Bay Nature Reserve Research Articles

Phytophthora cinnamomi: extent and impact in Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve, Western Australia (1983–2024)

Context Phytophthora cinnamomi has been present in Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve in Western Australia for decades, with impacts observed in susceptible plant communities. Aims This study aimed to examine the past and present impact of P. cinnamomi on ecosystems. Methods The distribution of P. cinnamomi was mapped 1983–1995 and reassessed in 2024. The long-term spread of the pathogen was measured. Plant densities were assessed, dry-weight biomass measured, and visits by avifauna quantified in infested and healthy vegetation. The persistence of chlamydospores was assessed. Key results Mapping confirmed the widespread distribution of P. cinnamomi in the Reserve, with some areas mapped as disease-free up to 1995 now infested. Phytophthora dieback has spread in Banksia shrubland at an average of 1.5 m/year over a 33-year period. The density of species from the Proteaceae, Fabaceae, Ericaceae, and Hibbertia was significantly reduced; and the biomass of non-sedge species and visits by avifauna lower in infested compared with healthy Banksia shrubland. However, pockets of healthy habitat persist in infested areas and two highly susceptible Ericaceae (Leucopogon glabellus, Styphelia flavescens) were observed in high numbers in infested vegetation. Recovery of chlamydospores confirmed the persistence of the pathogen behind the dieback front. Conclusions The impact of P. cinnamomi is long term and irreversible, however, some susceptible species may have mechanisms to ensure their persistence through prolific seed production. Implications Protection of areas of healthy susceptible habitat from the introduction and spread of P. cinnamomi, the implementation of existing control measures and research into alternative measures continue to be a priority.

A new vegetation classification for Western Australia’s Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve and its significance for fire management

A new vegetation classification for Western Australia’s Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve and its significance for fire management

Plant diversity on the edge: floristics, phytogeography, fire responses, and plant conservation of Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve in the context of OCBIL theory

Context There have been few long-term studies of the flora, phenology, and ecology of specific reserves in the species-rich flora of the Southwest Australian Floristic Region. Aims This project, extending over five decades, aimed to develop an authoritative flora list and acquire data on phenology, threatened species, endemism, old and young landscapes, phytogeography, old lineages, and fire responses at Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve. Methods The study used botanical collection on repeat surveys, herbarium studies, granite outcrop surveys and comparative phytogeographic analyses from maps on the Western Australian Herbarium’s Florabase. Key results Floristic survey recovered 853 taxa, 26% of those known in the Albany local government area. Possibly as many as 950–1000 taxa will be found in the future. The herbarium collections are the second largest of any conservation reserve in the Albany area. Flowering was most evident in spring and least in autumn. Three declared rare species and 20 conservation priority species were identified, as were short-range endemics, old clades, and natural hybrids. Conclusions The flora is dominated by species predominantly from wetter forest regions. Consequently, Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve is correctly placed within the Bibbulmun Botanical Province. Several hypotheses of OCBIL theory (which addresses old, climatically-buffered, infertile landscapes) were supported, with increased local endemism, ancient clades, and reduced rates of natural hybridisation identified for the granite inselberg OCBIL Maardjitup Gurlin/Mt Gardner. Implications Long term studies are invaluable for plant inventory. Continuing the minimal use of prescribed burning is advocated from plant data, in support of approaches to help conserve threatened animals.

Introduction to the special issue of The Natural History of Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve, Western Australia

Context This paper introduces the special issue of Pacific Conservation Biology devoted to the natural history of Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve on the south coast of Western Australia. Methods This paper provides the background to the special issue. Key results Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve was gazetted in 1967 for the conservation of the native biota, including two species; the Djimaalap/noisy scrub-bird (Atrichornis clamosus) and Ngilgaitch/Gilbert’s potoroo (Potorous gilbertii), both believed extinct for over 100 years before being rediscovered on the Reserve. The Reserve is 4774.7 ha in area, with wetlands, heathlands, granite outcrops, sand dunes, beaches, cliffs, and islands. Since it was established, mean annual rainfall has decreased by 16.8%, mean annual maximum temperature has increased by 0.2°C, and mean annual minimum temperature has increased by 0.7°C. Conclusions The paper poses the question: what do the changes of drier winters, hotter summers, and more extreme weather events mean for managers of conservation areas such as Two Peoples Bay? Implications Changing climate will pose problems for the managers of Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve in ensuring the conservation of the Djimaalap/noisy scrub-bird and Ngilgaitch/Gilbert’s potoroo.

