Battery Charging Research Articles

EO based fuzzy optimal controller for solar MPPT and battery charging circuit for EV charging application

EO based fuzzy optimal controller for solar MPPT and battery charging circuit for EV charging application

Comparison of different data-driven methods for estimating the state of charge of lithium-ion batteries

Comparison of different data-driven methods for estimating the state of charge of lithium-ion batteries

Mechanically Robust Bismuth-Embedded Carbon Microspheres for Ultrafast Charging and Ultrastable Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Advancements in the development of fast-charging and long-lasting microstructured alloying anodes with high volumetric capacities are essential for enhancing the operational efficiency of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). These anodes, however, face challenges such as declined cyclability and rate capability, primarily due to mechanical degradation reduced by significant volumetric changes (over 252%) and slow kinetics of sodium-ion storage. Herein, we introduce a novel anode design featuring densely packed bismuth (Bi) embedded within highly conductive carbon microspheres to overcome the aforementioned challenges. Remarkably, the high loading Bi anode within carbon microspheres with a high tap density of 2.59 g cm-3 possesses significant mechanical strength exceeding 590 MPa and limits volume swelling of only 10.9% post-sodiation. This anode demonstrates a high volumetric capacity (908.3 mAh cm-3), ultrafast chargeability (200 A g-1, full charge/discharge in just 5.5 s), and outstanding cyclability over 12,000 cycles and maintains exceptional cycling stability even at -30 °C. The full cell paired with a Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode retains over 80% capacity after 600 cycles at 36 C, demonstrating a remarkable rate capability of 126 C (full charge/discharge in 28.6 s). Our comprehensive experimental evaluations and chemo-mechanical simulations shed light on the mechanisms underpinning the anode's superior performance. This development marks a significant advancement in the design of durable and fast-charging anodes for high-performance SIBs.

Design and Implementation of a Wireless Power Transfer System Using LCL Coupling Network with Inherent Constant-Current and Constant-Voltage Output for Battery Charging

The constant current followed by constant voltage (CC-CV) charging method is commonly employed for battery charging, effectively extending battery life and reducing charging time. However, as charging progresses, the battery’s internal resistance increases, complicating the charging circuit. This paper designs a wireless power transfer system utilizing an LCL coupling network for battery charging. The system employs frequency modulation (FM) to manage its CC and CV output characteristics at two fixed frequency points. The influence of the LCL coupling network parameters on system output characteristics was investigated using MATLAB. A simulation model was developed in the PSIM environment to validate the CC and CV output characteristics. The simulation results show that the system has load-independent constant-current and constant-voltage characteristics at two different frequency points. In order to verify the theoretical analysis, an experimental platform was also established. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system operates effectively in CC mode, maintaining constant output current across various loads, while in CV mode, it effectively regulates output voltage for different loads. The designed frequency modulation controller ensures a rapid response to sudden changes in load resistance, regardless of operating in CC or CV modes.

Mitigating Duty Cycle Limitation and Maximizing DC Voltage Gain in Switch Mode Power Supplies Utilizing Tapped-Inductor Topology: A Case Study with Buck Converter Analysis

This paper presents a comparative analysis of tapped inductor (TI) buck converters versus conventional buck converter topologies, highlighting the advantages of TI buck converters. The primary motivations for using TI DC-DC converters in step-down applications, such as battery charging and photovoltaic emulator design, include significant input-to-output voltage differences resulting in low converter duty cycles, favorable peak-to-average current ratios, and overall conversion efficiency. In conventional buck converters, the DC voltage gain is determined solely by the duty cycle, leading to linear output voltage variation with the duty cycle for a given input voltage. In contrast, the DC voltage gain of TI buck converters depends on both the duty cycle and the turns ratio. While the operating principles of conventional and TI buck converters are similar, the TI topology offers a wider range of voltage step-down options based on the TI turns ratio. System characteristics are analyzed using the transfer function model for ease of use and pole-zero detection. The state-space averaging method, known for its simplicity, is applied with AC small signal analysis to derive transfer functions for both converter types. The results show that the use of a tapped rather than a conventional inductor does not alter the step-down characteristics of the conventional buck converter. Moreover, any DC voltage gain consistent with the conventional buck converter condition can be achieved at any duty cycle value by appropriate selection of the turn’s ratio, increasing flexibility in converter design.

