Battery-supercapacitor Hybrid Research Articles

Structural Decomposition of the Passivity-Based Control System of Wind–Solar Power Generating and Hybrid Battery-Supercapacitor Energy Storage Complex

Wind–solar power generating and hybrid battery-supercapacitor energy storage complex is used for autonomous power supply of consumers in remote areas. This work uses passivity-based control (PBC) for this complex in accordance with the accepted energy management strategy (EMS). Structural and parametric synthesis of the overall PBC system was carried out, which was accompanied by a significant amount of research. In order to simplify this synthesis, a structural decomposition of the overall dynamic system of the object presented in the form of a port-Hamiltonian system, which was described by a system of differential equations of the seventh order, into three subsystems was applied. These subsystems are a wind turbine, a PV plant, and a hybrid battery-supercapacitor system. For each of the subsystems, it is quite simple to synthesize the control influence formers according to the interconnections and damping assignment (IDA) method of PBC, which locally performs the tasks set by the EMS. The results obtained by computer simulation of the overall and decomposed systems demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in simplifying synthesis and debugging procedures of complex multi-physical systems.

High‐Performance Alkaline Battery‐Supercapacitor Hybrid Based on Bimetallic Phosphide/Phosphate

AbstractTransition metal‐based materials explored for energy storage applications viz. batteries, supercapacitors and more recently battery‐supercapacitor hybrids (BSHs) abundantly involve Co‐based materials. However, the supply chain issues and low electronic conductivity force us to look for alternative options. In this regard, Co‐free binary metal phosphide/phosphate consisting of Ni and V metal (NiVP/Pi) microspheres as the positive electrode of BSH which shows a high specific capacity of 502 C g−1 (1004 F g−1) at 2 mV s−1 while retaining a high specific capacity of 214 C g−1 (428 F g−1) at 12 A g−1 is reported. The high electronic conductivity of binary metal phosphide in NiVP/Pi electrode and the rich electrochemical active sites due to Ni and V metal centres results in exciting performance. More interestingly, the hybrid device is successfully developed by employing NiVP/Pi as the positive electrode and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the negative electrode. The hybrid device (NiVP/Pi//CNT) is able to achieve a maximum energy density of 22.17 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 5 kW kg−1 with 91.7% capacitance retention after 7500 continuous galvanostatic charge–discharge cycles.

Data-based power management control for battery supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system in solar DC-microgrid.

This paper addresses the energy management control problem of solar power generation system by using the data-driven method. The battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system is considered to smooth the power fluctuation. A new model-free control method is utilized in the stand-alone photovoltaic DC-microgrid to provide the power to meet the demand load, while guaranteeing the DC bus voltage is stable. Furthermore, the proposed data-based power management control strategy only needs I/O data. Numerical simulations with real data verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Energy Efficiency of the Passive Hybrid Battery Supercapacitor System

Energy Efficiency of the Passive Hybrid Battery Supercapacitor System

A Micro Battery Supercapacitor Hybrid Device with Ultrahigh Cycle Lifespan and Power Density Enabled by Bi‐Functional Coating Design

A Micro Battery Supercapacitor Hybrid Device with Ultrahigh Cycle Lifespan and Power Density Enabled by Bi‐Functional Coating Design

Comparative studies of cobalt hydroxide and nickel hydroxide designed using novel metal tetrafluoroborate as active materials of battery supercapacitor hybrids

Structure directing agent (SDA) can tailor morphology of active materials with preferable surface properties. Ammonium fluoroborate has been proposed as an effective SDA to synthesize metal organic framework (MOF) derivatives in previous reports, where fluoroborate ions play as morphology regulators by providing steric hindrance. Nickel and cobalt hydroxides are intensively used as active materials in battery supercapacitor hybrids (BSHs), owing to high theoretical capacitances and durability. However, previous studies rarely investigate metal specie effects on energy storage and compare electrochemical performance of nickel and cobalt hydroxides particularly in unique synthesis environments. In this study, nickel tetrafluoroborate (Ni(BF4)2) and cobalt tetrafluoroborate (Co(BF4)2) are respectively used as nickel and cobalt sources to synthesize hydroxides as active materials of BSHs. Tetrafluoroborate ions act as SDAs to design favorable morphologies, while 2-methylimidazole is incorporated to control the pH value for facilitating precipitations. The Ni(OH)2 and Co(OH)2 electrodes respectively show specific capacitances (CF) of 1118.5 and 334.3 F/g at 20 mV/s, owing to the preferable alpha-type hydroxide and larger pore volume/width for Ni(OH)2. A BSH consisted of a Ni(OH)2 positive electrode shows a maximum energy density of 64.0 Wh/kg at 700.0 W/kg, and the CF retention of 116 % and Coulombic efficiency of 94 % after 5000 cycles.

