-being. <b>Disclosure:</b> Dr. Zaheer has nothing to disclose. Mr. Langston has nothing to disclose. Prof. Fowler has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hanna has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as an Editor, Associate Editor, or Editorial Advisory Board Member for MCG part of Hearst Health Network. Dr. Hanna has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as an Expert Witness for Attorney General State of Ohio.

Depression scores are associated with retinal ganglion cells loss

BackgroundLight is a known factor affecting mood and the circadian system. Light deficit is linked to deteriorated transduction of photic information to the brain, and reduced amplitude of the perceived circadian light signaling. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) loss due to advanced glaucoma can be a factor compromising light perception, with consequences for circadian rhythms, sleep and mood. This study aimed to estimate associations of RGCs loss with a depression score by multiple regression, accounting for other features of glaucoma. MethodsOne hundred and fifteen patients diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma completed the Beck Depression Inventory II questionnaire. The damage to their RGCs was assessed by high-definition optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT) and their function by pattern electroretinogram (PERG). On fifteen of these patients, 24-h salivary melatonin patterns were determined under light-controlled laboratory conditions, and analysis of eight clock related gene polymorphisms was performed. ResultsBackward stepwise multiple regression revealed that the BDI score was the strongest factor that was most closely associated with the HD-OCT-based percentage of global RGCs loss (standardized coefficient, b* = 0.784, p < 0.001), surpassing other related factors, including age, intraocular pressure, visual field loss, and PERG amplitude. A high BDI score was associated with the GNβ3 825C > T polymorphism (dbSNP rs5443). LimitationsThis study did not specifically address damage to intrinsically photoreceptive RGCs. The gene study is based on a limited number of volunteers. ConclusionsDepression scores are strongly associated with RGCs loss, increasing abruptly above a threshold of 15 %, supporting the hypothesis that RGCs loss in advanced glaucoma may affect non-visual photic transduction and lead to mood disturbances.

Sleep quality among psoriasis patients: excluding the immunosuppressive therapy effect

BackgroundPsoriasis is associated with several comorbidities and different psychological disorders including anxiety and depression. Psoriasis may also affect sleep quality and consequently the quality of life. The use of immunosuppressants used in the treatment of psoriasis were also reported to increase insomnia, so the purpose of the study is to assess the quality of sleep and degree of insomnia in patients with psoriasis not on any systemic or immunosuppressive therapy compared to controls and to examine the relation between sleep quality, insomnia with depressive, and anxiety symptoms. One hundred psoriasis cases, not receiving immunosuppressive therapy, and 80 apparently healthy subjects were recruited as controls. We assessed quality of sleep, insomnia and screened for anxiety and depressive symptoms among psoriasis patients and healthy controls; any patient on immunosuppressant therapy was excluded.ResultsQuality of sleep using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, insomnia using Insomnia Severity Index, depression using Beck Depression Inventory, and anxiety using Taylor Anxiety Manifest Scale were statistically significant higher among psoriasis patients than healthy controls all with p value p < 0.001. Depressive symptoms were significantly positively correlated with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) global score (p = 0.045) and subjective sleep quality subscale (p = 0.005). Also, BDI scores was significantly positively correlated with insomnia scores as measured by ISI (p = 0.026).Anxiety symptoms were significantly positively correlated with global score of PSQI (p = 0.004) and its subscale (subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep disturbance, use of medications and daytime dysfunction) and insomnia (p = 0.001).ConclusionsAbnormal sleep quality and insomnia were detected in patients with psoriasis not using any immunosuppressive or systemic therapy, and this could be due to the psoriasis disease itself or due to the associated anxiety and depression associated with psoriasis. Screening for psychiatric symptoms specially that of depression, anxiety, and sleep among patients with psoriasis is of utmost importance for better quality of life. Thus, collaboration between dermatologists and psychiatrists may show better life quality for these cases and better treatment outcomes.

