Bacterial Cellulose Pellicles Research Articles

Dyeing of bacterial cellulose films using plant-based natural dyes

The aim of this work was to test the use of plant-based natural dyes on bacterial cellulose (BC) to add aesthetic value to dyed pellicles while maintaining the mechanical properties. Natural pigments from Clitoria ternatea L. and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis were tested. The commercial ARAQCEL RL 500 was also used for comparison purposes. The behavior of biocellulose regarding dye fixation, rehydration, tensile strength, and elasticity was evaluated in comparison to the dried biomaterial, showing that dyeing is a process that can be performed on hydrated BC. Dyeing the BC films through an innovative process maintained the crystallinity, thermal stability and mechanical strength of the BC and confirmed the compatibility of the membrane with the dyes tested, from the observed Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) morphology of nanofibers. Dyed biomaterial can be applied to various products, as confirmed by the results of the mechanical tests. As environmental awareness and public concern regarding pollution increase, the combination of natural dyes and BC pellicles can produce an attractive new material for the textile industry.

Crude glycerol as a cost-effective carbon source for the production of cellulose by K. saccharivorans

Abstract Bacterial cellulose (BC) has been gaining attention due to its widespread applications in various domains such as food, medical, paper industries etc. The culture medium required for the production of cellulose by bacteria generally needs a high amount of carbon and nitrogen source. Hence using a cost-effective carbon source could be a feasible option so as to reduce the production cost and make the process economical overall. Crude glycerol is a by-product generated in large quantities from the biodiesel industry worldwide every year. This form of glycerol also has very low commercial value due to the huge amount of impurities present in it, making the purification and disposal process expensive. Therefore in the current study, we attempted to replace the carbon source in the production medium using crude glycerol and produced bacterial cellulose using novel strain K.saccharivorans. The BC pellicle synthesized was further characterized by FTIR, SEM, XRD, and TGA which proved that crude glycerol could be a viable alternative over other expensive carbon sources for the synthesis of BC.

Preventing the collapse of 3D bacterial cellulose network via citric acid

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a three-dimensional interconnected network of biosynthesized nanofibers. Its rehydration potential would be reduced significantly after its first drying, as a result of entanglement and jamming of cellulose polymer chains. Consequently, its versatility would be also reduced to some limited applications in which repeated water absorbance potential is not of great importance. This study aims to prevent the drawback of carboxylic bridging/cross-linking between cellulose polymer chains. Ten-day-cultured BC pellicles were immersed in various citric acid solutions (as bridging agent) and cured at 160 °C for 5 min. The formation of bridges was confirmed using attenuated total reflection–fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscope images showed that there is a different porosity bridged/cross-linked BC specimens (XBC). According to Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, the surface area of XBC (20 w/v % with catalyst) got 87.5 times larger than that of the unbridged/pristine BC (PBC). X-ray diffraction patterns showed no change of crystallinity of XBC in comparison with PBS. The thickness and wettability of XBC samples were 137 and 3.27 times more than PBC samples orderly. Furthermore, the water swelling rate increased significantly for XBC in comparison with PBC. Meanwhile, treated samples had lower elongation and strength than normal BC. The conclusion is that XBC could conserve its repeated absorbency potential after the presented process.Graphical abstract

Struktur dan Sifat Mekanik Film Bacterial Cellulose dengan Disintegrasi Mekanis

Film structure was greatly affected to mechanical properties of Bacterial Cellulose (BC). An engineering effort on Bacterial Cellulose Fibers (BCF) structure was changing the size and distribution of BC fiber through mechanical disintegrator process using a High Speed Blender (HSB). This study aimed to show the effect of disintegrator to the structure and mechanical properties of BCF film. The method used in this study is a synthesis of BCF from fermentation from pineapple peel waste with incubation of Acetobacter xylinum ( A. xylinum ) for 14 days. BC pellicle was soaked by using 1% NaOH for 24 hours then distrusted using the HSB with code speed variation of L (18000 rpm), M (21000 rpm), and H (26000 rpm) for 5 min. Then film formed by a casting method and dried in the oven at a temperature of 60 °C for 8 hours. The study result showed that the morphology of BCF formed pores, the crystallinity decreased so the tensile strength was decreased by 94%. The results of this study are expected to provide engineering information on the BCF structure potentially for filters and for sensors. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um024v3i22018p055

