Battery-operated Vehicles Research Articles

Enhancing Sustainable Transportation with Advancements in Photonic Radar Technology with MIMO and IIR Filtering for Adverse Weather Conditions

Sustainable transportation is crucial in addressing global road safety and environmental challenges. This study introduces a novel photonic radar system, leveraging Linear Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave (LFMCW) technology for high-speed data transmission. Operating in a homodyne configuration, this system uses a single oscillator to generate both signal and reference waveforms. It incorporates mode division multiplexing (MDM) to enable the detection and ranging of multiple targets, even under adverse atmospheric conditions. To counter atmospheric attenuation, the system is equipped with a 2 × 2 MIMO technique and an Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter. Numerical simulations demonstrate the system’s superior performance in range resolution and target detection, achieving significant power improvements. The IIR filter further enhances detection, achieving a power improvement of 200% for target 1 and 276% for target 2. With low power requirements and enhancement through IIR filter equalization, this system presents a viable option for battery-operated vehicles. This innovative approach offers a low-power high-efficiency solution suitable for battery-operated vehicles, promoting safer and more reliable sustainable transportation.

Integrated Crashworthiness Analysis of Electric Vehicle Battery Shells and Chassis: A Finite Element Study with Abaqus

This paper aims to comprehend and predict the mechanical behavior of the genuine Tesla Model-S chassis and the battery module during a crash in Abaqus/Explicit. The parametric method was incorporated with varying impact velocities from 27.7, 55.5, and 100m/s and battery shell thickness from 1mm to 3mm. The asymmetry model was considered for both the chassis and battery pack. Aluminum 6061 and ASI430 SS are assigned to the chassis profile and the battery shells (cells). A Johnson-Cook (JC) plastic and damage failure model has been implemented to simulate realistic crash behavior. Displacement, energy, and force results were captured during the simulation. A battery shell thickness of 3mm showed higher resistance than a 1mm thick shell at 55.5 m/s. The numerical findings reveal the dynamic response in displacement and compression under various loading conditions for both individual profiles. Additionally, the study presents a detailed inspection of each cell module, graphically demonstrating how the individual cells respond to initial positions, crashes, and external deformation (shear) caused by collision energy. The finite element model is validated against previous experimental and numerical studies, successfully simulating crashworthiness. The present study provides significant insights that have the potential to improve the safety and efficiency of battery-operated vehicles through the design and optimization of their structures.

ÇÖP MATERYALİ TOPLAMA VE YANGIN TESPİTİ İÇİN BİR OTONOM ARAÇ TASARIMI VE GERÇEKLEŞTİRİLMESİ

Autonomous vehicles are becoming increasingly popular in a variety of applications, including waste collection and fire detection. In this work, we present the design and implementation of an autonomous vehicle for these tasks in urban environments. The vehicle is equipped with sensors and control algorithms to navigate, detect and collect plastic bottle wastes, and detect fires in real-time. The system uses an off-the-shelf, small-sized, battery-operated vehicle, a simple conveyor belt, and a vision-based, computerized system. Machine learning (ML-) based vision tasks are implemented to direct the vehicle to waste locations and initiate the waste removal process. A fire detection and alarm system are also incorporated, using a camera and machine learning algorithms to detect flames automatically. The vehicle was tested in a simulated urban environment, and the results demonstrate its effectiveness in waste material collection and fire detection. The proposed system has the potential to improve the efficiency and safety of such tasks in urban areas.

Intelligent Power Controller for BLDC Motor

Now-a-days BLDC motors are used in many applications including electric vehicles. The battery-operated vehicles are gaining popularity as people become increasingly aware of the adverse effects of fossil fuel-powered vehicles on the environment. These battery- operated vehicles are equipped with the Brushless direct current (BLDC) motor due to its high efficiency. Many researchers carried out researches to regulate the operations of BLDC motors. In this research the control of BLDC motor is analyzed. While taking into account reliability and durability, the BLDC motor fails to provide an increased fault tolerance, with decreased electromagnetic interference, acoustic noise, flux ripples, and torque ripple. Torque ripple in a BLDC motor’s is mainly caused due to the variation in the interactions across the stator and rotor as well the electromagnetic fields. So, the research has come up with the solution to the torque ripple using the controllers. By using intelligent power controllers, the output performance can be improved with good power quality and efficiency.