Frequency of Depression and Anxiety in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Objectives: The objective of the current study was to determine the frequency of anxiety and depression among patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) at a tertiary care cardiac center in Pakistan. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care cardiac center in Pakistan from May to November 2019. We included patients of either gender, between 30 and 70 years of age, diagnosed with ACS, and presented within 72 hours of onset of symptoms. After the standard treatment of the condition, the Beck Depression Inventory Scale (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were used to assess post-AMI depression and anxiety. The BDI ≥17 was categorized as depression and BAI ≥11 was taken as anxiety. Results: In the selected sample of 122 patients, the mean age was 58.7 ± 10.2 years and 88 (72.1%) patients were male. Diabetes mellitus was detected in 76 (62.3%) patients and 64 (52.5%) patients were smokers. The mean BDI score was 28.6 ± 6.5 and mean BAI score was 19.5 ± 5.1. Anxiety and depression were observed in 36 (29.5%) and 51 (41.8%) patients, respectively. Conclusion: Depression and anxiety are a common remnants of ACS, hence, in our day to day clinical practice, appropriate consideration should be given to the psychological wellbeing of patients in addition to the management of ACS.

Early visual perceptual processing is altered in obsessive–compulsive disorder

ObjectiveExisting studies have shown changes in attention and emotion processing of disorder-relevant visual stimuli in those with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). However, early visual processing in OCD has not been assessed, as previous studies did not examine the entire time course of visual processing but instead assessed potential differences in pre-determined visual evoked potentials (VEPs). This study investigates the entire visual processing stream in OCD compared to healthy age-matched controls (HC) using emotionally-neutral visual stimuli and a data-driven rather than hypothesis-driven approach. Methods35 HC and 26 participants with OCD underwent EEG recording while completing a modified Eriksen flanker task. Permutation-controlled t-tests were used to identify group differences in the data’s full time course of visual evoked potentials. Baseline-corrected amplitudes at time points where the groups were significantly different were analyzed using ANCOVAs with BDI, BAI, and SNAP-inattentiveness scores included as covariates. ResultsThis analysis identified enhanced P1 amplitudes to two visual stimuli (the initial flanker and the stimulus), corresponding to time windows of 65–93 ms and 157–187 ms post-flanker presentation in the OCD group compared to controls. Group (OCD vs. HC) was the strongest predictor of VEP amplitude during both time windows, with no significant influences of any covariates. ConclusionsThis study showed an enhanced P1 component in people with OCD to neutral visual stimuli, potentially reflecting either inefficient or excessive early visual processing in this population. Additional inquiry is necessary to determine whether altered visual processing is associated with the sensory hypervigilance observed in those with OCD. SignificanceThis work identifies early visual processing alterations in OCD using neutral stimuli and a data-driven approach.

Patient-reported outcome measurements in a selective cohort of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients: relationships with physical disability, cognitive impairment, and MRI-derived metrics.

The added value of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in addition to standard clinical outcome tools in the assessment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients' status is increasingly recognized. PROMs facilitate the detection of hidden aspects of MS and help to integrate the patient's subjective experience of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) status and treatment satisfaction in a holistic way. However, the relationship between PROMs and clinical and cognitive status has been scarcely investigated up to now. To investigate the association of PROMs with physical and cognitive disability in a cohort of RRMS patients at initiation of a new disease-modifying treatment. In this cross-sectional bicenter study, 59 consecutive RRMS patients underwent neurological examination with EDSS assessment, comprehensive cognitive tests (BVMT-R, SDMT, CVLT-II) and a set of self-reported questionnaires. Lesion and brain volumes were analyzed and processed by the automated MSmetrix® software (Icometrix®, Leuven, Belgium). Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the association of collected variables. A cross-sectional logistic regression analysis was performed to find baseline correlates of cognitive impairment. Of the 59 RRMS patients (mean age 39 ± 9.8years, 79.7% female, median EDSS 2.0), 33 (56%) had cognitive impairment. While almost all dimensions of health, explored by PROMs, were impacted in the overall sample, no significant difference was observed in patients with and without cognitive impairment. All PROMs were significantly associated with EDSS (R = 0.37-0.55; p < 0.05), except for the psychological component of MSIS-29, BDI and DEX-Q scores. No significant correlation was found between PROMs and cognitive performances. The cross-sectional logistic regression analysis included age, gender (female), education, EDSS, hippocampus and FLAIR lesion volumes as significant predictors of cognitive impairment. The data highlight that PROMs provide valuable information on the well-being of PwMS closely paralleling the extent of MS-related disability, as measured by the EDSS. Additional research should determine the relevance of PROMs as longitudinal outcome measures.

