Battle Line Research Articles

Report on an Application to Leave the University

This report on an application to leave school by Chung Chih-min, a student in the political science department of Nanking University, is a voluntary criticism of his error of entering the university through the back door. It reflects the development of a new attack on landlord and bourgeois consciousness by the worker, peasant, and soldier students. It also reflects the angry revolutionary atmosphere of the educational battle line.

Morl Ogai: Three Plays And The Problem Of Identity

EVERY MAJOR WRITER IN JAPAN SINCE 1868 has written with one overwhelming fact impinging upon his consciousness: the shattering impact of the West upon traditional values and the concomitant necessity for making an adjustment to this situation. (Even when the works of certain writers like Higuchi Ichiyo, Tanizaki Jun'ichiro, and Kawabata Yasunari reflect little or nothing of this dislocation, there is implied in their activity within areas free of this confrontation. the choice of rejecting, for whatever reason, the alien part of the new hybrid culture.) For Japan, only the defeat in World War II was more traumatic than the reopening of the country after its withdrawal into isolation in 1639 with only a minimal contact with the rest of the world. When the importunities of the Western powers could no longer be put off and the Tokugawa shogunate entered into unilateral treaties with foreign nations, its opponents, rallying around the emperor, quickly established a battle line that brought down the house that had been the political ruler for 265 years. The rallying cry of the anti-shogunate forces had been "Revere the emperor and expel the barbarians," but it was ironically under the new emperor Meiji (r. 1868-1912) that Japan turned to the West for assistance in modernization when the new leaders realized with a sense of urgency the need for overcoming the backwardness of their nation. Convulsive political, economic, and social reforms delivered Japan painfully into the modern world.

Newton D. Baker and the Genesis of the War Industries Board, 1917-1918

D URING two and one half critical months from late March to midJune 1917, Secretary of War Newton D. Baker helped make three high policy decisions that in a substantial way shaped American industry's part in World War I. The first decision, made on March 28, called for an army of one million men to be raised by selected draft and trained by June 1918. The second, made on May 14, after the arrival of British and French military missions in Washington, directed that an expeditionary force of undetermined size be dispatched to France. The third, made on June 14, declared that those troops should be on the French battle line by the end of July 1918. This army would have to be supplied and equipped, and the country faced a host of difficult if not insurmountable problems in meeting the challenge. Except for government arsenals, usable plant capacity was already committed to producing munitions for the Allies and could not be freed for four to six months. Existing civilian plants had to be converted to war production and new plants had to be built. There was no lead time; weapons had to be approved, in some cases even designed, after American entrance into the war. Traditional military supply procedures also had to be modernized.' Finally, and this is the question toward which this discussion is directed, the business community and the War Department had to be brought together in such a way as to assure prompt delivery of materiel and to avoid unnecessary disruption of civilian production. Just what was Secretary Baker's role in shaping the early policies of the War Industries Board and why after ten months of war were his powers over economic

News communications.

Just after the middle of the morning on Tuesday, April 12,1955, a colleague of mine went before an American Broadcasting Company microphone with the following bulletin: "A day of victory—victory over the dread disease of infantile paralysis. The official news has just now come from the outposts of the battle line. The announcement, after comprehensive, protracted scientific survey, is that the Salk polio vaccine is 80 to 90% effective in preventing paralytic polio. It is 60% effective against type 1 virus and 90% against disease caused by types 2 and 3. "The vaccine is safe, effective, and potent." On 3,700 radio stations and 500 television outlets across the United States that memorable midmorning, regular programming was being interrupted, fragmented, thrown out the window, as the words came pouring out of Ann Arbor, Mich. Network stations and big independents took the words directly from their men on the scene; tiny 250-watters

Gaps in Our Battle Line

Gaps in Our Battle Line

EXPERIENCES WITH RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY OF FEMORAL ARTERY IN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS OBLITERANS

ALTHOUGH successful surgical reconstruction of injured arteries was not infrequently reported for many decades before World War II,* such results could in those years by no means be uniformly predicted. That operations on arterial and arteriovenous aneurysms could be expected to be followed by continuity of the artery in a majority of cases was not demonstrated until the publication of the work on the casualties resulting from that war. 5 The experience of the later part of the Korean campaign with its fixed battle line allowing specialized surgical personnel access to the injured shortly after wounding marked one more important step forward by demonstrating that the majority of acute injuries to major vessels could also be successfully repaired. 6 The concept of reconstruction of arteries whose functional continuity has been impaired as a result of arteriosclerosis is of more recent origin. The original impetus to perform such operations was imparted

The rationale of arterial repair on the battlefield

The problem of management of battle injuries to major arteries has been presented. The concept of primary arterial repair is recommended on the basis of statistical evidence accumulated during World War II and practical experience obtained during the Korean conflict. The factor of time in relation to limb survival demands definitive operation as close to the battle line as is tactically feasible. Finally, several technical factors are discussed which significantly influenced the results obtained.