Characteristics of Curcumin-Loaded Bacterial Cellulose Films and Anticancer Properties against Malignant Melanoma Skin Cancer Cells

Curcumin-loaded bacterial cellulose films were developed in this study. Curcumin was absorbed into never-dried bacterial cellulose pellicles by 24-h immersion in solutions of curcumin in the range of 0.2–1.0 mg /mL. The curcumin-loaded bacterial cellulose pellicles were then air-dried and characterized. The mechanical properties of curcumin-loaded bacterial cellulose films, particularly the stretching properties, appeared to be lower than those of bacterial cellulose film. This was especially evident when the loading concentration of curcumin was higher than 0.4 mg/mL. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated an interaction between bacterial cellulose microfibrils and curcumin. Controlled release of curcumin was achieved in buffer solutions containing Tween 80 and methanol additives, at pH 5.5 and 7.4. Curcumin-loaded bacterial cellulose films prepared with curcumin solutions at concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/mL displayed antifungal activities against Aspergillus niger. They also exhibited anticancer activity against A375 malignant melanoma cells. No significant cytotoxic effect was observed against normal dermal cells, specifically, human keratinocytes and human dermal fibroblasts.

Magnetic targeting of smooth muscle cells in vitro using a magnetic bacterial cellulose to improve cell retention in tissue-engineering vascular grafts

Tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVG) use biologically-active cells with or without supporting scaffolds to achieve tissue remodeling and regrowth of injured blood vessels. However, this process may take several weeks because the high hemodynamic shear stress at the damaged site causes cellular denudation and impairs tissue regrowth. We hypothesize that a material with magnetic properties can provide the force required to speed up re-endothelization at the vascular defect by facilitating high cell density coverage, especially during the first 24 h after implantation. To test our hypothesis, we designed a magnetic bacterial cellulose (MBC) to locally target cells in vitro under a pulsatile fluid flow (0.514 dynes cm−2). This strategy can potentially increase cell homing at TEVG, without the need of blood cessation. The MBC was synthesized by an in situ precipitation method of Fe3+ and Fe2+ iron salts into bacterial cellulose (BC) pellicles to form Fe3O4 nanoparticles along the BC’s fibrils, followed by the application of dextran coating to protect the embedded nanoparticles from oxidation. The iron salt concentration used in the synthesis of the MBC was tuned to balance the magnetic properties and cytocompatibility of the magnetic hydrogel. Our results showed a satisfactory MBC magnetization of up to 10 emu/g, which is above the value considered relevant for tissue engineering applications (0.05 emu/g). The MBC captured magnetically-functionalized cells under dynamic flow conditions in vitro. MBC magnetic properties and cytocompatibility indicated a dependence on the initial iron oxide nanoparticle concentration. Statement of SignificanceMagnetic hydrogels represent a new class of functional materials with great potential in TVEG because they offer a platform to (1) release drugs on demand, (2) speed up tissue regrowth, and (3) provide mechanical cues to cells by its deformability capabilities. Here, we showed that a magnetic hydrogel, the MBC, was able to capture and retain magnetically-functionalized smooth muscle cells under pulsatile flow conditions in vitro. A magnetic hydrogel with this feature can be used to obtain high-density cell coverage on sites that are aggressive for cell survival such as the luminal face of vascular grafts, whereas simultaneously can support the formation of a biologically-active cell layer that protects the material from restenosis and inflammation.