The Relationship between Depressive Symptoms, Anxiety and Sociodemographic Characteristics in Individuals with Chronic Diseases

Purpose: This study aims to reveal the relationship between depressive symptoms, anxiety level and socio-demographic characteristics of individuals with chronic diseases.&#x0D; Methods: The study sample consisted of 149 individuals over the age of 18 who agreed to participate in the study and had a chronic disease. Each of the participants completed a questionnaire that revealed their socio-demographic characteristics, a Beck Depression Inventory and a Generalized Anxiety Inventory-7.&#x0D; Results: The participants’ mean BDI score was 14.56±10.08 and the average score of GAD-7 test was 7.40±5.57. 34% of the patients are at risk of moderate and 8.7% at risk of severe depression. 22.8% of individuals are under high and 11.4% under serious anxiety threat. Average total scores of depression and anxiety scales are significantly higher in those with lower incomes than normal or higher incomes and in singles when compared to married people. In addition, the GAD-7 test scale mean score of those who did not comply with the treatment was higher. In addition, a positive linear relationship was found between BDI and GAD-7.&#x0D; Conclusions: Depression and anxiety levels are significantly higher in patients with chronic disease. It is recommended that, individuals at risk among those with chronic diseases should be identified and supported psycho-socially.

Serum paraoxonase activities, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde levels are altered in patients with primary fibromyalgia syndrome.

Fibromyalgia patients who are exposed to extreme oxidative stress may face more severe clinical features or oxidative stress may be increased by the severity of the disease. The purpose of these investigation were to determine serum paraoxonase activities (PON-1) and nitric oxide (NO) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in fibromyalgia and whether there were any associations between these enzymes activities, MDA level, and clinical parameters. The study groups were consisted of 30 primer fibromyalgia patients and 30 healthy subjects. Clinical findings, pain severity, functional disability, general health status, anxiety, and depression assessed, and serum PON-1 activity, MDA, and NO levels were measured. The primer fibromyalgia group had significantly higher MDA, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and decreased PON-1 activity, NO, and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) with respect to controls. The paraoxonase activity was negatively correlated with MDA, LDL-C, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire score (FIQ score), tender point score, age, and BDI score, while positively correlated with NO and HDL-C. MDA level was positively correlated with VAS, FIQ score, tender point score, age, and negatively correlated with NO level. These results suggest that FMS patients have an alteration in levels of MDA, NO, and PON-1 activities. We think that impaired oxidant/antioxidant status may affect the symptoms of the disease. Also, they may be of importance in the complex physiopathologic mechanism behind the development of FMS.

The Impact of Vitamin D deficiency on Depression in Obese Adults.