A Merningar Bardok family’s Noongar oral history of Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve and surrounds

Warning Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander readers should be aware that this document may contain sensitive information, images or names of people who have since passed away. Context Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve on Western Australia’s south coast is world renowned for its biodiversity, particularly its threatened fauna. Future co-management of the Reserve with Aboriginal peoples is likely, although very little information on the Noongar cultural heritage of the Reserve has been published and thus available for stewardship guidance. Methods This study used oral history interviews on Country based on open-ended questioning and respect for intellectual property. Comprehensive surveys for Noongar cultural heritage were conducted on foot on the Reserve. Key results A rich trove of women’s and men’s stories from the Knapp family about Two Peoples Bay is recalled and recorded. The Reserve features prominently in Wiernyert/Dreaming stories with classical human moral dilemmas, and transformations for wrong-doing are featured. Threatened animals and important plants are named as borongur/totems. Trading of gidj/spears of Taxandria juniperina is prominent. Use of fire traditionally was circumspect, and is confined to small areas and pathways in lowlands. Granite rocks are replete with lizard traps, standing stones, and stone arrangements. Conclusions The Reserve has a long and layered oral history for Merningar Bardok Noongars, exemplified here by the Knapp family, members of which have enjoyed continuous oral history for countless generations. Granite rocks, wetlands, flora, and fauna are vitally important vessels of such knowledge. Implications Cultural suppression has inhibited free cross-cultural exchange of kaatidjin/knowledge until recently. As respect for culture and Elders becomes paramount, positive co-stewardship of the Reserve will become a reality. Vibrant cultural interpretation and active management by Noongar guides and rangers is recommended.

Bryophytes of Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve, Western Australia

Context Although the vascular flora of Western Australia is renowned for high species diversity and endemism, very little is known about the state’s moss and liverwort flora. Aims In 1984 we conducted surveys of bryophytes in Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve. Methods We searched comprehensively for bryophytes at seven major habitats on the Reserve, collecting voucher specimens subsequently identified with modern literature and with the help of Australian bryophyte experts. We updated the text to reflect modern taxonomy and considering modern literature on phytogeography and hypotheses associated with OCBIL (Old, Climatically Buffered, Infertile Landscapes) theory. Key results A total of 38 species of mosses representing 25 genera from 13 families were identified along with 10 species of liverworts representing nine genera and six families. Two moss species (Distichium inclinatum and Tortella dakinii) were previously unknown from Western Australia. Another represented a new species (Pleurophascum occidentale) in a heretofore monotypic genus, family, and order. The Pottiaceae, with 11 species, was the most diverse family of mosses. The Lepidoziaceae, with three species, was the most diverse family of liverworts. Conclusions Lower levels of endemism in bryophytes versus vascular plants may reflect the bryophytes’ capacity for wide and long-distance dispersal of spores and fragments. Bryophyte diversity and endemism may be less than on extensive OCBILs because much of the Reserve emerged from the ocean as recently as the mid-Pleistocene. Implications This, the first listing published of bryophytes on a Reserve in WA, indicates the potential rewards for further survey of mosses and liverworts.

History and establishment of Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve

Context This paper sets out the events leading to the establishment of Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve. Methods This paper is based on research into literature relating to the Albany region, government files and oral accounts relating to the area. Key results Long known to the Noongar peoples, Two Peoples Bay was first mapped by Europeans in 1791 by Captain George Vancouver. The area was rapidly established as a base for the over-exploitation of natural resources. As the region became more developed and human population increased, recreational pressure on the area was such that the Western Australian Government surveyed Two Peoples Bay to establish a townsite. Just before the final surveys for the townsite were completed, the supposedly-extinct noisy scrub-bird (Atrichornis clamosus), was rediscovered there. National and international pressure on the WA Government from the conservation movement resulted in the reversal of the decision to develop a town in the area and led to the establishment of Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve in 1967. Conclusions The establishment of Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve in the face of pressure for the development of a town on the bay, provides an interesting example of the needs of nature conservation over-riding real estate development. Implications Although nature conservation values rarely stop real estate development, the Two Peoples Bay example demonstrates that nature conservation may prevail over real estate development, in this case involving the rediscovery of a species believed extinct.