Enhancing bacterial cellulose production via adding mesoporous halloysite nanotubes in the culture medium

Although bacterial cellulose (BC) is a fascinating, highly pure cellulose material for various downstream applications, production has been challenged by its low productivity. This work reported a facile route to significantly enhance BC yield without compromising its structural advantages via adding mesoporous halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) in the culture medium at static cultivations. The BC productivity of Gluconacetobacter xylinus was increased from 2.2 to 5.9 g L−1 after 15 days of cultivation when 2 wt% of HNTs was added into the standard fructose medium. It appeared that the dual functionality of cell immobilization and oxygen release of the HNTs were responsible for enhancing the BC productivity. Moreover, the HNTs-resulted BC pellicle exhibited negligible content of HNTs contamination (∼2 wt%), higher degree of crystallinity (87.7%) and porosity (assessed by water holding capacity, 12.7 g g−1), and showed promising applications especially in the bio-adsorption field.

Dynamic mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose nanofibres

In this work, dynamic mechanical properties of the grown bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibers were investigated. BC pellicles were fabricated using bacterial fermentation (Gluconacetobacter xylinus). The morphology results confirmed that the dried BC at ambient conditions could be categorized as a xerogel. The thermal dynamic mechanical analysis results indicated that the bound water in bacterial cellulose structure had a very significant effect on thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of BC pellicles. The results of dehydration kinetics study showed that the main mechanism governing water loss of BC was Fickian diffusion. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the BC dried at 25 °C (ambient temperature) and 105 °C were estimated − 33 and − 18 °C, respectively. This discrepancy can be attributed to the plasticizing effect of the bound water of BC dried at ambient temperature. Furthermore, the results indicated that its modulus drop smaller than one order of magnitude can be attributed to its high crystalline nature. The storage modulus versus frequency increased due to the limitation of the relaxation process of the polymer chains. Moreover, the relaxation time distribution was achieved from the slope of the modulus master curve versus logarithmic frequency. As a result, BC exhibited a solid-like behavior.

Development and evaluation of chitosan based active nanocomposite films containing bacterial cellulose nanocrystals and silver nanoparticles

Bacterial cellulose pellicles synthesized by Gluconacetobacter xylinus in the molasses medium were acid hydrolyzed to obtain cellulose nanocrystals. The isolated bacterial cellulose nanocrystals (BCNC) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were used to prepare chitosan (Ch) based nanocomposite films. It was found that the incorporation of BCNC and AgNPs into chitosan films significantly influenced apparent color and transparency of the films. In addition, sensibility to water, water vapor permeability and mechanical properties were greatly improved after formation of nanocomposite. The formation of hydrogen bonds between chitosan and BCNC was detected by FTIR analysis. XRD studies confirmed the appearance of crystalline peaks in the nanocomposite films. The results of DSC showed significant effect of nanocrystals and nanoparticles on thermal stability. FE-SEM micrographs showed that BCNC and AgNPs which dispersed homogenously in chitosan matrix, had an average size of 20–30 and 35–50 nm, respectively. The Ch/AgNPs nanocomposite film exhibited strong antibacterial activity against food borne pathogens. Results of this study suggested that nanocomposite films containing BCNC and AgNPs can be used as an active food packaging material for increasing shelf life of packaged foods.

Modification of Bacterial Cellulose with Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Based on Fatty Acids and Amino Acids and the Effect on Antimicrobial Activity

In the present work, bacterial cellulose (BC) membranes have been modified with bioactive compounds based on long chain dimer of C18 linoleic acid, referred to as the dilinoleic acid (DLA) and tyrosine (Tyr), a natural amino acid capable of forming noncovalent cation-π interactions with positively charged ethylene diamine (EDA). This new compound, [EDA][DLA-Tyr], has been synthesized by simple coupling reaction, and its chemical structure was characterized by 1H NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activity of a new compound against S. aureus and S. epidermidis, two cocci associated with skin and wound infections, was assessed. The [EDA][DLA-Tyr] impregnated BC exhibited strong and long-term antimicrobial activity against both staphylococcal species. The results showed a 57-66% and 56-60% reduction in S. aureus and S. epidermidis viability, respectively, depending on [EDA][DLA-Tyr] concentration used. Importantly, [EDA][DLA-Tyr] molecules were released gradually from the BC pellicle, while a reference antibiotic, erythromycine (ER), did not show any antibacterial activity against S. aureus and S. epidermidis after 48 h of soaking in deionized water. Thus, a combination of [EDA][DLA-Tyr] and BC could be a promising new class of wound dressing displaying both biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity.

