The lithium-ion battery energy storage system currently widely used faces a problem of rapid degradation of electrical performance at very low temperatures (such as −40 °C), making it difficult to meet the power supply requirements of high-power pulse loads in low-temperature environments. To address this issue, this paper proposes a multi-objective configuration optimization method for passive lithium-ion battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) based on an electro-thermal-aging coupling model, in order to achieve non-preheating power supply for pulse loads under low temperatures. Firstly, an electro-thermal-aging coupling model for the passive HESS is established to accurately describe the dynamic characteristics during discharge. Subsequently, aiming at the low-temperature application requirements of high-power pulse loads, a multi-objective configuration optimization model is established based on the coupling model with the objectives of minimizing the mass and the minimum operating ambient temperature of the HESS; a solving method of the optimization model is designed based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm with elite strategy. Finally, a case study is conducted on configuration optimization for a certain type of pulse load. The optimization results show that when the minimum operating temperature is consistent and below 0 °C, the passive HESS compared with the lithium-ion battery energy storage system can reduce the system mass by more than 23% and the acquisition cost by more than 18% while maintaining basically consistent single-pulse costs. When the minimum operating temperature is lower, the advantages of the HESS are even more significant.