Assessment of the estuarine shoreline microplastics and mesoplastics of the River Itchen, Southampton (UK) for contaminants and for their interaction with invertebrate fauna

The presence of shoreline microplastics (1–5 mm) and mesoplastics (5–25 mm) in estuarine ecosystems is ubiquitous, but there remains little data on their composition, contamination status and ecological impacts. Chessel Bay Nature Reserve, situated in the internationally protected Itchen Estuary in Southampton, UK, has serious issues with shoreline plastic accumulation. In evaluating potentially adverse ecological impacts, the influence of quantities of shoreline microplastic (mp) and mesoplastic (MeP) material and adsorbed contaminants (PAHs and trace metals) on the biometrics and population dynamics of the burrowing supralittoral amphipod, Orchestia gammarellus, was assessed in this study. mp/MeP concentrations were variable in surface (0–42%: 0–422,640 mg/kg dry sediment) and subsurface horizons (0.001–10%: 11—97,797 mg/kg dry sediment). Secondary microplastics accounted for 77% of the total microplastic load (dominated by fragments and foams), but also comprised 23% nurdles/pellets (primary microplastics). Sorption mechanisms between contaminants and natural sediments were proposed to be the main contributor to the retention of PAHs and trace metal contaminants and less so, by mp/MeP. O. gammarellus populations showed a positive correlation with microplastic concentrations (Spearman correlation, R = 0.665, p = 0.036). Some reported toxicological thresholds were exceeded in sediments, but no impacts related to chemical contaminant concentrations were demonstrated. This study highlights a protected site with the severe plastic contamination, and the difficulty in demonstrating in situ ecotoxicological impacts.

Characterization of novel estuarine Ascomycota based on taxonomic and phylogenetic evaluation

Abstract This study introduces two new marine microfungal species, Paraloratospora marina (Phaeosphaeriaceae) and Tremateia phragmitis (Didymosphaeriaceae) based on morphological comparisons and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses. They were collected on decaying woody stems of Phragmites australis at Cardiff Bay Nature Reserve in Wales, United Kingdom. Paraloratospora marina sp. nov. is characterized by immersed, globose to subglobose ascomata with a papillate and periphysate ostiole, cylindrical to subcylindrical, thick-walled, sessile to subsessile asci, fusiform, hyaline to pale brown, 3-septate, guttulate ascospores. Tremateia phragmitis sp. nov. is characterized by semi-immersed to immersed, globose ascomata with a protruding periphysate ostiole, clavate, pedicellate, asci and ascospores that are ellipsoidal to broadly fusiform, 4–6 transversely septate, with 1–2 vertical septa, muriform, golden brown to pale brown ascospores. Dichotomopilus funicola and Pseudofusicoccum ardesiacum are recorded for the first time from marine habitats. Furthermore, based on morphological characteristics and multigene phylogenetic analyses, Phaeosphaeria spartinae was transferred to Septoriella.

Persepsi dan Partisipasi Masyarakat Lokal terhadap Pemanfaatan dan Pengelolaan Kawasan-kawasan Cagar Alam Kabupaten Teluk Bintuni

This study aims to determine the level of perception and participation of the community around the Bintuni Bay Nature Reserve area and to provide recommendations with active community involvement. This study was conducted in Korano Jaya SP2 and Banjar Asoy SP4 Villages, Manimeri District, Teluk Bintuni Regency. In this study, based on the excessive use of nature reserves, it requires the views of the community around the nature reserve area, the approach used to obtain information by means of interviews or Forum Group Discussion and analyzed using a Likert scale. The results of this study indicate that community participation in order to be involved in the management of the nature reserve area is very high, the lack of public knowledge of the nature reserve area makes people often use the area as a place to catch crabs, shellfish (The Locals called as Bia) and fish for sale, sometimes for consumption As a recommendation from the results of this study is to provide an understanding for the community about the preservation of nature reserves and formulate several strategies that can be used as a support for the community's economy and community involvement in the nature reserve area.

