Battery Endurance Research Articles

Association of Hearing Impairment With Higher Level Physical Functioning and Walking Endurance

The longitudinal associations between hearing impairment and higher-level functional measures and the potential confounding role of vestibular function have not been assessed. We investigated these associations in 831 participants of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (2012–2019). Hearing was measured using pure-tone audiometry and categorized using WHO standards. Physical function was assessed with the Health Aging and Body Composition Physical Performance Battery (HABCPPB, higher=better) and walking endurance with time to walk 400 meters. Multivariable regression models tested the hypotheses that participants with hearing impairment have poorer physical outomes. In a subset, we further adjusted for vestibular function. Hearing impairment was associated with decrements in higher-level physical performance and walking endurance, and faster decline over time, regardless of vestibular function. Among participants with any hearing impairment, hearing aid users were faster in the 400-m walk. Early screening for higher-level functional loss among older adults with hearing loss is warranted.

Study into the Development of a Light Weight Smart Life Buoy Prototype (LWSLB)

Life Buoy, also known as a life preserver, is a crucial safety tool on board any marine ships. The most common and conventional lifesaver is operated manually to save people from drowning, yet this method poses a risk for both the victim and rescuer. Hence, with the help of current technology, a smart lifebuoy has been developed, whereby the rescuer just operates the lifebuoy using remote control. Yet, the existing smart life buoy system has been found heavy and hard to be operated, especially for women, children, and other people with disabilities.This paper focuses on the development of a lightweight smart life buoy system and its characteristics. Arduino Uno R3, Arduino Nano, DC motor 775, Transmitter and Receiver kit were the main components used in the development of the lightweight smart life buoy system (LWSLB). The developed LWSLB system was tested at the National Defence University of Malaysia’ swimming pool due to Covid-19 lockdown, and data such as speed, range of remote connection and battery endurance were obtained. It has been found out that the developed LWSLB weighs just 3.5kg overall compared to Brand S which weighs 13.75kg. However, in terms of speed, Brand S proves to be faster at 4.17m/s compared to LWSLB which exhibits a speed of 1.25m/s.

Perancangan Prototype Pendeteksi Warna Sampah Sensor Otomatis Berbasis Arduino terhadap Ketepatan Pemilahan Sampah

Plastic and paper are waste that are most produced by humans activities. Waste management is important to be implemented to minimize waste generation. The Arduino-based waste color de-tection prototype with TCS3200 sensor can make waste sorting easier. The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of Arduino-based automatic sensor waste color detection prototype in sorting accurately the plastic and paper waste which is represented by paper block objects with various colors. The research was a quasi-experiment with post-test only design. From the object sorting trial in duration of one hour that could conduct 100 repetitions, it was known that the red colored paper block has the highest succesfull sorting, and the blue one is the lowest. The study results show the average accuracy value of all types of colors, namely red, blue, green, and yellow is 95 %. The test of battery endurance showed that the prototype was last up to 14 hours 9 minutes and ended at 9,91Volt. To conclude, the prototype of waste color detection is successful and can sort objects in red, blue, green, and yellow color precisely.

THE UTILIZATION OF SOLAR CELLS AND WATER TURBINES AS SOURCING VOLTAGE ON POWER MULTI-BASED HYDROPONIC

The use of electric power is significant to supply water pumps which are usually obtained from PLN electricity. The utilization of electricity from new renewable energy such as solar panel electricity and water turbines has not been used too much to cultivate hydroponic plants. Therefore, combining electric power (hybrid) between solar cells and water turbines is needed to supply electricity on hydroponic technology in conserving electrical energy for the future. Based on these problems, this study conducted various tests to create a design that could be used for energy use in hydroponic plants. The method used includes electrical and systematic design. The steps taken include the stage of literature study, designing, manufacturing hardware, integrating the system, and testing and analyzing the system. These theories can discover solar panels, solar chargers, battery endurance, thief joule circuits, and water turbines. This study uses several tests, including solar panels, solar chargers, battery endurance, thief joule series, and water turbines. Solar panels function to capture sunlight, solar chargers to store electrical voltage to batteries, battery endurance functions to find out how many batteries can store electricity, a series of thief joules to increase voltage, and water turbines to produce voltage. From all data tests, solar panels and water turbines are a source of voltage that the battery will store via a solar charger, and then from the battery, it will be supplied to the hydroponic circuit as a source of voltage.

