Battery Storage Capacity Research Articles

Energy Storage Design Using Physics-Based Battery Models in Hybrid Power Systems with Uncertainties

Renewable energy resources (RERs) have the potential to satisfy the continuously growing energy demand and provide power to un-electrified remote locations. The power generated by RERs is not always reliable due to its dependence on atmospheric conditions like solar radiation, wind speed, and temperature. To provide uninterrupted power throughout day and night, and to ensure the power stability in the system, a battery energy storage (BES) system may be coupled with a standalone RER system [1]. Proper sizing of the BES system is crucial to make such hybrid power systems technically and economically feasible. Generally, empirical or equivalent circuit models (ECM) are used to calculate different battery parameters which are easy to solve, but not accurate enough to accommodate rapid changes in operating conditions and their effects on the battery’s transport and kinetic parameters which might lead to under-utilization and over-stacking of batteries, increasing the cost of the BES systems. Physics-based battery models can offer better prediction of battery parameters like the state of charge, cell degradation, and amount of energy remaining in the battery thereby enabling us to get the best energy storage design results. This presentation will illustrate the use of physics-based battery models to design the BES system for a standalone PV-BES hybrid power system. The graphical and numerical Pinch Analysis techniques help in finding the minimum resource targets and the detailed design of the standalone RER system. A Power Pinch Analysis (PoPA) framework [2] is used for determining the minimum PV area, and the battery capacity is calculated using physics-based battery models. A single particle model (SPM) [3] and a pseudo-two-dimensional (P2D) model [4] are used for simulating the dynamic behavior of the lithium-ion battery. A framework is developed to evaluate the performance of a PV-BES hybrid power system using SPM [5], and LIONSIMBA [6] is used for the simulation of a P2D model. The chance constrained programming [7] is incorporated to consider renewable resource uncertainty. The minimum PV area and its extreme limits are calculated with a specified system reliability level using the concept of PoPA. An illustrative example of PV-BES hybrid power system is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy using real-world data. The results of the proposed approach are compared with the literature [2], and improvements in predicting battery storage capacity are shown in Figure 1. Also, load demand uncertainty is an essential issue in the design of RER based hybrid power system to satisfy the specified reliability [8]. One of the objectives is to incorporate uncertainty associated with the load demand to estimate BES system capacity. Available PoPA tools in the literature have been mainly focused on calculating minimum RER area, however incorporating changes in battery chemistry is also equally crucial to predict battery life. The developed PoPA framework would be extended further by considering the capacity fade that occurs during battery operation under varying climatic conditions and ambient temperature to accurately design the BES system. The number of battery modules and their performance can also be optimized using these models. This work combines the simplicity of PoPA to calculate the RER area and physics-based battery models to represent complex battery chemistry. However, this framework is generic in nature and can be easily extended further to include a combination of several RERs and different storage technologies for hybrid power systems.

Using iNaturalist in a Coverboard Protocol to Measure Data Quality: Suggestions for Project Design

We evaluated the accuracy of data records generated by citizen scientist participants using iNaturalist in a coverboard sampling scheme, a common method to detect herpetofauna, involving 17 species of amphibians and reptiles. We trained and observed 10 volunteers working over an eight-month period at a study site in Sonoma County, California, USA. A total number of 1,169 observations were successfully uploaded to the iNaturalist database by volunteers including a new locality for Black Salamander. Volunteers were generally successful in collecting and uploading data for verification but had more difficulties detecting smaller, camouflaged salamanders and photographing quick-moving lizards. Errors associated with uploading smartphone data were reduced with volunteer experience. We evaluated all observations and determined that 82% could be verified to the species level based on the photograph. Forty-five percent of the observations made it to the iNaturalist “research grade” quality using their crowdsourcing tools. Independently we evaluated the crowdsourcing accuracy of the research grade observations and found them to be 100% accurate to the species level. A variety of factors (herpetofauna group, species, photograph quality) played a role in determining whether observations were elevated to research grade. Volunteer screening and training protocols emphasizing smartphones that have appropriate battery and data storage capacity eliminated some issues. Our results suggest that a variety of factors can help scientists and resource managers improve the experiences and quality of the data in citizen science biodiversity programs.