Copper-Based Para-Phthalic Acid Metal-Organic Framework: An Efficient Anodic material for Super-capattery Hybrid Systems

The battery-supercapacitor hybrid, an asymmetric energy storage system, has garnered considerable attention due to its outstanding energy storage capabilities. Anodic materials have become a central focus, driven by the quest for enhanced energy density, power density, cycle life, and overall performance. In this study, we have synthesized copper-based para-phthalic acid (PTA) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) via a facile hydrothermal method to be employed as the positive electrode material in a battery-supercapacitor hybrid matrix. The initial testing indicates the battery-type nature of the prepared electrode along with maximum specific capacity of 260.5 C g-1 at 0.7 A g-1. Subjection of Cu-PTA MOF electrode to real device configuration (Super-capattery device) results in considerable specific capacity of 152.2 C g-1 along with specific energy and power of 35.9 Wh kg-1 and 5950 W kg-1, respectively at 0.3 A g-1. The device also demonstrated a stability potential of 92.15% when tested for 5000 continuous charge-discharge cycles. The present study presents Cu-PTA MOF an exciting addition for advancing current state of research in the field of energy storage technology.

Pd-Doped RuO2: A Promising Electrode Material with Battery–Supercapacitor Hybrid Characteristics

Pd-Doped RuO₂: A Promising Electrode Material with Battery–Supercapacitor Hybrid Characteristics

Energy Harvesting system with battery-supercapacitor hybrid storage for highly maintenance-free remote sensing stations

Energy Harvesting system with battery-supercapacitor hybrid storage for highly maintenance-free remote sensing stations

Effective dynamic energy management algorithm for grid-interactive microgrid with hybrid energy storage system

Microgrids offer an optimistic solution for delivering electricity to remote regions and incorporating renewable energy into existing power systems. However, the energy balance between generation and consumption remains a significant challenge in microgrid setups. This research presents an adaptive energy management approach for grid-interactive microgrids. The DC microgrid is established by combining solar PV with a battery-supercapacitor (SC) hybrid energy storage system (HESS). The proposed approach integrates the frequency separation strategy with a rule-based algorithm to ensure optimal power sharing among sources while maintaining the safe operation of storage units. Specifically, the battery meets steady-state energy demands, the SC addresses transient power requirements, and the grid support is tailored to system needs. The method employs the dq reference frame technique to control the grid inverter (VSC). The key merits include efficient power allocation, fast regulation of the DC link voltage irrespective of load or generation variations, seamless transition between scenarios, and introduction of a straightforward battery state of charge (SOC)-based coefficient for allocating power between the battery and the grid while enhancing the power quality within the grid. Moreover, safety measures prevent the SC from overcharging, the battery from high current, overcharging, and deep discharging, potentially extending their lifespan. Validation and implementation of the method are conducted using MATLAB/Simulink.

Benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid-based Ni-MOF for efficient battery-supercapacitor hybrids: Electrochemical behavior and mechanistic insights

Hybrid supercapacitors, integrating both Faradaic and non-Faradaic mechanisms, have emerged as promising energy storage devices due to their high energy density and excellent cycling stability. In the pursuit of sustainable energy storage solutions, the development of advanced materials has garnered significant attention. Herein, we report the Benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid-based nickel metal-organic framework (Ni MOF) for application in battery supercapacitor hybrid configuration. The Ni MOF was synthesized via a simple and scalable hydrothermal method, resulting in a mixed nanorods structure. The electrochemical setup of bare electrode uncovers its marvelous electrochemical profits with specific capacity of 678.23C/g (3 mV/s) and 565.32C/g (1.2 A/g). A predominant diffusive nature of Ni-MOF (92.76 % at 3 mV/s) was revealed via simulation approach that back these profits. Furthermore, the asymmetric supercapacitor assembled with the Ni MOF along activated carbon exhibited high specific capacity (197.20C/g), along with outstanding specific energy and power (46.56 Wh/kg 850 W/kg respectively). Besides, persuasive rate capability (43.19 % conservation of specific energy while boosting the specific power to 10 times) along with splined cyclic life was observed. The findings unveil Ni-MOF as an excellently tailored and eco-conscious choice for electrode materials in advanced energy storage devices, driving advancements in sustainable energy technologies.