Exact models for the flying sidekick traveling salesman problem

AbstractThis paper presents three enhanced formulations for the flying sidekick traveling salesman problem, where a truck and a drone cooperate to deliver parcels to customers minimizing the completion time. The drone can leave and must return to the truck after visiting one customer, performing flights not exceeding its battery endurance while the truck can serve other customers. The new formulations allow to decrease the number of “big‐M” constraints with respect to literature models and improve previous results by solving to optimality several benchmark instances for which an optimal solution was previously unknown. This paper also shows how to modify the new models to include several variants of the problem from the literature.

Vehicle Assignment considering Battery Endurance for Electric Vehicle Carsharing Systems

On-demand station-based one-way carsharing is widely adopted for battery electric vehicle sharing systems, which is regarded as a supplement of urban mobility and a promising approach to the utilization of green energy vehicles. The service model of these carsharing systems allows users to select vehicles based on their own judgment on vehicle battery endurance, while users tend to pick up vehicles with the longest endurance distances. This phenomenon makes instant-access systems lose efficiency on matching available vehicles with diverse user requests and limits carsharing systems for higher capacity. We proposed a vehicle assignment method to allocate vehicles to users that maximize the utility of battery, which requires the system to enable short-term reservation rather than instant access. The methodology is developed from an agent-based discrete event simulation framework with a first-come-first-serve logic module for instant access mode and a resource matching optimization module for short-term reservation mode. Results show that the short-term reservation mode can at most serve 20% more users and create 47% more revenue than instant access mode under the scenario of this research. This paper also points out the equilibrium between satisfying more users by efficiently allocating vehicles and distracting users by disabling instant access and suggests that the reservation time could be 15 minutes.

Modeling the flying sidekick traveling salesman problem with multiple drones

AbstractThis article considers a version of the flying sidekick traveling salesman problem in which parcels are delivered to customers by either a truck or a set of identical flying drones. The flights of the drones are limited by the battery endurance and each flight is made of a launch, a service to a customer, and a return: launch and return must happen when the truck is stationary. These operations require time and when multiple drones are launched and/or collected at the same node, their order becomes relevant. The proposed model takes into account the order of these operations as a scheduling problem, because ignoring it could lead to infeasible solutions in the reality due to the possible exceeding of the drones endurance. We propose a set of novel formulations for the problem that can improve the size of the largest instances solved in the literature. We provide a comparison among the formulations, between the multiple drones solutions and the single drone ones, and among different variants of the model.

Kursi Roda Elektrik dengan Kendali Gestur Kepala

A wheelchair is a tool that can be used to mobilize patients who experience paralysis, especially paralysis in the legs, so they can move from one place to another independently. An electric wheelchair is a type of wheelchair that can be controlled by a patient without having to be controlled by another person. The design of this tool utilizes an ADXL335 accelerometer sensor mounted on the patient's head as a determinant of the direction of wheelchair movement, BTS7960 as a DC motor driver, a motor wiper as the main drive for a wheelchair, and the Atmega328P microcontroller as an input and output processor. Gestures of the patient's head (looking down, looking up, head tilted to the right, tilting left) will produce a different voltage output which will be processed by Atmega328P as a determinant of the direction of motion which will be sent to the BTS790 driver to drive the wipper motor as the main driver of the wheelchair. The method of testing and measurement carried out is by testing the response of the ADXL335 accelerometer sensor with the test results of the ADXL335 accelerometer sensor having an accuracy of determining the direction of motion of 100%. The results of testing the average wheelchair speed of 2.3 km / hour with a patient weight of 40-60 kg, and the test results of battery endurance in a wheelchair of 5.07 hours with a patient weight of 40-70 kg with a 12V18Ah battery.