Physical structure variations of bacterial cellulose produced by different Komagataeibacter xylinus strains and carbon sources in static and agitated conditions

The morphology, crystallinity, crystallite size, and production yield of bacterial cellulose (BC) produced with six different carbon sources (glucose, fructose, lactose, maltitol, sucralose, and xylitol) in static and agitated fermentation conditions by five strains of Komagataeibacter xylinus (KX, TISTR 086, 428, 975, and 1011) which are locally available, were studied. In static condition, the BC pellicle was formed as a membrane sheet at the medium surface exposed to air, while in agitated condition, the spherical or asterisk-like shape BC particles were obtained in the culture media. The XRD and FT-IR analyses found no significant differences in the cellulose crystallinity, crystallite size or polymorphic distribution within the carbon sources. However, changes in crystallinity and mass fraction of the Iα allomorph were observed in BC produced from the different bacterial strains and incubation conditions. The BC samples produced by the same bacterial strain with the varying culture conditions showed the alteration of physical properties more clearly than the BC samples prepared by the opposite situation. These findings suggested that the strains of bacteria and fermentation conditions strongly affected on the physical structures of BC.

TEMPO-Oxidized Bacterial Cellulose Pellicle with Silver Nanoparticles for Wound Dressing.

Biocompatible bacterial cellulose pellicle (BCP) is a candidate for biomedical material such as wound dressing. However, due to lack of antibacterial activity, to grant BCP with the property is crucial for its biomedical application. In the present study, BCP was modified by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation using TEMPO/NaClO/NaBr system at pH 10 to form TEMPO-oxidized BCP (TOBCP) with anionic C6 carboxylate groups. The TOBCP was subsequently ion-exchanged in AgNO3 solution and silver nanoparticles (AgNP) with diameter of ∼16.5 nm were in situ synthesized on TOBC nanofiber surfaces by thermal reduction without using a reducing agent. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis were carried out to confirm morphology and structure of the pellicles with AgNP. The AgNP continuously released Ag+ with a rate of 12.2%/day at 37 °C in 3 days. The TOBCP/AgNP exhibited high biocompatibility according to the result of in vitro cytotoxicity test (cell viability >95% after 48 h of incubation) and showed significant antibacterial activities of 100% and 99.2% against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Hence, the highly biocompatible and highly antibacterial TOBCP/AgNP prepared in the present study is a promising candidate for wound dressing.

Production of bacterial cellulose fibers in the presence of effective microorganism

ABSTRACTIn this study, effective microorganism (EM) was added into fermentation medium in static culture to enhance bacterial cellulose (BC) production by Acetobacter xylinum 23769 strain. According to SEM micrographs, BC pellicles from BC-Baikal EM1 show a smaller diameter and a relatively narrow diameter distribution compared to BC pellicles from Hestrin–Schramm (HS) medium. The BC-HS absorbed 90.5 times its dry weight of water. The water holding capacity increased to 132.5 for BC-Baikal EM1 medium compared to BC-HS. From the FT-IR spectra, BC samples exhibited a similar pattern. The crystalline indices of Baikal EM1-altered BC (66%) were lower than Baikal EM1-free BC (71%).