There are studies showing associations between hypovitaminosis D and obesity, obesity and depression, and hypovitaminosis D and depression. This study aims to investigate the relationship between vitamin D levels and depression status of patients followed in an obesity center. This retrospective study included 107 obesity patients followed up and treated at an obesity center. Patients were divided into two groups as serum 25(OH)D level < 20 ng/mL (deficient) and ≥ 20 ng/mL (not deficient) and compared in terms of Beck Depression Inventory scores. Patients were also divided into two groups according to BDI scores < 17 and ≥ 17, and serum 25(OH)D levels were evaluated. Patients at higher risk for depression (BDI score ≥ 17) had statistically significantly higher weight (p = 0.003) and BMI (p < 0.001), but had significantly lower serum 25(OH)D levels (p < 0.001). The BDI scores were found to be moderately positively related with the BMI (r = 0.404, p < 0.001), weakly negatively related with vitamin D levels (r = -0.383, p < 0.001), weakly positively related with weight (r = 0.293, p = 0.002). The BDI score me-dians (12 and 8, respectively) were found to be statistically significantly higher in patients with serum 25(OH)D levels of < 20 ng/mL compared to those with ≥ 20 ng/mL (p < 0.001). The increased BMI and decreased serum 25(OH)D levels have been found to independently increase the risk of depression in multivariate logistic regression analysis. The ROC analysis performed to evaluate the discriminative performance of serum 25(OH)D levels in predicting the risk of depression. The analysis showed that the serum 25(OH)D parameter was likely to reveal patients who were at higher risk for depression. For the cutoff point of 25(OH)D ≤ 19.21 level determined by Youden index, the sensitivity was found as 92.86% and the selectivity as 68.82%. In our study, the BMIs were higher and serum 25(OH)D levels were lower in obese individuals at risk for depression. Understanding or explaining the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and depression will contribute to revealing the preventive or therapeutic role of vitamin D supplementation for depression.

Impact of the type of hematopoietic stem-cell transplant on quality of life and psychopathology

<p>Despite the decrease in transplant-related mortality, patients who receive hematopoietic stem-cell transplants often suffer from short-and long-term morbidities, poorer quality of life, and psychosocial functioning deficits. Several studies have compared the quality of life and affective symptoms of patients after undergoing autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplants. Some studies have reported similar or greater quality of life impairments in allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell recipients, but the findings have been inconsistent. Our purpose was to examine the influence of the type of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation on the quality of life and affective symptoms of patients.</p>. <p>The study sample comprised 121 patients with various hematological diseases who underwent hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation at St. Istv&aacute;n and St. L&aacute;szl&oacute; Hospitals, Budapest. The study had a cross-sectional design. Quality of life was evaluated using the Hungarian version of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy&ndash;Bone Marrow Transplant scale (FACT-BMT). Anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed using Spielberger&rsquo;s State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Beck Dep&shy;ression Inventory (BDI), respectively. Basic sociodemographic and clinical variables were also recorded. Comparisons between autologous and allogeneic recipients were analyzed using a t-test when the variables were normally distributed and a Mann&ndash;Whitney U test otherwise. A stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify the risk factors that contributed to the quality of life and the affective symptoms in each group.</p>. <p>Quality of life (p=0.83) and affective symptoms (pBDI=0.24; pSSTAI=0.63) were similar between the autologous and allogeneic transplant groups. The BDI scores of allogeneic transplant patients indicated mild depression, but their STAI scores were similar to those of the general population. Allogeneic transplant patients with symptoms of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) experienced more severe clinical conditions (p=0.01), poorer functional status (p&lt;0.01) and received more immunosuppressive treatment (p&lt;0.01) than those without graft versus host disease. Patients suffering from graft versus host disease experienced more severe depression (p=0.01), and constant anxiety (p=0.03) than those without graft versus host disease. Quality of life was affected by depressive and anxiety symptoms and psychiatric comorbidity in both the alloge&shy;neic and autologous groups.</p>. <p>Graft versus host disease-related severe somatic complaints seemed to influence the allogeneic transplant patients&rsquo; quality of life by inducing depressive and anxiety symptoms.</p>.