A design and application of electrocardiograph without lead wire for first-aid

The electrocardiograph is used to record the bioelectric signals generated by the activation of myocardium when the heart is active. It is a commonly used medical electronic instrument for clinical diagnosis and first-aid. However, electrocardiograph adopts a lead wire connection method in existing technology, which is prone to interweaving of wires during movement. It will not only break and wear the lead wire, but also delay the treatment time due to the cleaning of the lead wire. In addition, because the battery capacity is small, it needs to be charged frequently after use, which affects the speed of the instrument use and first-aid. Moreover, the original adsorbed chest lead electrode has a small contact surface with the skin, leading to less comfort and easy to fall off. In order to solve the above problems, an electrocardiograph without lead wire for first-aid was designed by medical staff of Tianjin First Central Hospital, and the National Utility Model Patent of China was obtained (Patent No.: ZL 2019 2 2267837.3). The electrocardiograph adopts the method of wirelessly connecting electrodes, avoids entanglement of lead wire, and increases the portable power source, which prolongs the battery endurance time, improves the contact electrode performance of chest lead and increases the contact surface, the above improvements optimize the medical process operated by medical staff, which is more conducive to clinical first-aid and routine examination, and has the advantages of easy to use, easy to carry and strong safety.

Privacy-preserving and energy efficient task offloading for collaborative mobile computing in IoT: An ADMM approach

The pervasive application of Internet of Things (IoT) has pushed the proliferation of edge computing. There exists potential in edge computing to satisfy the concerns of task delay, network bandwidth, battery endurance and data privacy. The superiority of edge computing is endorsed by the deployment of edge nodes to the device user’s proximity. Within partial capabilities of the cloud server, edge nodes efficaciously alleviate the burden on core network. Considering a mission critical system, enduring battery life is even more accentuated over task latency to maintain the device on operation. So in this paper, we put forward an energy efficient task offloading problem subject to the overall task delay based on Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) in a three-tier MEC network, equipped with both edge nodes and the cloud. The offloading choice is the approximate convergence with demanded precision concluded by persistent ADMM iterations. We also address the privacy disclosure concerns in the data transmission among IoT devices and apply differential privacy to the intricate optimization problem. More specifically, we associate privacy-preserving method with the exhaustive task offloading processes and iteration procedures. At last, simulations and experiments demonstrate the performance and convergence of our proposed algorithm.

Mobile Energy Transfer in Internet of Things

Internet of Things (IoT) is powering up smart cities by connecting all kinds of electronic devices. The power supply problem of IoT devices constitutes a major challenge in current IoT development, due to the poor battery endurance as well as the troublesome cable deployment. The wireless power transfer (WPT) technology has recently emerged as a promising solution. Yet, existing WPT advances cannot support free and mobile charging like Wi-Fi communications. To this end, the concept of mobile energy transfer (MET) is proposed, which relies critically on a resonant beam charging (RBC) technology. The adaptive (A) RBC technology builds on RBC, but aims at improving the charging efficiency by charging devices at device preferred current and voltage levels adaptively. A mobile ARBC scheme is developed relying on an adaptive source power control. Extensive numerical simulations using a 1000-mAh Li-ion battery show that the mobile ARBC outperforms simple charging schemes, such as the constant power charging, the profile-adaptive charging, and the distance-adaptive charging in saving energy.

Mutual Exclusive Sleep Awake Energy Efficient Distributive (MESAEED) Clustering: An Approach for Enhancing Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network

For resource constraint network, one uses wireless sensor network in which limited resources are there for sensor nodes. Basic aim of sensor node is to sense something, monitor it and explain it. The issue arises for sensor node is its battery endurance. The battery endurance of sensor node is consuming in communication instead of sensing. In this regard clustering is using now a day’s which reduces endurance consumption. This paper comes with a new clustering protocol MESAEED (Mutual Exclusive Sleep Awake Energy Efficient Distributed clustering), which helps in saving endurance of sensor nodes so that network lifetime will prolong. It is an extension work of previous work MESADC. In previous work cluster head is chooses on the basis of sleep awake mode in mutual exclusive way under communication range and the results were obtained with the help of comparison graph between HEED and MESADC. The proposed MESAEED protocol provides benefit of A* algorithm of heuristic search, HEED and MESADC. MATLAB 8.3 is use for simulation purpose. The comparison graph between HEED, MESADC and proposed MESAEED were shown. Parameters for comparison include alive nodes versus number of rounds taken and number of nodes dead versus number of rounds taken. The graph shows improvement in performance over HEED and MESADC, which results in enhancing lifetime of WSN.