Persepsi dan Partisipasi Masyarakat Adat atas Penetapan Kawasan Cagar Alam Teluk Bintuni di Distrik Wamesa Kabupaten Teluk Bintuni

The indigenous peoples who live and live in the Bintuni Bay Nature Reserve Area in Wamesa District, consist of three villages, namely Mamuranu, Anak Kasih and Wasari. The economic activities carried out by indigenous peoples in the Bintuni Bay Nature Reserve conservation area are very high. This is related to the type of work or livelihood that the community is engaged in, namely fishermen (fish, shrimp and crab) at 43.75% and farming or gardening at 37.5%. Meanwhile, the public perception of the determination of the Bintuni Bay nature reserve area is quite varied. For example, the perception regarding the desire for community involvement in forest conservation in the Bintuni Bay nature reserve is very high (83.75%). Meanwhile, the perception of socialization or counseling from the Forestry Service / Agencies related to the management of the Bintuni Bay Nature Reserve is low (26.25%). Regarding the management of the Bintuni Bay nature reserve area, in general the community hopes to be actively involved in activities related to the Bintuni Bay Nature Reserve Area. In addition, the community wants to be allowed to carry out economic activities in the area, such as labor, gardening, fishing and others. Meanwhile, for the Government, the community hopes that there will be efforts to improve the community's economy and increase infrastructure and other public facilities, but while maintaining environmental sustainability forest in the Bintuni Bay nature reserve area.

JENIS-JENIS CAPUNG DI CAGAR ALAM TELUK KLOWE KECAMATAN ENGGANO KABUPATEN BENGKULU UTARA, PROVINSI BENGKULU

The purpose of this study is to find out the types of dragonflies (Odonata) found in the Klowe Bay Nature Reserve, Enggano sub-district, North Bengkulu Regency, Bengkulu Province. The study was conducted in the Klowe Bay Nature Reserve, Enggano sub-district, North Bengkulu Regency, Bengkulu Province in January 2018, which was identified in the Animal Physiology laboratory, Basic Science Biology, University of Bengkulu. by means of purposive sampling by surveying locations in accordance with dragonfly living conditions such as the presence of water and the presence of plants that are habitat for small insects that are food for dragonflies so that 2 points are determined. Dragonflies collected by exploring by swinging the net towards the dragonfly. The sample obtained is put into a killing bottle contains cotton in which the cotton has been given chloroform. The results obtained are 4 types of dragonflies with 15 individuals included in the Anisoptera sub-order. The types obtained include the Libellulidae Family, namely Orthetrum sabina, Pantala flavescens, Crocothemis Servilia, and Orthetrum glaucum.

MODEL PENGELOLAAN CAGAR ALAM TELUK ADANG DALAM UPAYA KONSERVASI SUMBERDAYA LINGKUNGAN DI KABUPATEN PASER KALIMANTAN TIMUR

This study aims to analyze Resources potentials (R), Organizations (O) and Norm (N) conservation center of Adang Bay nature reserve and village conservations area and formulate management model of Adang Bay nature reserve in the effort of conservation of environmental resources in Paser Regency of East Kalimantan. The research was conducted in eight villages with in Adang Bay reserve area (Padang Pangrapat village, Pondong Baru village, Pasir Mayang village, Muara Adang village, Air Mati village, Teluk Waru village, Muara Telake village, and Petiku village) the study was conducted in May to September 2016. The analysis used was qualitative descriptive with data collection methods by triangulation in – depth interview, observation, and FGD, researchers information were selected by the purposive method. The result of this research is to know the potential of resources contained in Adang Bay Nature reserve area of 18.956 Ha of mangrove area, community resources that live in the area as many as 14.767 people and Adang bay areas are very suitable for aquaculture of fish pond and shrimp, and the high spirit of community mutual corporation in eight conservation village, the Adang Bay Nature Reserve consist of eight definitive villages so that 30 % empowerment budget is available, as well as BUMDes that can be collaborated as a conservation village promotion effort. Adang Bay Nature Reserve Management Model that supports is Collaborative Management Model, with this model the existence of Adang Bay Reserve does not change the status of the area. The management program stages are directed to protection, preservasion, and utilization with consideration of social, economy and ecology in Adang Bay area.