Fundamental Chemistry behind Rechargeable Lithium Ion Batteries: An Ab Inito Study

In recent years, due to increase in global energy demand, developing energy storage systems with higher energy densities are an urgent need. Rechargeable Li-ion batteries (LIBs) emerge as an important power sources for energy storage device for portable electronics and are being continuously investigated and developed for use in automobile electric vehicles (EV). However, during the cycling of LIBs, due to the decomposition of electrolyte, a passivation layer called solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is formed on electrode surface. Although, SEI formation is vital in LIBs for long term performance, it leads to irreversible loss of lithium and thus, storage capacity of battery. While several studies have been performed in the past few decades on SEI, it is difficult to control its formation and growth, as the chemical composition, and stability of SEI depend on a list of factors. These factors include the electrode material, electrolyte composition, electrochemical conditions, and cell temperature. The perfect SEI would be a fast forming, flexible, stable, and contains insoluble species with low electronic and high ionic conductivity. Thus, the formation of SEI and the electrochemical stability of SEI components should be a primary topic of investigation in future development of LIBs. To understand the stability and chemistry of SEI layer, density function theory based molecular dynamics simulations were performed. We used metadynamics to understand various degradation pathways of electrolyte decomposition in LIBs in various reaction conditions as well as in presence of additives. Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics based simulations were performed to determine the solvation structure of Lithium ion in presence of additives. Fig (1) shows the structure of solvation shell of Lithium ion (Yellow color code) in Ethylene Carbonate (EC). EC molecules in the first solvation shell is shown by ball and stick model. For the purpose of clarity Hydrogen atoms are not shown in EC molecules. color code: Lithium-Yellow, Oxygen-Red, Carbon-Grey. Figure 1

Optimal Scheduling of Storage Batteries and Power Generators Based on Interval Prediction of Photovoltaics—Monotonicity Analysis for State of Charge

This letter focuses on a day-ahead scheduling problem on thermal power plants and storage batteries based on the information of the interval prediction of photovoltaic (PV) power and demand. To realize an optimal operation, there are three kinds of decision variables to plan, which correspond to a generating power schedule, a charge/discharge (C/D) power schedule, and a state of charge (SOC) schedule. Our purpose is to obtain the exact range of each optimal schedule for any possible PV/demand profiles of the interval prediction. In the previous work, we proposed a method to find the exact ranges of the optimal generation power schedule and the optimal C/D power schedule by showing the sign patterns of the Jacobians with respect to an uncertain renewable parameter. However, the range of the optimal SOC schedule is not derived so far. If the exact range is found, we can offer a guideline for a necessary and sufficient capacity of storage batteries at each time step. To get the range, we show that the sign pattern of the Jacobian for SOC is invariant, more specifically, its sign pattern has negative elements in the lower triangle and positive elements in others. The key to analyzing the sign pattern is to utilize particular properties of an ${M}$ -matrix and a diagonally dominant matrix. As a result, we clarify the sign pattern mathematically, which enables to effectively calculate the exact range of the optimal SOC schedule. This letter completes the monotonicity analysis of all the decision variables in the optimal scheduling problem.

Using common household thermal storages to support the PV- and battery system in nearly zero energy buildings in off-grid mode

This paper investigates the use of common thermal storage systems for demand side management in off-grid situations for nearly zero energy buildings. Typical parameters and characteristics were analyzed to develop mathematical models for freezers, water heaters and space heating/cooling. The models used in this work are based on simplified equations derived from differential equations. Simplified models of a battery storage and a PV-system have been added. Models for the thermal storages, PV-system and battery storage were merged to one system model. All models and simulations were designed and conducted with Matlab. Various pre-defined price based set point calculation algorithms were modified to work with the off-grid system based on the system’s voltage and available PV-power. Voltage and battery’s state of charge based algorithms are developed in this work. In a system with a freezer, water heater and space heating/cooling that is powered by a PV-system only, a possible battery storage capacity reduction of up to 50% with PV-power based and up to 36% with SOC based algorithms compared to the same system with fixed set point thermostatic control could be achieved. Additionally, the capacity could even be reduced by up to 18% by solely reacting to voltage drops.