Analytical Description of the Dynamic Behaviour of the Passive Battery Supercapacitor Hybrid System

Analytical Description of the Dynamic Behaviour of the Passive Battery Supercapacitor Hybrid System

Investigating solvent effects on synthesizing novel cobalt hydroxide and fluoride complex from Co(BF4)2 as active materials of the battery supercapacitor hybrid

Metal-organic framework (MOF) derivatives with tunable pore structure and improved conductivity are intensively designed as electroactive materials. Incorporating structure directing agents (SDA) is beneficial for designing MOF derivatives with excellent electrochemical performances. Ammonium fluoroborate has been reported as an effective SDA, coupled with cobalt salt and 2-methylimidazole, to synthesize zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) derivatives for charge storage. However, the synthetic environment for growing cobalt-based active materials is relatively complex. In this study, cobalt tetrafluoroborate (Co(BF4)2) is proposed as a novel cobalt precursor, supplementing cobalt ions and acting as the SDA in a single chemical, to synthesize the cobalt-based electroactive material of energy storage electrodes. Interactions between solvent molecules and solutes play significant roles on the morphology, composition, and electrochemical performance of active materials. Deionized water, methanol and ethanol are used as precursor solvents to understand their effects on material and electrochemical properties. The optimal electrode presents a specific capacitance of 608.3 F/g at 20 mV/s, attributed to the highest electrochemical surface area and evident compositions of cobalt fluoride and hydroxide. A battery supercapacitor hybrid achieves the maximum energy density of 45 Wh/kg at 429 W/kg. The CF retention of 100% and Coulombic efficiency of 99% are achieved after 10,000 cycles.

In-situ growth of novel iron oxide/iron organic framework composites as efficient electroactive materials of battery supercapacitor hybrids

Iron oxide (Fe2O3) with a high theoretical capacitance, wide potential ranges and easy availability has attracted much attentions as the electrode material of battery supercapacitor hybrids (BSH). Metal–organic framework (MOF) is one of the promising potential energy storage materials due to its large surface area and controllable pore structures. In this work, novel iron oxide/iron organic framework composites (Fe2O3/FeMOF) are in-situ grown on the Ni foam as efficient energy storage electrodes of BSH. By tuning the solvothermal durations, the morphology changes from random sizes of sheets, regular grown vertical sheets, to flower-like structures. The d-spacing also increases for the Fe2O3/FeMOF synthesized using longer solvothermal durations. The optimal Fe2O3/FeMOF electrode synthesized using 9 h shows a high areal capacitance of 10.97 F/cm2 along with an areal capacity of 5.49 F/cm2 at the current density of 35 mA/cm2, owing to the most regular growth of sheets, the large d-spacing, and the smallest charge-transfer resistances. A BSH composed of the Fe2O3/FeMOF positive electrode and a graphene negative electrode shows a maximum energy density of 0.76 mWh/cm2 at 22.5 mW/cm2. The excellent long-term cycling stability with the capacitance retention of 85% and Coulombic efficiency of 98% are also achieved after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles.

A Load Following Energy Management Strategy for a Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Power System Implemented with a PIL Co-Simulation Approach

A Load Following Energy Management Strategy for a Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Power System Implemented with a PIL Co-Simulation Approach

A multi-objective configuration optimization method of passive hybrid energy storage system for pulse loads operating under very low temperatures

The lithium-ion battery energy storage system currently widely used faces a problem of rapid degradation of electrical performance at very low temperatures (such as −40 °C), making it difficult to meet the power supply requirements of high-power pulse loads in low-temperature environments. To address this issue, this paper proposes a multi-objective configuration optimization method for passive lithium-ion battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) based on an electro-thermal-aging coupling model, in order to achieve non-preheating power supply for pulse loads under low temperatures. Firstly, an electro-thermal-aging coupling model for the passive HESS is established to accurately describe the dynamic characteristics during discharge. Subsequently, aiming at the low-temperature application requirements of high-power pulse loads, a multi-objective configuration optimization model is established based on the coupling model with the objectives of minimizing the mass and the minimum operating ambient temperature of the HESS; a solving method of the optimization model is designed based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm with elite strategy. Finally, a case study is conducted on configuration optimization for a certain type of pulse load. The optimization results show that when the minimum operating temperature is consistent and below 0 °C, the passive HESS compared with the lithium-ion battery energy storage system can reduce the system mass by more than 23% and the acquisition cost by more than 18% while maintaining basically consistent single-pulse costs. When the minimum operating temperature is lower, the advantages of the HESS are even more significant.

Microwave-assisted synthesis of dual-functional NiSe2@NC nanocomposites for advanced power-type and energy-type storage devices

The battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system, composed of energy-type and power-type storage devices, is essential to improve energy storage systems' comprehensive performance and economy significantly. The current research uses a convenient and economical microwave-assisted heating method to describe the preparation of NiSe2@NC nanocomposites with a core-shell carbon encapsulation structure. When used as an electrode material for power-type storage devices (Supercapacitors, SCs), the optimized NiSe2@NC-1-3 can achieve 555.7 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1. The assembled asymmetric NiSe2@NC//AC has a wide operating voltage of 1.6 V and maintains 92.73 % durability after 10,000 cycles. For energy-type storage devices (Sodium-ion battery, SIBs) from the NiSe2@NC-1-3 electrode material exhibits a capacity of 384.4 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, a good rate capability (298.8 mAh g−1 at 5.0 A g−1), and excellent cycling life (311.7 mAh g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 for 1200 cycles). Considering the exceptional electrochemical performance of the NiSe2@NC nanocomposite in both power-type and energy-type storage devices, the rational design of this work will provide a new sight for the construction of a battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system which will accelerate the rapid development of the world's energy storage.