Surface modification of bacterial cellulose aerogels by ARGET ATRP.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) aerogels have received more and more attention due to their renewability, biodegradability and other excellent properties in recent years. Modification of BC aerogels using different methods would expand their applications. However, many problems exist for these modifications, such as a low grafting ratio, the larger dosage of metal catalyst required and so on. Activator regeneration by electron transfer (ARGET) for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is a novel ATRP method which could significantly reduce the amount of metal catalyst required and achieve a high grafting ratio. Novel nanostructured BC aerogels containing epoxy groups were prepared by the ARGET ATRP method. BC aerogels were functionalized with initiating sites by reaction with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide (BiBBr), and followed by ARGET ATRP reaction with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) which was catalyzed by copper(II) bromide (CuBr2) and N,N,N',N,'N"-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA), and then reduced by vitamin C. BC aerogels containing epoxy groups (BC-g-PGMA) were obtained after freeze-drying. The influence factors of the solvent ratio of N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF)/toluene, monomer concentration, the concentration of CuBr2, the molar ratio of vitamin C (Vc)/CuBr2,reaction temperature and time on the grafting ratio were investigated. The results showed that the optimal DMF and toluene volume ratio was 2:1, the optimal monomer and CuBr2 concentration were 2 mol/l and 1.5 mmol/l. The optimal molar ratio of PMDETA/CuBr2 and Vc/CuBr2 were 4:1 and 1:1. The optimal reaction temperature and time were 60°C and 9 h. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that GMA was strongly adhered onto the surface and inside of the BC pellicle. GMA was self-grown on the BC surface and achieved the high grafting ratio of 1052.7% under optimal conditions. The BC-g-PGMA aerogels containing the epoxy groups will provide wider application prospects in drug release, enzyme fixed, functional materials and other fields.

Flexible Metal–Organic Framework-Bacterial Cellulose Nanocomposite for Iodine Capture

A flexible nanocomposite pellicle consisting of bacterial cellulose (BC) and zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanoparticles was prepared by sequentially soaking the BC pellicle in zinc ion and 2-methylimidazole (2-MI) solutions. The quality and quantity of ZIF-8 in situ crystallized in the pellicle was significantly improved when polydopamine, oxidatively self-polymerized dopamine, coating was applied prior on the surface of BC nanofibers. The polydopamine coating not only insulates the cellulose structure from competitive complex interaction with zinc ions employed for ZIF-8 formation but also can provide a photothermal feature to the ZIF-BC composite. ZIF-8 was well embedded inside the BC pellicle with a uniform shape and size of about 127 nm. Approximately, 70% (w/w) of the as-prepared nanocomposite (BC@Dopa-ZIF) is ZIF-8, which demonstrated a high iodine uptake capacity from vapor (1.87 ± 0.18 g I2/g) and aqueous I2/KI solution (1.31 ± 0.02 g I2/g). The iodine captured by BC@Dopa-ZIF could be ...

Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals (BCNC) Preparation and Characterization from Three Bacterial Cellulose Sources and Development of Functionalized BCNCs as Nucleic Acid Delivery Systems

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an excellent renewable resource of high-purity cellulose that can be used as original fiber forms or isolated nanocrystalline forms, known as bacterial cellulose nanocrystals (BCNCs), which have gained more attention in the development of highly biocompatible biomaterials. In this work, BCNC production was studied with regard to the influences of the varying BC sources (BC pellicles produced by three different BC-producing bacterial strains of Komagataeibacter xylinus) and acid hydrolysis conditions (hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and a mixture of both acids) on the production yield, morphology, and physicochemical properties of the resulting BCNC. BCNC production with these variable factors provided the distinctive characteristics of rodlike nanocrystals, which can be useful for various applications. For demonstration of the biomedical application as nucleic acid delivery systems, cationic BCNCs were developed by simple cationic surface modification by the physical adsorpti...

Production of Bacterial Cellulose by Gluconacetobacter hansenii Using Corn Steep Liquor As Nutrient Sources.