Single-dose psilocybin-assisted therapy in major depressive disorder: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised clinical trial

Psilocybin has been suggested as a novel, rapid-acting treatment for depression. Two consecutive doses have been shown to markedly decrease symptom severity in an open-label setting or when compared to a waiting list group. To date, to our knowledge, no other trial compared a single, moderate dose of psilocybin to a placebo condition. In this double-blind, randomised clinical trial, 52 participants diagnosed with major depressive disorder and no unstable somatic conditions were allocated to receive either a single, moderate dose (0.215mg/kg body weight) of psilocybin or placebo in conjunction with psychological support. MADRS and BDI scores were assessed to estimate depression severity, while changes from baseline to 14 days after the intervention were defined as primary endpoints. The trial took place between April 11th, 2019 and October 12th, 2021at the psychiatric university hospital in Zürich, Switzerland and was registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03715127). The psilocybin condition showed an absolute decrease in symptom severity of-13.0 points compared to baseline and were significantly larger than those in the placebo condition (95% CI-15.0 to-1.3; Cohens' d=0.97; P=0.0011; MADRS) and-13.2 points (95% CI;-13.4 to-1.3; Cohens' d=0.67; P=0.019; BDI) 14 days after the intervention. 14/26 (54%) participants met the MADRS remission criteria in the psilocybin condition. These results suggest that a single, moderate dose of psilocybin significantly reduces depressive symptoms compared to a placebo condition for at least two weeks. No serious adverse events were recorded. Larger, multi-centric trials with longer follow-up periods are needed to inform further optimisation of this novel treatment paradigm. The study was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation, Crowdfunding, the Swiss Neuromatrix Foundation, and the Heffter Research Institute.

Individual- and Connectivity-Based Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback to Modulate Emotion-Related Brain Responses in Patients with Depression: A Pilot Study.

Individual real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback (rtfMRI NF) might be a promising adjuvant in treating depressive symptoms. Further studies showed functional variations and connectivity-related changes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and the insular cortex. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate whether individualized connectivity-based rtfMRI NF training can improve symptoms in depressed patients as an adjunct to a psychotherapeutic programme. The novel strategy chosen for this was to increase connectivity between individualized regions of interest, namely the insula and the dlPFC. Sixteen patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD, ICD-10) and 19 matched healthy controls (HC) participated in a rtfMRI NF training consisting of two sessions with three runs each, within an interval of one week. RtfMRI NF was applied during a sequence of negative emotional pictures to modulate the connectivity between the dlPFC and the insula. The MDD REAL group was divided into a Responder and a Non-Responder group. Patients with an increased connectivity during the second NF session or during both the first and the second NF session were identified as "MDD REAL Responder" (N = 6). Patients that did not show any increase in connectivity and/or a decreased connectivity were identified as "MDD REAL Non-Responder" (N = 7). Before the rtfMRI sessions, patients with MDD showed higher neural activation levels in ventromedial PFC and the insula than HC; by contrast, HC revealed increased hemodynamic activity in visual processing areas (primary visual cortex and visual association cortex) compared to patients with MDD. The comparison of hemodynamic responses during the first compared to during the last NF session demonstrated significantly increased BOLD-activation in the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) in patients and HC, and additionally in the lateral OFC in patients with MDD. These findings were particularly due to the MDD Responder group, as the MDD Non-Responder group showed no increase in this region during the last NF run. There was a decrease of neural activation in emotional processing brain regions in both groups in the last NF run compared to the first: HC showed differences in the insula, parahippocampal gyrus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus. Patients with MDD demonstrated deceased responses in the parahippocampal gyrus. There was no significant reduction of BDI scores after NF training in patients. Increased neural activation in the insula and vmPFC in MDD suggests an increased emotional reaction in patients with MDD. The activation of the mOFC could be associated with improved control-strategies and association-learning processes. The increased lOFC activation could indicate a stronger sensitivity to failed NF attempts in MDD. A stronger involvement of visual processing areas in HC may indicate better adaptation to negative emotional stimuli after repeated presentation. Overall, the rtfMRI NF had an impact on neurobiological mechanisms, but not on psychometric measures in patients with MDD.