High-quality permanent draft genome sequence of the Lebeckia - nodulating Burkholderia dilworthii strain WSM3556(T).

Burkholderia dilworthii strain WSM3556T is an aerobic, motile, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming rod that was isolated from an effective N2-fixing root nodule of Lebeckia ambigua collected near Grotto Bay Nature Reserve, in the Western Cape of South Africa, in October 2004. This plant persists in infertile and deep sandy soils with acidic pH, and is therefore an ideal candidate for a perennial based agriculture system in Western Australia. WSM3556T thus represents a potential inoculant quality strain for L. ambigua for which we describe the general features, together with genome sequence and annotation. The 7,679,067 bp high-quality permanent draft genome is arranged in 140 scaffolds of 141 contigs, contains 7,059 protein-coding genes and 64 RNA-only encoding genes, and is part of the GEBA-RNB project proposal.

Habitat preference of the Australian water rat (Hydromys chrysogaster) in a coastal wetland and stream, Two Peoples Bay, south-western Australia

This study provides a preliminary investigation of the home range and habitat selection of the Australian water rat (Hydromys chrysogaster) in Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve near Albany, Western Australia. Six individuals were captured (trap success 1.9%) from 810 trap-nights. This low number suggests that the water rat population in Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve is much smaller than anecdotal evidence would suggest. Home-range size (neighbour-linkage method) averaged 18.9 ha (±11.6). Individuals preferentially utilised wetland habitats characterised by dense, low-lying vegetation (0–30 cm from ground), low-density canopy cover and shallow, narrow water bodies.

Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site in Hong Kong

The concentration of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (∑PAHs) and the 16 US EPA priority individual PAH compounds were analyzed in surface sediments from the Mai Po Inner Deep Bay, Ramsar Site of Hong Kong from December 2001 to Jun 2005, to investigate the spatial variability of anthropogenic pollutants. ∑PAHs concentrations ranged from 36.5 to 256.3 ng g(-1) dry weight with an average of 148.9 ng g(-1), comparable to other urbanized areas of the world, and there was little difference among different sampling times from December 2001 to June 2005. Based on comparison to the results from earlier study, it appears that a decrease of total PAHs concentration has occurred since 1992. Meanwhile, the concentrations of ∑PAHs were positive correlated with total organic carbon contents except sites F and G, suggesting the characteristics of the sediment influences the distribution and concentration of PAHs. There was relatively a good relationship among the individual PAHs and the compounds of fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene and indeno[cd]pyrene yielded a good correlation (r(2) > 0.5) with total PAHs. Principal component analysis and specific PAHs compound ratios (Phe/Ant vs. Flt/Pyr) indicate the pyrogenic origins, especially traffic exhausts, are the dominant sources of PAHs in the Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Nature Reserve.

Monitoring reproduction in the critically endangered marsupial, Gilbert’s potoroo ( Potorous gilbertii): Preliminary analysis of faecal oestradiol-17β, cortisol and progestagens

Gilbert’s potoroo ( Potorous gilbertii) was rediscovered in 1994 after having been presumed extinct for 120 years. Estimates indicate fewer than 40 individuals remain at Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve on the south coast of Western Australia although a translocated population of approximately 20 animals has recently been established on nearby Bald Island. A captive breeding facility has been established adjacent to the mainland population but few young have been produced (8 since 1995). Faecal levels of oestradiol-17β (E 2) were monitored over a 2-year period in an effort to determine cyclic reproductive activity, and faecal cortisol levels were also monitored to gauge whether chronic stress may be a factor limiting breeding in captivity. Faecal steroids were monitored in six captive females, and four captive male potoroos, and four wild females. The only captive births recorded after 1998 were one in August 1999 and one in February 2001, both to the same female. Peaks in E 2 concentration, up to 10 ng g −1 of dried faecal mass were measured and results to date suggest the main breeding period to be November–December based on elevated E 2 levels at this time. Clear patterns of reproductive activity in the captive females, however, were not evident. Analysis of epithelial cell counts from urinogenital swabs and faecal E 2 and progestagen (PM) levels from a single female kept at the Perth Zoo, suggest that Gilbert’s potoroo has an oestrous cycle of approximately 39 days. Faecal cortisol levels in captive females were significantly lower than those in wild-caught individuals and thus there is no indication that elevated cortisol levels per se inhibited reproduction in captive females.