COMPARISON OF THREE CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR AXIAL BLOOD PUMP

Facing the gradually increased prevalence of heart failure (HF) and the shortage of donated hearts, the blood pump is widely used to prolong the life of end-stage HF patients: however, the pump generates continuous flow under constant rotational speed, declining the arterial pulsatility and causing related complications. Previous studies show that synchronous copulsation might be the best control strategy for restoring pulsatility, but synchronous strategies are needed to monitor the phase of the heartbeat, which will make the controller complex and impair its robustness. Here, we compare constant speed, synchronous copulsation in a model of a cardiovascular system with a blood pump, which shows that copulsation offers more arterial pulsatility, less pump power-consumption, and thus better battery endurance, and constant speed offers a greater ventricular unloading effect. Meanwhile, we design a strategy based on transforming left ventricular pressure, which is easier to implement and has similar effect to synchronous copulsation.

A multi-UAV cooperative route planning methodology for 3D fine-resolution building model reconstruction

In order to provide a fast multi-UAV cooperative data acquisition approach for 3D building model reconstruction in emergency management domain, a route planning methodology is proposed. A minimum image set including camera shooting positions and attitudes can be firstly obtained, with the given parameters describing the target building, UAVs, cameras, and image overlap requirements. A specific flight route network is then determined, and the optimal solution for multi-UAV data capture route planning is computed on the basis of constraint conditions such as the time frame, UAV battery endurance, and take-off and landing positions. Furthermore, field experiments with manual operating UAV mode, single UAV mode, and multi-UAV mode were conducted to compare the data collection and processing runtimes, as well as the quality of created 3D building models. According to the five defined LoDs of OGC CityGML 2.0 standard, the fine 3D building models conform to the LoD3. Comparison results demonstrate that our method is able to greatly enhance the efficiency of 3D reconstruction by improving the data collection speed while minimizing redundant image datasets, as well as to provide a normalized approach to assign the single or multi-UAV data acquisition tasks. The quality analysis of 3D models shows that the metric difference is less than 20 cm mean error with a standard deviation of 11 cm, which is fairly acceptable in emergency management study field. A 3D GIS-based software demo was also implemented to enable route planning, flight simulation, and data collection visualization.

Energy consumption model on WiMAX subscriber station

Mobile communication technologies move toward miniaturization. Mobile device’s energy source relies on its battery endurance. The smaller the mobile device, it is expected the slower the battery drains. Energy consumption reduction in mobile devices has been of interest of researcher. In order to optimize energy consumption, its usage should be predictable. This paper proposes a model of predicted energy amount consumed by the WiMAX subscriber station by using regression analysis of active WiMAX states and their durations. The proposed model was assessed by using NS-2 simulation for more than a hundred thousand of recorded energy consumptions data in every WiMAX states. The assessment show a small average deviation between predicted and measured energy consumptions, about 0.18% for training data and 0.187% and 0.191% for test data.

Energy-signal quality trade-offs in a WiMAX mobile station with a booster amplifier

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is a broadband wireless access technology that is able to provide high bit rate mobile internet services. Battery endurance remains a problem in current mobile communication. On the other hand, signal quality determines the successful run of the mobile applications. Energy consumption optimization cannot sacrifice the signal level required by the application to run smoothly. On the contrary, the application should consider battery life time. This paper examines the tradeoffs between energy and signal quality in WiMAX subscriber station by adjusting signal level using a booster amplifier. Simulation evaluations show that an increment of 0.00000104% energy consumption on using amplifier adaptively produces 16.411% signal to noise ratio (SNR) increment and 10.7% bit error rate (BER) decrement. By keeping the amplifier turned on, energy consumption increases up to 0.00000136%, causing the SNR rises to 17.2638% and BER drops to 11.13%. The evaluated application is video streaming, other application may behave differently.