A monopolistic supply chain model under price threshold government subsidy contract

Utility of efficient automobiles has compelled us to explore various aspect of its promotion. Our manuscript analyzes a monopolistic automobile manufacturer trying to produce efficient vehicles along with traditional vehicles. A utility-based dynamic production design has been studied under price-dependent subsidy (PDS) model to explore the effects of government subsidy on manufacturing of Battery-operated vehicles (BOV) and Diesel vehicles (DV). We have compared the PDS mechanism under two sustainable and green strategies namely, BOV socially responsible (BSR) strategy and DV energy reduction (DER) strategy to bring out the best possible channel dynamics that can optimize its gross profit margins. We speculated that an increase in threshold price has positive impacts under BSR and DER strategies. However we found numerically and analytically that, even under subsidized BOV's, energy efficient DV's are still in much demand. Our study compels us to explore three different cost cases and the best possible optimal variant has been numerically established. We note that BSR strategy holds good in some circumstances while DER strategy rules in other. Our findings have been illustrated graphically by using real-life scenarios to validate our models.

Review and selection of recycling technology for lithium-ion batteries made for EV application - A life cycle perspective

The lithium-ion battery is the source of renewable energy and the battery-operated vehicles are gradually replacing fossil fuel-based automobiles. Though Electric Vehicles (EVs) do not produce emissions through tailpipes, yet the issues pertaining to recycling of the lithium-ion batteries employed in EVs lead to environmental burdens. The EVs sale in global market exceeds a million per year. It is estimated that there will be a huge amount of unprocessed waste of lithium-ion battery packs when these vehicles retire after the service life. The re-use of batteries can reduce the waste generation, however the cumulative burden of the battery wastes will be substantial considering the increasing trend of the electric-vehicle market. There are various methods employed for recycling of lithium-ion batteries. The existing literature reports that their environmental impact is significant. The challenge is to choose a method which causes minimal disruptions to the environment in terms of cost, pollution and energy consumption, which can be effectively addressed by a life cycle analysis based selection method. In this paper, a review is conducted on the current recycling technologies and WPM (Weighted Product Method) based Multi-Criteria Approach is employed to optimally choose the best recycling process for lithium-ion batteries from life cycle perspective.

Fog Computing Approach for Shared Mobility in Smart Cities

Smart transportation a smart city application where traditional individual models are transforming to shared and distributed ownership. These models are used to serve commuters for inter- and intra-city travel. However, short-range urban transportation services within campuses, residential compounds, and public parks are not explored to their full capacity compared to the distributed vehicle model. This paper aims to explore and design an adequate framework for battery-operated shared mobility within a large community for short-range travel. This work identifies the characteristics of the shared mobility for battery-operated vehicles and accordingly proposes an adequate solution that deals with real-time data collection, tracking, and automated decisions. Furthermore, given the requirement for real-time decisions with low latency for critical requests, the paper deploys the proposed framework within the 3-tier computing model, namely edge, fog, and cloud tiers. The solution design considers the power consumption requirement at the edge by offloading the computational requests to the fog tier and utilizing the LoRaWAN communication technology. A prototype implementation is presented to validate the proposed framework for a university campus using e-bikes. The results show the scalability of the proposed design and the achievement of low latency for requests that require real-time decisions.