Book Review: Pacific Battle Line

Book Review: Pacific Battle Line

Review: Pacific Battle Line, by Foster Hailey; Pacific Victory: 1945, by Joseph Driscoll; Then There Was One: The U.S.S. Enterprise and the First Year of the War, by Eugene Burns; and MacArthur and the War against Japan, by Frazier Hunt

Review: <i>Pacific Battle Line</i>, by Foster Hailey; <i>Pacific Victory: 1945</i>, by Joseph Driscoll; <i>Then There Was One: The U.S.S. Enterprise and the First Year of the War</i>, by Eugene Burns; and <i>MacArthur and the War against Japan</i>, by Frazier Hunt

Improvement of Personnel Through Efficient Recruitment

difficulty. The first of these circumstances is the excessively large number of applicants for teaching positions. A reported vacancy on the staff, or a mere rumor that a vacancy may occur, brings literally dozens of applications. Eliminating the applicants who are unequipped for professional service is in itself an onerous task. Second, when a vacancy occurs during these times, the friends and relatives of applicants, including school-board members, prominent citizens, politicians, and sometimes the superintendent's own colleagues, are certain to make recommendations. As often as not, persons who are totally unprepared are recommended. Many who are recommended in this way are not trained either for the specific position involved or for any professional service in education. In many instances the candidate's only virtue is his place of birth, the fact that he has been to college (no matter which college), or the fact that he has a certain church affiliation. The reduction of standards to the levels implied by such practices is distasteful to most school administrators. Resistance to a lowering of standards in the employment of teachers may, however, extend the battle line into new sectors. An editorial appearing in the American School Board Journal states:

Behaviorism: A Battle Line

Behaviorism: A Battle Line

Book Review: Humanism Another Battle Line!

Book Review: Humanism Another Battle Line!

Behaviorism, a Battle Line

Behaviorism, a Battle Line

Behaviorism, a Battle Line Edited by William P. King

Behaviorism, a Battle Line <i>Edited by William P. King</i>

Behaviorism: A Battle Line.

Behaviorism: A Battle Line.

Book Review: Christ and the World at War, The War and the Bible, Religion and War, Christian Ethics in the World War, The Right to Fight: The Moral Grounds of War, The Twentieth Century Crusade, With God in the War, The Coming Day, The Call of a World Task in War Time, Right and Wrong after the War: An Elementary

Book Review: Christ and the World at War, The War and the Bible, Religion and War, Christian Ethics in the World War, The Right to Fight: The Moral Grounds of War, The Twentieth Century Crusade, With God in the War, The Coming Day, The Call of a World Task in War Time, Right and Wrong after the War: An Elementary

The Conquest of Rumania

When in the summer of 1916 Rumania abandoned a position of wavering neutrality and cast in her lot with that of the Entente Allies, the hopes of the Allied powers rose to high levels. Justification for these hopes lay not so much in the fact that Rumania possessed an army reputed to be better trained than that of any other Balkan state, but rather in the advantageous geographic position which the new ally enjoyed. Her two provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia lay like the jaws of an open nutcracker, between which Hungarian Transylvania could be crushed as in a vice. Her peculiar outline added some 800 miles to the length of a battle line already too long for the declining man power of the Teutonic allies. Her western border lay but 40 miles northeast of the Morava-Maritza trench, carrying the Orient Railway, that vital artery which alone assured continued life to the Turkish Empire. Her oil fields and her wheat fields were added to the material resources of the Entente and closed to their sorely beset enemies. Small wonder that Rumania's decision was hailed with delight by the Entente powers. A few months later all their high hopes lay in the dust. The Wallachian jaw of the nutcracker had been rudely wrenched away. Rumania, not Transylvania, had been crushed. Eight hundred miles of new battle front had been shortened to less than 300 miles. The Orient Railway was still carrying munitions to the Turks. Oil fields and wheat fields were supplying Teutonic conquerors, and the German Chancellor was grandiloquently offering terms of peace to his disappointed foes. The Rumanian campaign was disconcerting not alone to those most vitally interested in its consequences. The unexpected happened with such regularity that disinterested onlookers found ample need to revise their most confident predictions. More than one military expert would gladly delete whole paragraphs from his published discussions of the campaign and forget prophecies which events failed to justify. From the writings of one such unfortunate there would have to be erased the assurance that the only danger to Bukharest was from the east through an attack from Dobrudja; that no serious attempt would be made to invade Wallachia by way of the passes of the Transylvanian Alps; later, that the Buzeu River was the main defensive line to which the Rumanians were retiring; still later, that this main line was the Sereth-Trotus valley; and finally, that the Sereth-Putna barrier (which proved to be the impassable obstacle to pursuit) was not adapted for defensive purposes.

The Wounded on the French Battle Line

The Wounded on the French Battle Line

Book Review: Henley on the Battle Line

Book Review: Henley on the Battle Line

On self-help for the wounded in a battle line

In our fiction, soon after the last Russian-Turkish Campania, there was a short story of Garshin with the title "4 days". In this story, very talented, in a rather lively colour, with stunning realism, a sad picture is reproduced of the psychological and physical suffering of wounded Ivanov, lying in the bushes after one clash with the Turks, 4 days, waiting for any medical help. The vivid strokes of this truthful and artistic story make a very depressing impression on every reader. But these impressed touches are undoubtedly even deeper into the soul and heart of everyone, when one thinks that the suffering hero of this story is only a faint hint, a pale reflection of that sad reality, those stunning horrors that are seen on the battlefield.