QoS Support Analysis of LTE Device Using Four State Markov Model Based DRX with OTSC for Power Efficient Bearer Services

The battery endurance of the user equipment device is enhanced by using discontinuous reception mechanism (DRX) in the long term evolution (LTE) networks. Configuring the DRX parameters for the pow...

Energy Expenditure of Trotting Gait Under Different Gait Parameters

Robots driven by batteries are clean, quiet, and can work indoors or in space. However, the battery endurance is a great problem. A new gait parameter design energy saving strategy to extend the working hours of the quadruped robot is proposed. A dynamic model of the robot is established to estimate and analyze the energy expenditures during trotting. Given a trotting speed, optimal stride frequency and stride length can minimize the energy expenditure. However, the relationship between the speed and the optimal gait parameters is nonlinear, which is difficult for practical application. Therefore, a simplified gait parameter design method for energy saving is proposed. A critical trotting speed of the quadruped robot is found and can be used to decide the gait parameters. When the robot is travelling lower than this speed, it is better to keep a constant stride length and change the cycle period. When the robot is travelling higher than this speed, it is better to keep a constant cycle period and change the stride length. Simulations and experiments on the quadruped robot show that by using the proposed gait parameter design approach, the energy expenditure can be reduced by about 54% compared with the 100 mm stride length under 500 mm/s speed. In general, an energy expenditure model based on the gait parameter of the quadruped robot is built and the trotting gait parameters design approach for energy saving is proposed.

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS BUOY FOR COASTAL WATERS OBSERVATION

<p><em>The availability of data in real time and continuous is important to monitor in environmental change as early as possible. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) offer a new paradigm in the field of oceanography that can measure the parameters of complex marine environment using a moored buoy. This paper described design of a data transmission system with a moored buoy and tested the performance of WSN instrument based on ZigBee protocol radio module for monitoring coastal water environment in real time. Instruments were divided into two i.e., (1) five sensors served to measure sea surface temperature, stored the data, and transmitted the data to the base station, and (2) a coordinating instrument that placed on the bases station served to receive and record all measurement results of each sensor. The testing was done by deploying the instrument sensors in waters with depths of 2 to 5 meters and a coordinating instrument was located on the ground as a base station. Each instrument's sensor measure sea surface temperature, store, and transmit it to other nearby sensors and forward data to the next sensor and then to the next sensor send it to the base station. </em><em>The </em><em>Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR)</em><em> value </em><em>wa</em><em> used as an indicator to determine the instrument performance</em><em> </em><em>and the values were from 89.69% up to 100% with transmission range up to 430 meter and battery endurance was up to 26 hours. The result showed that a buoy moored instrument based on WSN ZigBee radio module protocol has the potential for monitoring coastal water environment in a real time. </em></p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>mooring buoy, wsn, zigbee</em>

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS BUOY FOR COASTAL WATERS OBSERVATION

The availability of data in real time and continuous is important to monitor in environmental change as early as possible. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) offer a new paradigm in the field of oceanography that can measure the parameters of complex marine environment using a moored buoy. This paper described design of a data transmission system with a moored buoy and tested the performance of WSN instrument based on ZigBee protocol radio module for monitoring coastal water environment in real time. Instruments were divided into two i.e., (1) five sensors served to measure sea surface temperature, stored the data, and transmitted the data to the base station, and (2) a coordinating instrument that placed on the bases station served to receive and record all measurement results of each sensor. The testing was done by deploying the instrument sensors in waters with depths of 2 to 5 meters and a coordinating instrument was located on the ground as a base station. Each instrument's sensor measure sea surface temperature, store, and transmit it to other nearby sensors and forward data to the next sensor and then to the next sensor send it to the base station. The Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) value wa used as an indicator to determine the instrument performance and the values were from 89.69% up to 100% with transmission range up to 430 meter and battery endurance was up to 26 hours. The result showed that a buoy moored instrument based on WSN ZigBee radio module protocol has the potential for monitoring coastal water environment in a real time. Keywords: mooring buoy, wsn, zigbee