Yulu: Moving Towards a Sustainable Future

The rapidly rising rate of urbanization, which is closely linked to economic growth, has exposed the world to several challenges such as inequality, environmental degradation, traffic congestion, infrastructural concerns and social conflicts. Therefore, urban sustainability has emerged as one of the most debatable discussions across the world. The existing network of transportation can no longer keep up with the growing demand in metropolitan cities. Short distance travel has become an unresolved issue for daily commuters. The case presents how MMVs have emerged as an alternative mode of transport for resolving issues of daily commuters regarding the first-mile connectivity, last-mile connectivity and short distance travel to reach their final destination. MMVs are basically light-weight vehicles which occupy less space on road. These vehicles include bicycles, e-bikes, skateboards, hoverboards and other battery-operated vehicles. The case narrates the journey of Yulu, a dockless bike-sharing venture which promoted the concept of green consumerism among the daily commuters at affordable rates. The venture initially started in the IT city of Bangalore and later expanded its operations to other cities such as Pune, Navi Mumbai, Gurugram and Bhubaneswar. The speciality of this venture is that it offers a sustainable solution to ever-increasing problems of traffic congestion and aggravating air pollution issues in metropolitan cities. Dilemma: How to offer a sustainable solution to the ever-increasing problem of traffic congestion and aggravating air pollution due to rising vehicular traffic? How to make short distance travel affordable and more convenient for daily commuters? Theory: Three pillars of sustainable development. Type of Case: Problem solving applied case. Protagonist: Present. Discussion and Case Questions: What strategies should be employed by the start-up to make it a more popular form of commute? How can the increasing rate of damage to the vehicles be brought down? How does organization structure and cluster management practices of Yulu help it to become more sustainable? How can the regulatory bodies and government promote and adopt such start-ups in their urban planning projects?

Study on an Energy-Harvesting Magnetorheological Damper System in Parallel Configuration for Lightweight Battery-Operated Automobiles

Suspension dampers are extremely critical for modern automobiles for absorbing vibrational energy while in operation. For years now, the viscous passive damper has been dominant. However, there is a constant need to improve and revolutionize the damping technology to adapt to modern road conditions and for better performance. Controlled shock absorbers capable of adapting to uneven road profiles are required to meet this challenge and enhance the passenger comfort level. Among the many types of modern damping solutions, magnetorheological (MR) dampers have gained prominence, considering their damping force control capability, fast adjustable response, and low energy consumption. Advancements in energy-harvesting technologies allow for the regeneration of a portion of energy dissipated in automotive dampers. While the amount of regenerated energy is often insufficient for regular automobiles, it could prove to be vital to support lightweight battery-operated vehicles. In battery-operated vehicles, this regenerated energy can be used for powering several secondary systems, including lighting, heating, air conditioning, and so on. This research focuses on developing a hybrid smart suspension system that combines the MR damping technology along with an electromagnetic induction (EMI)-based energy-harvesting system for applications in lightweight battery-operated vehicles. The research involves the extensive designing, numerical simulation, fabrication, and testing of the proposed smart suspension system. The development of the proposed damping system would help advance the harvesting of clean energy and enhance the performance and affordability of future battery-operated vehicles.

Frequency regulation of an electric vehicle-operated micro-grid under WOA-tuned fuzzy cascade controller

ABSTRACT The present manuscript highlights on the frequency regulation of an islanded AC micro-grid under different uncertainties. The advancement in battery-operated vehicles (electric vehicles) keeps environment clean and healthy due to carbonless gas emissions. However, charging of electric vehicles creates frequency instability issues in the micro-grid system. Additionally, the incorporation of low inertia and large uncertainties of the micro-grid system puts adverse effect over frequency stabilisation. To obtain multi-beneficial (green environment and nominal frequency) scenario in micro-grid systems, the manuscript proposes a robust fuzzy cascade PD-PI controller for this study. A nature-inspired whale optimisation algorithm (WOA) algorithm is suggested to optimally design the proposed fuzzy cascade PD-PI controller. In order to defend the viability of the proposed approaches few comparative analyses have been synthesised in this study. Finally, it is revealed the proposed WOA-optimised fuzzy cascade PD-PI controller gracefully improves micro-grid dynamic performance under various operational conditions.