Optimal power-split of hybrid energy storage system using Pontryagin’s minimum principle and deep reinforcement learning approach for electric vehicle application

The battery supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system (HESS) based electric vehicles (EVs) require an efficient online energy management system (EMS) to enhance the battery life. The indirect optimal control method, like Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP), is gaining attention for its inherent instantaneous optimization and computational simplicity. However, determining the costate, non-casual variable of PMP for a given driving scenario is challenging and significantly affects the optimal solution of minimizing the battery degradation. In this study, we propose an online hybrid EMS by combining PMP and deep reinforcement learning (RL) to precisely predict the optimal costate and simultaneously minimize the battery degradation in a battery supercapacitor HESS assisted EV. Also, we propose an analytical approach to estimate the initial costate to create the costate action space of RL, which could also be used to estimate the initial costate guess for similar applications. We validate the performance of the proposed EMS under driving cycle uncertainties and untrained driving cycles via simulation. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of deep RL for optimal costate estimation to satisfy the charge sustainability of the supercapacitor. The predicted costate maintains the supercapacitor state-of-charge in the desired range while minimizing battery current for uncertain driving profiles. Further, we have compared the battery energy depletion in the proposed EMS and an offline optimal EMS to study the feasibility of the proposed intelligent EMS. The proposed EMS outperforms the offline EMS, achieving a significant improvement of 900 charge–discharge cycles.

CoMnS@rGO nanocomposite grown on NF for high-performance supercapacitor-battery hybrid device and advancing electrochemical sensitivity

The co-electrodeposition approach has been widely used to synthesize the transition metal sulfides/oxides because of remarkable performance of the energy storage devices. In this research, cobalt manganese sulfide (CoMnS) binary compounds are synthesized using the co-electrodeposition approach. The main objective is to investigate the optimal number of depositing periods in cyclic voltammetry while maintaining a constant scan rate. The electrodes without binders are produced using a rapid synthesis approach, which involves assessing binary metal sulfide to achieve a significantly enhanced energy storage capacity. Further, the rGO is incorporated into the CoMnS to enhance the electrochemical properties. The CoMnS@rGO electrode showed the specific capacitance (Cs) of 2357 F/g because of the small equivalent series resistance values as determined through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement, indicating a higher level of conductivity. The hybrid electrode showed high values of energy and power densities of 50.8 Wh/kg and 3440 W/kg, respectively. Besides, the nanocomposite electrode is used as a chemical sensor and precisely detects the multiple elements. The estimated value of R2 is 0.994 because of the high sensitivity. The hybrid electrode showed a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 5. Furthermore, based on four observations, the comparative standard deviation (RSD) is calculated to be 1.9 %. The device showed high electrochemical glucose detection sensitivity. The nanocomposite-based electrodes provide a platform for designing novel multifunctional devices.

Interface engineering of tungsten disulfide by incorporating chromium nitride interfacial layer for hybrid supercapacitors

By confronting the ongoing challenges of energy storage after generation, a unique technology referred to as hybrid energy storage systems appears as a potential solution for energy storage applications. In hybrid supercapacitors, optimizing the electrode characteristics by precise interface engineering greatly improves performance, supporting the device's stability and ability to store charge. The focus of this research is on the interface engineering of tungsten disulfide from the family of transition metal dichalcogenides by the incorporation of chromium nitride interfacial layer of 100 nm on 1 cm2 substrate via magnetron sputtering. The structural characteristics of the resulting samples were acquired using SEM, XRD, Raman, and EDX. The study further employed the half-cell assembly for exploring the electrochemical performance of pure WS2 and WS2 with CrN interfacial layer. The enhanced composition of WS2/CrN was then used as a working electrode alongside activated carbon in a hybrid supercapacitor arrangement. The device reveals a specific capacity, capacitance, power and energy density of 348 C/g, 481.3 F/g, 4250 W/kg and 82.6 Wh/kg, respectively along with capacity retention of 89 % after 10,000 GCD cycles. Following this, the device's performance was evaluated using a semi-empirical approach, comparing capacitive and diffusive mechanisms from linear and quadratic models to study battery-supercapacitor hybrids.