Ocular surface health affects the quality of life of the elderly

AbstractPurpose: To examine the association of ocular surface health with the quality of life (QoL) in a population‐based cohort of older people.Methods: This cross‐sectional study included 601 subjects born between years 1933–1956 and living in Savitaipale, Finland. Various ocular surface health parameters were evaluated, including Schirmer's I test, non‐invasive tear break‐up time (NIBUT), corneal and conjunctival staining, conjunctival redness, blepharitis, Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI). For QoL measurements 15D, Medical Outcomes Study 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey (MOS SF‐36), and Beck's Depression Inventory.(BDI‐II) were used. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the effects of ocular surface health on QoL.Results: OSDI scores affected majority of the MOS SF‐36 scales as well as 15D and BDI‐II scores (p &lt; 0.05). BDI score worsened with increasing corneal and conjunctival staining and MGD scores (p = 0.004, p = 0.001, and p = 0.03, respectively). Physical and emotional health‐associated role limitations increased with increased conjunctival redness (p = 0.007 and p = 0.005, respectively). In addition, emotional well‐being was affected by conjunctival redness, blepharitis, MGD, and NIBUT (p &lt; 0.05).Conclusions: The symptoms experienced by the participants affect various aspects of well‐being according to our results. Of the ocular surface signs, the ocular surface tissue defects appear to play more significant role in worsening of the general health‐related QoL, whereas the aqueous deficiencies alone do not. The health of ocular surface is an important factor of the QoL and merits to be taken account in clinical assessment of people and these symptoms should be treated accordingly.

Frequency of Depression in Pregnant Patients Presenting to Antenatal Clinic. A Cross-Sectional Study

Depression is one of the most common complications in pregnancy. Pregnancy, however, makes women more vulnerable to psychological and emotional issues like anxiety, depression, stress &amp; psychoses, which can have a negative impact on the mother and the foetus. Depression is one of the most common complications in pregnancy. Objective: To determine the frequency of depression in pregnant patients presenting to antenatal clinic in Jinnah Hospital, Lahore. Study Design: A Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore. Methodology: Total 250 females meeting the inclusion criteria were selected from the OPD. Then patients were assessed by using BDI scoring system by researcher herself. If BDI score was ≥11, then depression during pregnancy was labeled (as per operational definition). All this information was recorded through proforma (attached). Results: The mean age of the women was 32.37±8.10 years. There were 109(43.6%) women with less than equal to 20 weeks of gestational age and 141(56.4%) were having gestational age more than 20 weeks. The mean BDI score was 10.42±9.24. There were 45 (18%) women with depression and 205(82%) women were having no depression. Conclusion: In this study frequency of depression among pregnant women was 18%. However there was no significant association between depression and age, gestational age, parity, BMI and education status of women. Keywords: Depression, Pregnant women, Antenatal clinic.

Depression Among PLHIV On ART, Attending Drop-In Centre Run by Positive People Network: A Cross Sectional Study in Surat, India

Background: Mental Health Issues are not adequately addressed when it the comes to the burden of non-communicable disorders among PLHIV on ART. PLHIV often suffer from depression and anxiety during their quest to adjust to the diagnosis and face the difficulties of living with a chronic illness, of which permanent cure is yet to be discovered. Objective: To assess depression among HIV positive beneficiaries registered with Network of Surat People Living with HIV (NSP+) in Surat. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 30 PLHIV on ART from Network of Surat People Living with HIV (NSP+). Becks Depression Inventory was applied to assess depression. Results: The mean BDI score among male participants was 25.6 (± 11.39) and that of female participants was 23 (± 12), nine male participants were classified as having moderate depression, three as severe, and 2 as extreme depression. Among females four participants were found to having mild mood disturbance while four were classified as having moderate depression, whereas only one participant was classified as having extreme depression (score of 53). Pearson’s correlation between CD4 count and BDI score was found to be -0.35. Conclusion: Though majority of the participants are in WHO clinical stage 1, yet all the participants had borderline or extreme depression. Males had lower CD4 count, higher proportion of OI and higher mean score of BDI. Lower the CD4 count higher the severity of depression.

Beneficial effects of celery seed extract (Apium graveolens), as a supplement, on anxiety and depression in hypertensive patients: a randomized clinical trial.

