Battery Switch Station Research Articles

Economic Value of PV Energy Storage Using Batteries of Battery-Switch Stations

The Japanese government has set a power sector goal for photovoltaic (PV) power usage to reach 53 million kW by 2030. To achieve the large-scale introduction of PV, a large storage capacity, in the form of pumped storage systems or batteries, is needed to store surplus electricity from PV plants. At the same time, in the transport sector, the electric vehicle (EV) is being developed as an environmentally friendly vehicle. To promote the diffusion of EVs, we need infrastructure that can charge EVs in a short time; a battery-switch station is one solution to this problem. This study 1) proposes the use of the station batteries as a countermeasure for surplus electricity from PVs and 2) conducts two relevant analyses. In the first analysis, we calculate the marginal value of a battery and an inverter using the Optimal Generation Mix Model (OPTIGEN). In the second analysis, we set the annual lease fee for the inverter and the battery, and calculate the optimum installed capacity of these devices. The results showed that the marginal value of the inverter/battery decreases with increasing inverter/battery capacity. The optimum installed capacity of the inverter/battery is derived from the intersection of the line of marginal value with the line of the annual lease fee. The stations gain an additional profit by leasing batteries to utilities.

배터리 교체식 전기차의 배터리 재고-차량 대기시간 통합모형

Battery switching EVs are considered to be a promising alternative to overcome long charging time problems in the EV adoption. The purpose of this research is to develop integrated model for battery inventory and battery switching waiting times. Due to complexity of exact analysis, a practical approximation method is developed, which provides close results to exact values. Numerical experiments show that there exist trade-offs between the battery inventory level and the number of switching stations. The proposed model can be applied to evaluate and select the minimum cost alternative in implementing the battery switching stations.

Energy Management of Battery Switch Station of Electric Vehicles in Two Settlement Electricity Market

Battery switch station (BSS) can resolve the conflict between life and charging time of batteries of electric vehicles by offering quick replacement services though pre-charging with small power. This paper proposed an energy management model for BSS in two settlement electricity markets. The present program focused on how to satisfy demands of electric vehicles with lowest cost in electricity markets, which are the key issue of lowering operating costs of BSS. The program adopted the mean-variance theory to control financial risks of uncertainties of prices, and simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed program

The battery switching station scheduling problem

A battery switching station (BSS) provides a service that enables extending the traveling range of electric vehicles. Such stations may be the future equivalent of gas stations and they are currently being deployed in several countries. A BSS is a closed loop system that renews its inventory by recharging the batteries. We study the problem of scheduling the charging process in a BSS with the objective of optimizing a weighted measure of service level and cost.

Optimal Recharging Strategy for Battery-Switch Stations for Electric Vehicles in France

Most papers that study the recharging of electric vehicles focus on charging the batteries at home and at the work-place. The alternative is for owners to exchange the battery at a specially equipped battery switch station (BSS). This paper studies strategies for the BSS to buy and sell the electricity through the day-ahead market. We determine what the optimal strategies would have been for a large fleet of EVs in 2010 and 2011, for the V2G and the G2V cases. These give the amount that the BSS should offer to buy or sell each hour of the day. Given the size of the fleet, the quantities of electricity bought and sold will displace the market equilibrium. Using the aggregate offers to buy and the bids to sell on the day-ahead market, we compute what the new prices and volumes transacted would be. While buying electricity for the G2V case incurs a cost, it is possible to generate revenue in the V2G case, if the arrivals of the EVs are evenly spaced during the day. We compare the total cost of implementing the strategies proposed with the cost of buying the same quantity of electricity from EDF.

Electric Vehicles with a Battery Switching Station: Adoption and Environmental Impact

The transportation sector’s carbon footprint and dependence on oil are of deep concern to policy makers in many countries. Use of all-electric drive-trains is arguably the most realistic medium-term solution to address these concerns. However, motorist anxiety induced by an electric vehicle’s limited range and high battery cost have constrained consumer adoption. A novel switchingstation- based solution is touted as a promising remedy. Vehicles use standardized batteries that, when depleted, can be switched for fully charged batteries at switching stations and motorists only pay for battery use. We build a model that highlights the key mechanisms driving adoption and use of electric vehicles in this new switching-station-based electric vehicle system and contrast it with conventional electric vehicles. Our model employs results from repairable item inventory theory to capture switching station operation; we embed this model in a behavioral model of motorist use and adoption. Switchingstation systems effectively transfer range risk from motorists to the station operator, who, on account of statistical economies of scale, can better manage it. We find that this transfer of risk can lead to higher electric vehicle adoption than in a conventional system, but it also encourages more driving than a conventional system does. We calibrate our models with motorist behavior data, electric vehicle technology data, operation costs and emissions data to estimate the relative effectiveness of the two systems under the status quo and other plausible future scenarios. We find that the system that is more effective at reducing emissions is often less effective at reducing oil dependence, and the misalignment between the two objectives is most severe when the energy mix is coal heavy and with advanced battery technology. Increases in gasoline prices (by imposition of taxes, for instance) are much more effective in reducing carbon emissions while battery-price reducing policy interventions are more effective for reducing oil dependence. Taken together, our results help a policy maker identify the superior system for achieving the desired objectives. They also highlight that policy makers should not conflate the dual objectives of oil dependence and emissions reductions as the preferred system and the policy interventions that further that system may be different for the two objectives.