Compactness analysis of PCM-based cooling systems for lithium battery-operated vehicles

Demand for sustainable transport system is craving for hybrid and electric vehicles with high-power and high-energy electric storage system for increased range of haul. To support such high-power applications, the Li-Ion battery developers’ trends are to formulate batteries with high discharge rate and high ampere rate of up to 100 Ah. Those batteries would suffer from a drastic increase in heat generation rate, which could increase the temperature of the battery above 313 K (40 °C) under the conventional cooling system. Most of the research works proposed direct liquid cooling or liquid cooling plates to attain sufficient cooling for high ampere battery packs. In the present research, the focus is on a hybrid cooling system that is more versatile in providing a flexible cooling mechanism with various design parameters to control the cooling performance for the battery pack. Through computational fluid dynamics simulations, it is understood that it needs 9 mm thickness for pure phase change material (PCM) cooling system to control the temperature within 313 K (40 °C) for the battery with heat generation rate of 30,046 W/m3. The proposed hybrid cooling system can control the temperature within 313 K (40 °C) for battery with heat generation rate of 120,183 W/m3 applying 6 mm thickness of PCM, thus reducing the overall size of the cooling system by 16.3%. It is also predicted that the hybrid cooling system can further improve its performance by increasing the coolant flow rate beyond 2 L/min. Under the 0.5C discharge condition, hybrid cooling can be manageable with zero pumping losses.

Soft-Switching High Gain Step-Up DC/DC Converter without Auxiliary Switches

This manuscript presents a novel high gain, high efficiency Soft-switching high step-up DC/DC converter for battery-operated vehicles. The high step-up converter can transfer the power flow from the small voltage to high voltage. The conventional two input inductor hard switched non-isolated DC-DC converter improved with an additional auxiliary cell to attain the Zero voltage switching, due to obtaining the softswitching the efficiency may improve and reduces the stress across the main switches. The isolated converters are used as a transformer to attain high gain, whereas in the proposed converter obtains the high gain without a transformer and contains the high efficiency in the step-up mode of operation. The main aim of the converter is to attain the Zero voltage switching without using any additional auxiliary switches. In this paper, the input voltage applied as 30V, and the obtained output voltage is fifteen times to the applied voltage, which is 450V and the output power 850W. This paper mainly presents the theoretical analysis of converter operation and the evaluation of the simulation results validated with the theoretical analysis.

Low Cost Battery Operated Vehicle Using Joystick Control for Physically Challenged

Wheelchairs are used by people having difficulty in walking due to disability or some illness. The wheelchairs can either be self-propelled or can be moved by using the torque developed from the electric motors fitted to the wheels. The use of automated wheelchairs has largely increased as it does not require any muscular movement from the user. The various automated wheelchair models available in the market are of high cost and cannot be afforded by everyone in need. In this project, we aim to develop a low cost automated wheelchairWithout compromising its reliability. The wheelchair movement is controlled by the user via a thumb joystick. The control algorithm is implemented by using ATMEGA 328P.

Assessment of Urban Air Quality around a Heritage Site Using AERMOD: A Case Study of Amritsar City, India

Air quality models (AQMs) play an important role in prediction and forecasting of air pollutant concentrations which are essential components for urban air quality management. Applicability of advanced AQM like AERMOD is well established in developed world where sufficient input data are available. However, it is limited in developing countries due to lack of adequate and reliable data. The present study is focused to assess the urban air quality around a heritage site in Amritsar city in India using AERMOD. The performance of AERMOD is evaluated for prediction of oxide of nitrogen (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter, having the diameter ≤10 μm (PM10). It is observed from the results that predicted pollutant concentrations are in satisfactory limits. The index of agreement (d) values estimated for NOx, SO2 and PM10 are 0.57, 0.51 and 0.50, respectively, indicating satisfactory performance of AERMOD. Similarly, other statistical descriptors also indicate its satisfactory performance in predicting the pollutant concentrations. Further, source apportionment of urban air pollutants has also been carried out using AERMOD. Besides, air quality management practices are also evaluated based on three what-if scenarios viz. (i) Introduction of battery-operated vehicles within the walled city, (ii) change in traffic movement and (iii) installation of air pollution control equipment in the free kitchen. It has been observed that after implementing the scenarios all together, PM10, NOx and SO2 concentrations reduce by 2.7, 9.8 and 7.0 %, respectively.