Hydrogen production possibility using Mongolian renewable energy

There is widespread popular support for using renewable energy, particularly solar and wind energy, which provide electricity without giving rise to any carbon dioxide emissions. Harnessing these for electricity depends on the cost and efficiency of the technology, which is constantly improving, thus reducing costs per peak kilowatt, and per kWh. Utilizing solar and wind-generated electricity in a stand-alone system requires corresponding battery or other storage capacity. The possibility of large-scale use of hydrogen in the future as a transport fuel increases the potential for both renewables and base-load electricity supply.

Comparison of Personal Video Technology for Teaching and Assessment of Surgical Skills.

Improvements in personal technology have made video recording for teaching and assessment of surgical skills possible. This study compared 5 personal video-recording devices based on their utility (image quality, hardware, mounting options, and accessibility) in recording open surgical procedures. Open procedures in a simulated setting were recorded using smartphones and tablets (MOB), laptops (LAP), sports cameras such as GoPro (SC), single-lens reflex cameras (DSLR), and spy camera glasses (SPY). Utility was rated by consensus between 2 investigators trained in observation of technology using a 5-point Likert scale (1, poor, to 5, excellent). A total of 150 hours of muted video were reviewed with a minimum 1 hour for each device. Image quality was good (3.8) across all devices, although this was influenced by the device-mounting requirements (4.2) and its proximity to the area of interest. Device hardware (battery life and storage capacity) was problematic for long procedures (3.8). Availability of devices was high (4.2). Personal video-recording technology can be used for assessment and teaching of open surgical skills. DSLR and SC provide the best images. DSLR provides the best zoom capability from an offset position, while SC can be placed closer to the operative field without impairing sterility. Laptops provide best overall utility for long procedures due to video file size. All devices require stable recording platforms (eg, bench space, dedicated mounting accessories). Head harnesses (SC, SPY) provide opportunities for "point-of-view" recordings. MOB and LAP can be used for multiple concurrent recordings.

ИНТЕГРАЦИЯ ПРОЦЕССА КАТЕГОРИЗАЦИИ ЭЛЕКРОХИМИЧЕСКИХ НАКОПИТЕЛЕЙ ЭНЕРГИИ В ЗАДАЧУ ОПТИМИЗАЦИИ СОСТАВА ОБОРУДОВАНИЯ АВТОНОМНЫХ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ КОМПЛЕКСОВ, ИСПОЛЬЗУЮЩИХ ВОЗОБНОВЛЯЕМЫЕ ИСТОЧНИКИ ЭНЕРГИИ

Актуальность работы обусловлена необходимостью повышения точности решения задачи оптимизации состава оборудования автономных энергетических комплексов, использующих возобновляемые источники и накопители энергии Цель: продемонстрировать возможность интеграции процесса категоризации электрохимических накопителей энергии в задачу оптимизации состава оборудования автономных энергетических комплексов, использующих возобновляемые источники и накопители энергии; выявить ряд закономерностей, влияющих на процесс категоризации электрохимических накопителей энергии, с последующим обобщением и детальным анализом полученной информации. Методы. Представленная методика последовательно выстроена на положениях теории систем с использованием общеизвестных математических моделей, позволяющих моделировать основные режимные параметры автономных систем электроснабжения с возобновляемыми источниками и электрохимическими накопителями энергии. Используются актинометрические, ветроэнергетические и многие другие природно-климатические показатели, полученные в результате обработки многолетних метеорологических рядов, зафиксированных на метеостанциях Ном, Кодиак, Адак (штат Аляска, США). Результаты. Предложена методика интеграции процесса категоризации электрохимических накопителей энергии в задачу оптимизации состава оборудования автономных систем электроснабжения, использующих возобновляемые источники и накопители энергии. Представлены результаты исследования трех автономных энергетических комплексов, использующих возобновляемые источники и накопители энергии. По итогам исследования были получены результаты, характеризующие зависимость между составом генерирующего оборудования и суммарной установленной емкостью аккумулирующего звена. Проведен детальный анализ полученных результатов с соответствующими выводами, визуализацией и заключениями о степени их достоверности и возможности использования в оптимизационных исследованиях автономных энергетических комплексов, использующих возобновляемые источники и накопители энергии.