Anxiety and depression are crucial public health issues, affecting the rising in hospitalizations and death. Anxiety and depression can worsen hypertension and vice versa. The current study has investigated the effects of celery seed extract, as a drug supplement, with the active ingredient of 3-n-butylphthalide, on mental problems primarily anxiety and secondary depression in hypertensive patients. The current study was a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, 4-week clinical trial with a 4-week washout period. Fifty hypertensive patients received 4 placebo or celery seed extract capsules (1.34g per day) for 4weeks as a supplement to their usual medication regimen. The blood pressure parameters were assessed using 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring device. Anxiety and depression and their wide range of symptoms were evaluated using Beck anxiety and depression inventories (BAI and BDI). In the celery treatment step, the mean reduction in BAI and BDI scores were 6.78 (P < 0.001) and 3.63 (P < 0.01), respectively. Some symptoms of anxiety including unable to relax, nervousness, numbness, dizziness, flushed face, sweating, and breathing difficulty were significantly improved by celery consumption (P < 0.001). Celery could decrease symptoms of depression such as sadness, crying, loss of energy, insomnia, irritability, fatigue, loss of interest in sex, and punishment feeling (P < 0.01). The mean reduction in blood pressure parameters was also significant during celery therapy (P < 0.001). The psychometric properties of anxiety and depression were investigated and the results were promising. The results indicated the anti-anxiety and anti-depressive properties of celery seed extract as a supplement in hypertensive patients. Registry name: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT), Registration number: IRCT20130418013058N8, Registration link: https://www.irct.ir/trial/30021 . The study was carried out between 2018-09-21 and 2020-07-20.

Prospective Longitudinal Analysis of Amygdala Volumes and Association with Mood and Memory Outcomes in Brain Tumor Patients

<h3>Purpose/Objective(s)</h3> The amygdala, a deep gray matter structure comprised of several nuclei with different functional connectivity, plays a key role in emotional processing and memory. We analyzed volume change of the amygdala and respective nuclei after brain RT using quantitative brain MRI, and association with mood and memory outcomes. <h3>Materials/Methods</h3> On a prospective trial, primary brain tumor patients (n=63) receiving fractionated RT underwent volumetric brain MRI and mood and memory testing (Beck Depression Inventory [BDI]; Beck Anxiety Inventory [BAI]; Brief Visuospatial Memory Test [BVMT] Total/Delayed Recall; Hopkins Verbal Learning Test [HVLT] Total/Delayed Recall) at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months post RT. Amygdala and 8 nuclei (lateral [L], basal [B], central [C], medial [M], cortical [CO], accessory basal [AB], corticoamygdaloid transition [CA], paralaminar [PL]) were autosegmented bilaterally with validated methods. Tumor/surgical cavity/edema were censored. Nuclei with "higher order" cortical connectivity (CA, B, AB) were grouped. Linear mixed effects models assessed longitudinal change in amygdala volumes and association with dose, controlling for time and subject-specific effects. Amygdala volume change from baseline to 3 and 6 months was dichotomized by the median (low vs high atrophy). Wilcoxon rank sum tests assessed association between volume change and cognitive scores. <h3>Results</h3> We found atrophy over time in combined (p=0.001), right (p=0.001), and left (p<0.05) amygdala. Atrophy was noted bilaterally in CA (left p=0.023, right p=0.003), B (left p=0.024, right p=0.006) and AB nuclei (left p=0.016, right p=0.005), which are higher order nuclei. Higher RT dose was associated with atrophy in combined (p=0.037), left (0.011) and right (0.002) amygdala volumes. Left higher order nuclei atrophy was inversely associated with change in BDI scores from baseline to 6 months (p=0.025). Similarly, right higher order nuclei atrophy was inversely associated with change in BDI scores from baseline to 3 months (p=0.04). BAI scores at 6 months were higher in the low atrophy group for combined amygdala volume (p=0.038). Right higher order nuclei volume change from baseline to 3 months was associated with BVMT total (p=0.009) and delayed (p=0.007) recall at 6 months, and change in BVMT total (p=0.041) from baseline to 6 months; higher scores were found in patients with less volume loss. There were no significant associations on HVLT. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The amygdala and its subregions exhibit dose-dependent volume loss after brain RT. Certain subregions, particularly higher order nuclei with more cortical connectivity, are more susceptible. Atrophy within higher order nuclei appears associated with depression and anxiety symptoms, and decline in visuospatial but not verbal memory. Future cognitive-sparing efforts should consider this amygdala subregion.