Physicist Steven Koonin takes on a new role as DOE’s ‘technical conscience’

Physicist Steven Koonin takes on a new role as DOE’s ‘technical conscience’

Sustainable urban transportation: impact of CO<SUB align=right>2 mitigation strategies on local pollutants

This paper assesses CO2 mitigation strategies in Delhi and Mumbai against the dynamics of local pollutants. After testing against techno-economic feasibility, compressed natural gas (CNG) technology, four-stroke two-wheelers and battery-operated vehicles (BOV) were selected as candidate options for Mumbai and Delhi. Multiple constrained optimisation for finding out the optimal mix of vehicles to meet the travel demand under the business-as-usual scenario for the period of CO2 mitigation targets of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25% resulted in reduced stock of diesel and petrol vehicles, with the reduction spanning over different points of the above time period. In the case of Mumbai, battery-operated three-wheelers dominated the vehicular mix, with the share of CNG vehicles remaining at a standard level. CO2 reduction targets did not influence the CNG option significantly. CO2 mitigation influenced the dynamics of local pollutants considerably in both Delhi and Mumbai. In Delhi, TSP and SOx reduction levels against the CO2 mitigation target were found to be significant. In Mumbai, the percentage reduction in local pollution (TSP in particular) was higher than the target CO2 reduction. Local pollutants other than TSP and SOx showed an increasing trend against the CO2 mitigation strategies in Delhi. In the case of Mumbai, all non-target pollutants showed a falling trend against the CO2 mitigation strategies, though insignificantly for pollutants other than TSP and SOx.

The potential market for non-gasoline-powered automobiles

This paper presents estimates of what the market share for several non-gasoline-powered automobiles would be in the years 2000 and 2025 if no large changes occur in fuel prices, taxes, consumers' attitudes or regulations affecting the automabile market. As such, the estimates serve as “base-case” forecasts from which changes in these factors can be analyzed. Several types of non-gasoline-powered automobiles are included in the analysis: battery-powered vehicles (both nickel-zinc and high-temperature batteries); a hybrid (with both a battery motor and a gas engine in one vehicle); a hydrogen vehicle (which ignites hydrogen instead of gas); and a vehicle which is powered by the reaction of aluminum into energy and oxidation products. Engineers at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory specified the probable characteristics of the vehicles, based on “most-likely” and “optimistic” outcomes of research and development. With these characteristics as input, a model of the type of automobile which households would choose to own was used to predict the share of the auto market which each of the vehicles would capture under the “base-case” assumptions. It was forecast the nickel-zinc battery vehicle would capture very little of the market, but that the market share for high-temperature-battery vehicles would be larger. Also, the hybrid and aluminum-reaction vehicles were forecast to capture a significant share, while the hydrogen-powered vehicle was not. The forecasts for the battery-operated vehicles were compared to those obtained by SRI and Mathtech, and it was found that, while SRI's forecasts are close to those obtained herein, Mathtech's forecasts are much higher. Promising avenues for future research are discussed.

Paper 5. Industrial Vehicle Torque Converter Transmissions

The highway vehicle is concerned with transporting persons or freight over substantial distances, usually at as high an average speed as the conditions will permit. The high-performance private car and the door-to-door delivery vehicle represent opposite ends of the scale of the duty cycle. In the latter case, the very cycle itself—stop-start characteristics, the high percentage of standing time resulting in relatively small mileage, and the small penalty of limited maximum speed—represents cumulative factors in respect of which the basic economics of the battery-operated electric vehicle dominates other considerations. Thus, in order to arrive at design specifications it is essential to consider the duty cycle which, in the case of all types of industrial vehicle, is characterized by the need to execute a high proportion of forward/reverse manoeuvres, long periods of low-speed operation, and the provision of an increasing complexity of powered auxiliary equipment.