Optimum Capacity and Placement of Storage Batteries Considering Photovoltaics

In recent years, due to the enforcement of the Feed-in tariff (FIT) scheme for renewable energy, a large number of photovoltaic (PV) has been introduced, which causes fluctuations in the supply-demand balance of a power system. As measures against this, the introduction of large capacity storage batteries and demand response has been carried out, and the balance between supply and demand has been adjusted. However, since the increase in capacity of the storage battery is expensive, it is necessary to optimize the capacity of the storage battery from an economic point of view. Therefore, in the power system to which a large amount of photovoltaic power generation has been introduced, the optimal capacity and optimal arrangement of storage batteries are examined. In this paper, the determination of storage battery placement and capacity considering one year is performed by three-step simulation based on probability density function. Simulations show the effectiveness of storage batteries by considering the introduction of demand response and comparing with multiple cases.

Sila wins backing for silicon anodes

Sila Nanotechnologies, a California-based battery material start-up, has raised $170 million in a fourth round of funding, led by the automaker Daimler, to advance its technology for battery anodes made with silicon. Sila launched in 2011 and has now brought in $295 million from investors. Lithium-ion battery anodes are typically made of graphite. Incorporating silicon has the potential to improve energy density by 20–40%, experts say. But silicon anodes can swell to more than three times their size during charging because of absorption of lithium ions. Sila says its porous anode composite gets around that problem. Demonstrations of the material show it boosts battery density by 20%. “We’ve cracked the code on silicon thanks to eight years and 35,000 iterations developing our materials to improve battery storage capacity,” Sila CEO Gene Berdichevsky says. Other companies targeting the anode include silicon maker Wacker Chemie, the UK start-up Nexeon, and US battery

A Computationally Efficient Optimization Method for Battery Storage in Grid-connected Microgrids Based on a Power Exchanging Process

Battery storage (BS) sizing problems for grid-connected microgrids (GCμGs) commonly use stochastic scenarios to represent uncertain natures of renewable energy and load demand in the GCμG. Though taking a large number of stochastic scenarios into consideration can deliver a relatively accurate optimal result, it can also highly deteriorate the computational efficiency of the sizing problem. To make an accuracy-efficiency trade-off, a computationally efficient optimization method to optimize the BS capacities based on the power exchanging process of the GCμG is proposed in this paper. According to the imbalanced power of the GCμG, this paper investigates the power exchanging process between the GCμG, BS and external grid. Motivated by the BS dynamics, a forward/backward sweep-based energy management scheme is proposed based on the power exchanging process. A heuristic two-level optimization model is developed with sizing BS as the upper-level problem and optimizing the operational cost of the GCμG as the lower-level problem. The lower-level problem is solved by the proposed energy management scheme and the objective function of the upper-level is minimized by the pattern search (PS) algorithm. To validate the accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed method, the numerical results are compared with the mixed integer linear programming (MILP) method. The comparison shows that the proposed method shares similar accuracy but is much more time-efficient than the MILP method.