The relationship of diet quality and body composition with depression level in young women

The purpose of this study was to determine how effective diet quality and body composition are in determining depression level among university-age female students. The study was designed as a cross-sectional study and conducted on 105 university female students (mean±SD, 20.3±1.9 years old). Data were collected in face-to-face interviews using questionnaire. The statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 23.0. Univariate and multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the association between participants' BDI levels and diet quality and anthropometric measurements. It was determined that 46.7% had mild and 25.7% had moderate/severe depression symptoms (mean BDI score: 13.6±7.0). Depression scores of young women were positively affected by BMI, waist circumference, waist / height ratio, fat ratio values, and negatively affected by muscle mass (p&lt; .05). The depression scores of young women were positively affected by the NAR energy and NAR carbohydrate scores (p&lt; .05). The iron, calcium and omega 3 NAR scores of young women affected the depression score significantly and negatively (p&lt; .05). This study showed that diet quality was effective in keeping the body composition within the desired values, preventing depression and so enhancing the quality of life. Improving the diet quality is important for promoting the health status and life quality.

Prevalence of Depression in Vitiligo Patients-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: the incidence of depression in vitiligo patients ranges from 10% to over 60%, depending on the outcome measures, sample size and study population. The purpose is to estimate the prevalence of depression among vitiligo patients by conducting a systematic review and metanalysis of published studies. Methods: we conducted a literature search on Medline via PubMed, Scopus, web of science and Cochrane library. Results: 35 studies finally met our inclusion criteria. Our findings showed that the overall prevalence of depression among patients with vitiligo was 35 % (26%-45). Moreover, we observed a variation in the prevalence based on the used tool. For example, the GHQ revealed 30% (20%-39%) and the HDRS revealed 50% (44% - 57%). Our analysis demonstrated no significant differences between vitiligo and healthy cases in terms of HDRS and DBI. Moreover, there was no significant differences between vitiligo and psoriasis in terms of GHQ and BDI scores. Conclusion: in conclusion the current evidence suggests that patients with vitiligo have a high risk and prevalence of depression, different questionnaires have yielded variable prevalence due to the different domains and validation method.

Ghrelin and Obestatin in Adolescent Patients with Anorexia Nervosa: Is There an Association with Disordered Eating, Depression, and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms?

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder characterized by restrictive eating and significant weight loss. In the course of AN, changes are observed in appetite regulation, including orexigenic ghrelin and potentially anorexigenic obestatin. The study aimed to determine if any changes in serum ghrelin and obestatin levels during treatment of AN are observed, while investigating the correlations between these peptides and the severity of disturbed eating attitudes, depression, and anxiety. Thirty adolescent inpatients with AN (examined twice: before hospitalization treatment AN-BT and after treatment AN-AT) and thirty healthy age- and height-matched girls (CG) participated in the study. Anthropometric, serum ghrelin and obestatin concentrations and psychometric evaluations (Eating Attitudes Test 26 Item-EAT-26, Beck Depression Inventory-BDI, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-HDRS, and Yale Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale-Y-BOCS) were performed. The study revealed significantly higher ghrelin and obestatin levels in AN-BT than in AN-AT. A trend toward lower levels during treatment provided partial normalizations. Analyzing correlations in the AN-BT vs. CG group, correlations of peptides with EAT-26, BDI, and HDRS scores were detected. These results suggest a potential role for ghrelin and obestatin in the context of defense mechanisms regulating appetite and body weight in the course of AN and in terms of psychopathological changes co-occurring with this eating disorder.