Small‐Signal Modelling of Bidirectional CLLC Converters for Onboard Charging Application in Electric Vehicles

ABSTRACTA two‐stage onboard battery charger with an CLLC resonant converter is a widely adopted configuration in the automotive industry. The ZVS and ZCS capability of the switching devices with high operating frequency of the CLLC converters encourages its application in various EV platforms to improve efficiency. In the literature, various authors proposed many methods to control the CLLC converters efficiently, but up to now, no simple and accurate small‐signal equivalent circuit modelling is available. As dynamic networks are load‐dependent, closed‐loop voltage and current controllers provide more stable operations in these converters. In this paper, a detailed mathematical modelling of the CLLC converters with time domain analysis has been presented. The proposed mathematical model accurately predicts the small‐signal behaviors seen in pulse‐frequency‐modulated (PFM) CLLC resonant converters whether the switching frequency is below, near to, or above the resonant frequency. Stable closed‐loop controllers for both current and voltage loops in battery charging applications are designed and detailed. A prototype hardware is been built and the experimental results with the load variations with the designed controllers are tested and the results are been discussed in the paper.

A State-of-Health Estimation Method of a Lithium-Ion Power Battery for Swapping Stations Based on a Transformer Framework

Against the backdrop of automobile electrification, an increasing number of battery-swapping stations for electric vehicles have been launched to address the issue of slow battery charging under cold temperature conditions. However, due to the separation of the discharging and charging processes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) at swapping stations, and the circulation of batteries across different vehicles and stations, the operating data become fragmented, making it difficult to accurately identify the battery state-of-health (SOH). This study proposes a BiLSTM-Transformer framework that extracts the Constant Voltage Time (CVT) feature using only charging data, enabling the precise estimation of battery capacity degradation. Validation experiments conducted on battery samples under different operating temperatures showed that the model achieved a normalized RMSE of less than 1.6%. In ideal conditions, the normalized RMSE of the estimation reached as low as 0.11%. This model enables SOH estimation without relying on discharge data, contributing to the efficient and safe operation of battery swapping stations.

Extreme Fast Charging and Stable Cycling of Lithium Manganese Oxide Batteries by Suppression of Cathode Phase Changes

Extreme Fast Charging and Stable Cycling of Lithium Manganese Oxide Batteries by Suppression of Cathode Phase Changes

Single-Phase Integrated Onboard Battery Charger Incorporating Symmetrical Six-Phase Induction Motor

Single-Phase Integrated Onboard Battery Charger Incorporating Symmetrical Six-Phase Induction Motor

Decarbonizing the Transport of Microalgae-based Products —The Role of E-mobility

Background: The decarbonization of road transport is a precondition for achieving carbon neutrality. Battery-electric vehicle technology, driven by several patents, can make this a reality. In this bias, the objective of the article is to shed light on the ongoing debate about the potentially important role of the adoption of electric vehicles in the transport of microalgae-based products to help them advance to a cleaner life cycle. Methods: Five routes, including unimodal and multimodal conditions, were defined to assess the carbon emissions of the transport system and, more specifically, of road transport. The headquarters of market-leading microalgae manufacturers were selected as the origin of the routes and, as the destination, regions that sustain them. Results: The results reveal the supremacy of road transport of microalgae-based products using electric vehicles powered by nuclear, hydroelectric, and wind, followed by biomass and photovoltaic energy. They also show that the positive impact of wind, water, and photovoltaic energy on the climate, added to the lower battery charging costs and the greater opportunity to generate revenue from the sale of carbon credits, make their trade-offs. Conclusion: The exquisite results of this study convey key messages to decision-makers and stakeholders about the role of electromobility in building a zero-carbon delivery route.

Analysis and Design of Dual-Mode Wireless Battery Charging System Based on Trajectory Optimization and Matching Network Integration

Analysis and Design of Dual-Mode Wireless Battery Charging System Based on Trajectory Optimization and Matching Network Integration

An optimal control for dual active bridge converter in battery charging applications

An optimal control for dual active bridge converter in battery charging applications

Exergy based Design and Analysis of Spiral Circular and Square Coils for EV Wireless Battery Charging Application

Exergy based Design and Analysis of Spiral Circular and Square Coils for EV Wireless Battery Charging Application

Coordinated Battery Charging and Swapping Scheduling of EVs Based on Multilevel Deep Reinforcement Learning for Urban Governance

Coordinated Battery Charging and Swapping Scheduling of EVs Based on Multilevel Deep Reinforcement Learning for Urban Governance

New SEPIC Derived Semi-Bridgeless PFC Converter for Battery Charging Application

New SEPIC Derived Semi-Bridgeless PFC Converter for Battery Charging Application

Advancements and Challenges in Electric Vehicle Battery Charging: A Comprehensive Review