Energy performance of buildings with on-site energy generation and storage – An integrated assessment using dynamic simulation

The European Union aims to achieve a nearly zero energy balance in buildings by 2020. The present study takes into consideration the passive systems of the building, energy demand, and energy generated by the on-site photovoltaic and storage system, and how they interact in different scenarios. The study also considers the energy demand from the grid and the surplus of renewable energy. The software EnergyPlus was used and the parametric sensitivity simulation method was applied, taking into account blinds operation, ventilation strategies, HVAC operation schemes and battery storage capacity, in 96 scenarios. The results highlight that there is great variability between the considered scenarios, highlighting the importance of sizing methodologies for the passive systems and the use of optimized home management algorithms. It was found that the use of batteries with higher storage capacity increases the demand-supply from the on-site PV energy but decreases the amount of energy injected into the grid. The design of the PV and battery system based on yearly integrated simulations allows for an optimized solution. This study also emphasizes the importance of knowing the expected occupancy during the design phase, as a significant input to the sizing methodologies of the storage capacity and on-site generation.

Hybrid Electric Springs for Grid-Tied Power Control and Storage Reduction in AC Microgrids

The renewable generations (RGs) are conventionally interfaced with the utility grid through battery energy storage systems (BESS). In this cascaded configuration of the grid-connected inverter, battery, and RG, the power of the battery is passively governed by the power difference between the RG and the grid. This compromises the state-of-charge (SoC) control of the battery and increases the storage capacity. To address this issue, a hybrid electric spring (HES), which is integrated with the RG and noncritical load (NCL), is proposed in this paper for the grid-tied power control and reduction of battery storage capacity in ac microgrids. Such an integrated configuration enables a flexible control of the power flow among battery, NCL, and grid. On top of that, the proposed HES can achieve an extended operating region of grid-tied power control compared with the conventional BESS and the existing electric springs. The operating principle, steady-state analysis, and control design of the HES are discussed. The functions of the grid-tied power control and battery SoC control are verified experimentally and through simulations.

Control of Energy Storage System Integrating Electrochemical Batteries and Supercapacitors for Grid-Connected Applications

The implementation of ancillary services in renewable energy based generation systems requires controlling bidirectional power flow. For such applications, integrated energy storage systems (ESSs) in such generation platforms have emerged as a promising solution. However, a large variety of ESS solutions are available in the market, and even hybrid systems are proposed to optimize the overall performance. In this regard, the integration of supercapacitors (SCs) and electrochemical batteries is an attractive and feasible solution, as it takes the most of the combination of the large storage capacity of batteries with the high dynamic performance of SCs. This combination enables the implementation of energy and power services, such as inertia emulation, black start, or power oscillation damping among others. This solution avoids oversizing ESS and enlarges the battery lifetime, since the SCs absorve the high dynamic response meanwhile the battery feeds an attenuated power profile. This paper presents a strategy to manage mixed energy storage technologies, composed by a direct connection of a battery and an SC bank interfaced through a dc–dc converter. A power control loop distributes the power flow through each element in order to achieve an optimized performance, meanwhile, it permits to provide grid-frequency support and minimizes the number of cycles applied to the battery. The analysis made and the initial sections are endorsed by simulation and experimental results collected in a 50-kW test-bench.

Optimization of household energy consumption towards day-ahead retail electricity price in home energy management systems

In this paper, a novel approach is proposed to optimize the behavior of household appliances towards retail electricity price. At the supply-side, a distributed generation-owning retailer participates in the wholesale electricity market, i.e. day-ahead and intraday trading floors. Considering the uncertainties associated with electricity price and wind/solar power, the retailer determines the retail price using stochastic programming. At the demand-side, smart household prosumers take the advantage of two kinds of storage capacities: (1) thermal storage capacity of thermostatic devices and (2) electrical storage capacity of batteries integrated with roof-top photovoltaic panels. The Home Energy Management System (HEMS) determines the operational strategies of appliances, including thermostatically controlled, uninterruptible and curtailable appliances, in response to the retail price. The HEMS uses a heuristic Forward-Backward Algorithm (F-BA) to minimize the energy cost of the thermal appliances satisfying the residents’ comfort. To prevent from creating peak demands in the power system, a Peak Flattening Scheme (PFS) is suggested. Investigating the interaction between household consumption and network security, the household demands are located at different buses of a distribution network relieving congestion in weak lines. Finally, the proposed approach is implemented as a case for Danish sector of Nordic Electricity Market.