Theileria gilberti n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Theileriidae) in the Gilbert's Potoroo (Potorous gilbertii)

The morphology and genetic characterisation of a new species of piroplasm identified in the blood of the Gilbert's potoroo (Potorous gilbertii) from the Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve near Albany, Western Australia, is described from blood and tissue samples from 16 Gilbert's potoroos. Microscopy of blood showed these parasites are highly pleomorphic with a mean length of 1.8 mum and mean width of 0.85 mum. Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA sequence data identified the piroplasm as a new species of Theileria that is closely related to other Australian marsupial piroplasm species. Based on biological and molecular data, it is proposed that the parasite from Gilbert's potoroo be given the name Theileria gilberti n. sp.

Fungi consumed by translocated Gilbert's potoroos (Potorous gilbertii) at two sites with contrasting vegetation, south coastal Western Australia

Gilbert’s potoroo (Potorous gilbertii) was previously widespread in south-west Australia but is now restricted to one location – a granitic area of shrubby heath at Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve on the south coast of Western Australia. To alleviate the threat of extinction a program is under way to establish potoroos in other locations. At Two Peoples Bay Gilbert’s potoroos feed almost exclusively on truffle fungi. However, it was not known whether potoroos translocated to any new areas would be able to rapidly access and consume fungi after translocation, or whether truffles could be a sustainable food supporting breeding populations of potoroos in translocation sites. Furthermore, it was not known whether translocation of potoroos would be successful only in areas with vegetation similar to their refuge at Two Peoples Bay. The current study addressed these questions by analysing the diet of potoroos translocated into two contrasting areas – one on Bald Island with similar topography and vegetation to that of Two Peoples Bay, and the other a 14-ha enclosure on the mainland dominated by Eucalyptus–Allocasuarina woodland. The diet of potoroos was characterised by microscopic examination of scats from individuals trapped after their translocation to these areas. At Bald Island a diverse range of fungi was consumed immediately after translocation. Four potoroos released onto the island only 4–8 days previously consumed 23 species of fungi. Consumption was sustained over time. Three potoroos released onto Bald Island 1–2 years previously and one island-born individual consumed 27 species of fungi during a two-day sampling period. Nine of the 27 fungi species were the same as those that had been consumed by the potoroos within days after their release onto the island. This indicates that production of fungi and their consumption by potoroos on the island was sustained at least 1–2 years after translocation. Potoroos bred on Bald Island during this period. During the same period, two potoroos that were moved from captivity to the mainland site (Ryedene) were consuming six species of truffles within 29 days after release, and 14 species within three months. Such data indicate that a wider selection of vegetation types and areas than just those similar to where potoroos occur at Two Peoples Bay may be able to sustain potoroos and should be investigated for future translocations.

Interpretation of Mangrove Ecosystem Dynamic in Bintuni Bay Nature Reserve Using Geographic Information System

The aims of the research were to provide a base-line for interpreting and documenting future changes in vegetation cover. Base maps such as navigation map issued by Dishidros, the department of transportation year 1912 and 1917, and map of proposed Bintuni bay natural reserved issued by Biphut, Forestry Department year 2000, were compared to Landsat TMS images from 1989, 1999, and 2002 to evaluate changes in coastline: significant changes in land formation due to accretion and erosion were recorded. The database established for ecosystem dynamics, succession, and vegetation zonation at Bintuni Bay Nature Reserve is an important tool in future management of the conservation area.© 2008 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: mangrove ecosystem, GIS, Bintuny bay.