Cellulose is mainly produced by plants, although many bacteria, especially those belonging to the genus Gluconacetobacter, produce a very peculiar form of cellulose with mechanical and structural properties that can be exploited in numerous applications. However, the production cost of bacterial cellulose (BC) is very high to the use of expensive culture media, poor yields, downstream processing, and operating costs. Thus, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the use of industrial residues as nutrients for the production of BC by Gluconacetobacter hansenii UCP1619. BC pellicles were synthesized using the Hestrin–Schramm (HS) medium and alternative media formulated with different carbon (sugarcane molasses and acetylated glucose) and nitrogen sources [yeast extract, peptone, and corn steep liquor (CSL)]. A jeans laundry was also tested. None of the tested sources (beside CSL) worked as carbon and nutrient substitute. The alternative medium formulated with 1.5% glucose and 2.5% CSL led to the highest yield in terms of dry and hydrated mass. The BC mass produced in the alternative culture medium corresponded to 73% of that achieved with the HS culture medium. The BC pellicles demonstrated a high concentration of microfibrils and nanofibrils forming a homogenous, compact, and three-dimensional structure. The biopolymer produced in the alternative medium had greater thermal stability, as degradation began at 240°C, while degradation of the biopolymer produced in the HS medium began at 195°C. Both biopolymers exhibited high crystallinity. The mechanical tensile test revealed the maximum breaking strength and the elongation of the break of hydrated and dry pellicles. The dry BC film supported up to 48 MPa of the breaking strength and exhibited greater than 96.98% stiffness in comparison with the hydrated film. The dry film supported up to 48 MPa of the breaking strength and exhibited greater than 96.98% stiffness in comparison with the hydrated film. The values obtained for the Young’s modulus in the mechanical tests in the hydrated samples indicated low values for the variable rigidity. The presence of water in the interior and between the nanofibers of the hydrated BC only favored the results for the elasticity, which was 56.37% higher when compared to the dry biomaterial.

Surface properties, thermal, and mechanical characteristics of poly(vinyl alcohol)–starch‐bacterial cellulose composite films

ABSTRACTNanocomposite films for food packaging applications were developed using bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibers in different amount in a poly(vinyl alcohol)/starch (PVA/St) matrix. In search of a better method to reduce the harmful ingredients in food packaging, the cellulose nanofibers were obtained by the mechanical defibrillation of BC pellicles thus avoiding the addition of chemicals in the final packaging material. Improved mechanical performances were obtained starting from just 1% BC nanofibers in PVA/St. Atomic force microscopy images showed a uniform dispersion of BC nanofibers on the surface of nanocomposites. A twofold increase of both tensile strength and modulus was obtained for 2 wt % BC in the composite. BC nanofibers have greatly improved the barrier properties of PVA/St matrix, a twofold increase of water vapor permeability being obtained for only 2 wt % BC nanofibers in the composite film. PVA/St/2BC was proposed as a high potential material for food packaging applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45800.

Synthesis of Highly Porous Metal‐Free Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts in a Self‐Sacrificial Bacterial Cellulose Microreactor

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is often used as a carbon source for in situ carbonization into carbon nanofibers (CNFs). The main challenge for such CNFs lies in the low yield and very low apparent density of the product, which hamper their applications as electrode materials in batteries and fuel cells. Herein, BC pellicles (8 wt%) are simultaneously employed as a substrate and a sacrificial microreactor, thus allowing the carbonization in its unique porous network. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid serves as a carbon source and a nitrogen source, while cobalt plays the role of a recyclable pore‐creating template to create a 3D nitrogen‐doped graphite carbon with hierarchically porous structure (HPGC). The resultant HPGC exhibits a large specific surface area, high porosity, and large amount of structural defects, which translate into very high oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and stability. The synthesis route, the catalyst structure, and the proposed mechanism open novel avenue and insights to develop next‐generation metal‐free ORR catalysts.

Nanocelluloses obtained by ammonium persulfate (APS) oxidation of bleached kraft pulp (BKP) and bacterial cellulose (BC) and their application in biocomposite films together with chitosan

Abstract Bleached birch kraft pulp (BKP, Södra Cell AB, Sweden) and unmodified bacterial cellulose (BC) pellicles, biosynthesized by the bacterium Komagataeibacter rhaeticus, were converted to cellulose nanofibers via ammonium persulfate (APS) oxidation. Fiber dimensions were investigated in an atomic force microscope, and the crystallite size was calculated by Rietveld analysis. Saos-2 osteosarcoma cell line served to assess the in vitro cytocompatibility of the biocomposite films. Results showed that individual cellulose nanofibers with an average width of 80±15 nm and a length between 600 and 1200 nm are formed by APS oxidation. The obtained BC nanofibers can be promising constituents in nanocellulose films and in chitosan-matrix films with improved physical-mechanical and biological properties. Good cellular biocompatibility was found for chitosan/oxidized cellulose films; the viability of Saos-2 osteosarcoma cells was higher on chitosan/oxidized BC films compared to chitosan/oxidized BKP films.