Cation-Disordered Rock-Salts As High-Energy Lib Cathodes

In recent years, reversible redox activities of both transition-metal (TM) cations and oxygen anions were found to be feasible in a number of Li-excess transition-metal oxides, enabling significant enhancement in charge storage capacity of lithium-ion battery (LIB) cathodes. [1-3] Most high-capacity cathode materials reported in the literature are either layer-structured similar to the well-studied Li- and Mn-rich (LMR) oxides, or cation-disordered rock-salts. For the layered LMR, repeated cycling at high voltages is known to cause significant voltage and capacity fade, hysteresis, and impedance rise. Understanding the origin of these issues has been on-going for well over a decade, and various degradation mechanisms have been proposed. [4-5] Likewise, obtaining high capacity in cation-disordered rock-salt oxides often comes at the expense of cycling stability that becomes progressively worse with either deeper oxidation of oxygen at higher potential or extended cycling involving oxygen redox. It is unclear, however, what properties and/or processes may have caused the performance issues in this newer class of cathode materials with 3D Li migration pathways. In this presentation, we use cation-disordered Li1.3Nb0.3Mn0.4O2(LNMO), a compound recently reported to have an impressive discharge capacity of ca. 300 mAh/g at 60 oC [6], as a baseline system to investigate the chemical and structural origins of performance deterioration. We show that extensive reduction of the redox active TM occurred both in the bulk and on the surface of the cycled oxide particles. In contrast to what was reported on the layered LMR, TM reduction was not accompanied by phase transition due to cation site migration. We further propose a cathode degradation mechanism and explore design strategies to balanced capacity and stability. As both Li and TM cations share the same crystallographic sites in cation-disordered rock-salts, the oxide chemistry was manipulated to influence the contribution of TM and O redox.The effect of cation and/or anion substitutions in stabilizing the oxide cathodes will be discussed. References J. Lee, A. Urban, X. Li, D. Su, G. Hautier and G. Ceder, Science 2014, 343, 519.M. Sathiya, G. Rousse, K. Ramesha, C. P. Laisa, H. Vezin, M. T. Sougrati, M. L. Doublet, D. Foix, D. Gonbeau, W. Walker, A. S. Prakash, M. Ben Hassine, L. Dupont and J. M. Tarascon,Nat. Mater. 2013, 12, 827.P. E. Pearce, A. J. Perez, G. Rousse, M. Saubanere, D. Batuk, D. Foix, E. McCalla, A. M. Abakumov, G. Van Tendeloo, M.-L. Doublet and J.-M. Tarascon, Nat. Mater. 2017, 16, 580.4.J. R. Croy, M. Balasubramanian, K. G. Gallagher andA. K. Burrell, Acc. Chem. Res. 2015, 48, 2813.W. E. Gent, K. Lim, Y. Liang, Q. Li, T. Barnes, S.-J. Ahn, K. H. Stone, M. McIntire, J. Hong, J. H. Song, Y. Li, A. Mehta, S. Ermon, T. Tyliszczak, D. Kilcoyne, D. Vine, J.-H. Park, S.-K. Doo, M. F. Toney, W. Yang , D. Prendergast and W. C. Chueh, Nat. Commun. 2017 , 8, 2091.N. Yabuuchi, M. Takeuchi, M. Nakayama, H. Shiiba, M. Ogawa, K. Nakayama, T. Ohta, D. Endo, T. Ozaki, T. Inamasu, K. Sato and S. Komaba, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2015, 112, 7650. Acknowledgment This work was supported by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.

Anomalous interfacial stress generation during sodium intercalation/extraction in MoS2 thin-film anodes.