Advancements and Challenges in Electric Vehicle Battery Charging: A Comprehensive Review

A Review on Ferry Electrification: A Path towards Sustainable Maritime Transport

This paper reviews research and development efforts for ferries' electrification, focusing on energy supply grids, communication networks, charging systems, and energy storage. It analyzes energy storage technologies, battery charging requirements, shore side infrastructure design, power system architecture, and alternative battery charging stations[1]. The study evaluates the effectiveness of using an electric/hybrid ferry boat for tourist transportation in a real case. The optimal system configuration depends on engine power, energy storage, photovoltaic system sizes, and percentage of hybrid or pure electric usage. The analysis can be replicated to other cases, showing the potential of new technologies for sustainable boating and improving passenger service, especially in terms of comfort[15]. One of the most important steps in lowering greenhouse gas emissions and the marine industry's reliance on fossil fuels is the electrification of ships. This analysis examines the technical developments, difficulties, and environmental effects of switching from conventional fossil fuel-powered ships to electric and hybrid ships. The future of fully electric ships, legislative efforts, and how these advancements relate to international sustainability goals are also covered in the study.

Observation of morphological changes in silicon-based negative-electrode active materials during charging/discharging using operando scanning electron microscopy.

The direct observation of the morphological changes in silicon-based negative electrode (Si-based negative electrode) materials during battery charging and discharging is useful for handling such materials and in electrode plate design. We developed an operando scanning electron microscopy (operando SEM) technique to quantitatively evaluate the expansion and contraction of Si-based negative electrode materials. A small all-solid-state lithium-ion battery was charged and discharged, and the expansion/contraction of particles while harnessing capacity was observed using SEM. We found that in a silicon monosilicate (SiO)/graphite negative electrode, SiO expanded first during charging, and graphite contracted first during discharging. Our study provides insights into the relationship between capacity and expansion and contraction coefficient of Si-based negative electrode materials.

Virtual Synchronous Machine Based Direct Charging Power Control for the Two‐Stage EV Battery Charger

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a direct charging power control strategy (DCPC) based on virtual synchronous machine (VSM) technique is proposed for the two‐stage EV battery charger. In the proposed solution, the two‐stage charger involves a three‐phase full bridge‐based AC‐DC stage and a buck/boost DC‐DC stage. In control of the front‐end AC‐DC stage, the core algorithm of the traditional VSM is adopted. Nevertheless, unlike the traditional VSM‐based battery charging scheme, the DC‐bus closed‐loop in the traditional VSM algorithm is replaced by a positive feedback‐based DC power compensation loop, and meanwhile, the DC‐bus voltage is regulated by the rear stage DC‐DC converter. The proposed method can ensure stable DC‐bus voltage control and direct control of charging power. Due to the existence of power compensation control, the power balance between AC and DC terminals can be indirectly controlled without complex power losses calculation process. In addition, the autonomous AC frequency and voltage regulation abilities of the VSM technique can be inherited in the proposed method, which can appear a grid‐friendly charging pattern to ensure more stable battery charging. To verify the validity of the proposed method, systematic analysis and experiments are performed on a developed test bed.

Design of A Thermoelectric Generator for Battery Charging using Heat from A Steam Iron Base

This study explores an alternative method of generating electrical energy using a thermoelectric generator that utilizes heat from the soleplate of a steam iron and six thermoelectric units connected in series. Based on the Seebeck effect, the thermoelectric modules convert the temperature difference into voltage. An increase in the heat source temperature leads to higher voltage production by the series-connected thermoelectric modules, although the electrical power output depends on the connected load. The power generator design includes thermoelectric modules, a buck-boost converter, an 18650 lithium-ion battery, and a 5-watt, 12-volt DC lamp. The study addresses key aspects such as the impact of temperature on power output in series-connected and parallel-connected thermoelectric circuits, and the efficient conversion of heat from the steam iron soleplate into electrical energy. The research objectives are threefold: to determine power and temperature values for series-connected thermoelectric circuits, to evaluate power and temperature values for parallel-connected thermoelectric circuits, and to utilize heat from the steam iron soleplate as a thermoelectric heat source for generating electrical energy. Testing involved a buck-boost converter connected to a battery, producing 12.35 volts with a temperature difference of 49°C. Design enhancements, such as integrating heatsinks or coolers on the cold side of the modules to maintain a significant temperature differential, are critical for optimizing performance.