Although the generation of mechanical stress in the anode material is suggested as a possible reason for electrode degradation and fading of storage capacity in batteries, only limited knowledge of the electrode stress and its evolution is available at present. Here, we show real-time monitoring of the interfacial stress of a few-layer MoS2 system under the sodiation/desodiation process using microcantilever electrodes. During the first sodiation with a voltage plateau of 1.0 to 0.85 V, the MoS2 exhibits a compressive stress (2.1 Nm-1), which is substantially smaller than that measured (9.8 Nm-1) during subsequent plateaus at 0.85 to 0.4 V due to the differential volume expansion of the MoS2 film. The conversion reaction to Mo below 0.1 V generates an anomalous compressive stress of 43 Nm-1 with detrimental effects. These results also suggest the existence of a separate discharge stage between 0.6 and 0.1 V, where the generated stress is only approximately one-third of that observed below 0.1 V. This approach can be adapted to help resolve the localized stress in a wide range of electrode materials, to gain additional insights into mechanical effects of charge storage, and for long-lifetime battery design.

Energy Storage Battery Parameters Identification Algorithms of a Solar Powered Communication/Remote-Sensing UAV

The residual capacity of energy storage battery is an important index of flight safety as well as an essential parameter in the process of flight strategy design of a solar powered communication/remote-sensing UAV. SOC (State-Of-Charge) is generally used to represent the residual capacity of energy storage battery. Its physical meaning is the ratio of the residual capacity of battery and its capacity in completely charging state. The energy storage battery module will take the charge-discharge power as input and SOC as output. As for the practical application of the battery, the accuracy of models and parameters become technical difficulties. Through the test and analysis of lithium batteries, various factors affecting the performance of batteries are found out and the test data of lithium batteries are obtained. This paper analyzes the test data and the models together and evaluates the parameters of lithium batteries through exponential curve fitting and least-square parameter identification. Moreover, the application effects of the two methods are summarized and compared.

Industry sector contribution to the GDP. A future scenario analysis for the establishment of an electric vehicle industry in the UAE by 2040

This paper attempts to build three possible scenarios for the establishment of an electric vehicle industry in the United Arab Emirates in the next two decades through the investment of approximately 60 billion dollars aimed at producing two million electric vehicles by 2040. The proposed scenarios are built to compensate the expected fall in oil revenue in the long-run as main source of export. Key factors that lead to successful establishment include the technological shift that already taking place in the transportation sector worldwide, increasing usage and spread of electric vehicles, significant improvements in alternative energies, mainly solar energy, and improved battery storage capacities. The three scenarios explored, the preferred scenario, optimistic scenario and pessimistic scenario estimate investments over the next 20 years, suggesting areas for the establishment of this industry between Al Mirfa and Ruwais zones with seaport in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. The suggested road map for its realisation includes four stages, from present and until 2040. The preferred scenario particularly illustrates a realistic future setting in fostering the diversification of the country's economic base.

Prefeasibility techno-economic assessment of a hybrid power plant with photovoltaic, fuel cell and Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)

This paper presents a hybrid power generation system comprising of Photovoltaic (PV) panels, Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC), Gas Turbine (GT), Thermal Energy Storage (TES), Battery (Bat) and a Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) system. The CAES pressure was considered to be regulated using a water reservoir system located at a suitable height place. The described system was designed to supply the electricity needs of 500 households with peak electricity demand of 500 kW. A set up MCFC/GT with power generation rate of 500 kW was considered in the calculations, and the PV system capacity was considered to be changed from 100 kW to 600 kW. The optimal configuration and operational conditions of the system were conducted based on the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) definition as well as the total annual emission that is occurred by the auxiliary fossil fuel boiler and MCFC systems. The results showed that the overall system efficiency would be increased by about 25%, when the CAES is used and the compressor is switched off. Also, the optimal operational pressure of MCFC was found to be 6 bar for 2000 number of PVs, 1500 kWh of battery storage and CAES capacity of 685 m3.