Adoption Of Battery Electric Vehicles Research Articles

Spatial effects of economical and infrastructural factors on BEV adoption: Evidence from an emerging market

Potential differences among developed and emerging countries regarding the battery electric vehicles (BEVs) adoption are highlighted in the literature. However, most studies focus on factors influencing BEV penetration in mature markets. In this paper, we explore the spatial adoption of electric vehicles and its determinants using data from Hungary, an emerging country. We show that spatial heterogeneities in the adoption rates of BEVs are important. Without taking these heterogeneities into account, only the fast chargers exhibit significant positive effects on BEV registration rate. We show that other local conditions, such as income and urbanization are also important factors explaining the new BEV registration rate.

Investigating the effect of lower body local radiant warming on occupant thermal comfort in battery electric vehicles during cold conditions

The wintertime decrease in the driving range of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is partially attributed to cabin heating with improper setpoints. The widespread adoption of sustainable BEVs therefore necessitates the management of occupant thermal comfort alongside reduced energy consumption. We investigate the effects of three distinct warming modes on thermal perception within BEVs operating under typical winter conditions: heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) alone, HVAC with continuous lower-body local radiant warming (LRW), and HVAC with periodic lower-body LRW. Our findings show that human thermal perception is notably distinct as our overall state transitions from “uncomfortable cold” to “preferred warm” when local warming is applied to the lower body. The combination of local warming with cabin HVAC systems leads to significant improvements in occupant comfort; however, it does not elicit a significant addition to overall comfort until the whole-body state approaches the “neutral” sensation. Periodic local warmth to the lower body also improves comfort levels in the same fashion. In addition, we present a personal comfort control strategy involving lower HVAC setpoints and corrective operations of lower-body LRW. These findings hold potential to improve and maintain the thermal comfort of BEV occupants during the winter while optimizing energy usage.

Post-COVID-19 Electric Vehicle Market in Poland: Economic-Based Determinants

Theoretical background: The theory of rational consumer choice significantly impacts the shape of the contemporary car market, which constitutes an essential part of the automotive industry and the national economy and has a considerable influence on the behavior of individuals. In the context of the car market, consumers’ decision-making process is subject to several factors, particularly in light of the EU’s initiative to transition the automotive industry towards zero emission solutions. Furthermore, this implies potential changes in the degree of impact on the course of transformation, adoption rate, and economic growth through network effects. Recent years have witnessed changes in various critical factors, alongside the emergence of new factors, which could significantly impact the competitiveness of electric vehicles in relation to internal combustion vehicles. Purpose of the article: The article aims to examine the current condition of the Polish car market in the post-COVID-19 period with particular emphasis on the electric vehicle market and indicate its present shape in comparison to the market of conventional vehicles from the supply perspective. Also, it attempts to identify and define the most critical factors that influenced the development of the market and their role in the coming years. Identifying and categorizing the most critical factors will allow us to indicate the current weaknesses of the zero-emission vehicle market. This may allow for more efficient identification and solving of problems standing in the way of its development. Research methods: In order to realize the goals of the research, several methods were used: a critical analysis of the literature on the subject; a quantitative analysis of statistical data was used along with qualitative research to examine the factors that impacted the car market in Poland. As a result, a network of categories describing the associations between factors and their effects on the researched topic was identified and studied. Main findings: Examination of Poland’s electric vehicle market reveals a complex interplay of variables across market. The identified combined factors impede mass adoption of battery electric vehicles, resulting in dynamic yet relatively insignificant annual percentage changes in market growth within the overall passenger vehicle market. The problems focus on governmental, economic and social factors, but also on very important technological and ecological factors, questioning in some cases the current form of electromobility on the Polish market.

Investigating the Moderating Role of Government Incentive Policy on Consumer Adoption of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) in Malaysia

Investigating the Moderating Role of Government Incentive Policy on Consumer Adoption of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) in Malaysia

Low voltage grid resilience: Evaluating electric vehicle charging strategies in the context of the grid development plan Germany

The ongoing transition to decentralized renewable energy sources and sector-coupled consumers is reshaping the energy system. Changes at lower grid levels can stress lines and transformers. Crucial for a successful local energy transition are grid relief measures. Battery electric vehicles contribute to higher loads on grid equipment but also offer flexibility. This paper assesses the influence of four different charging strategies for battery electric vehicles across five representative low-voltage grids based on the grid development plan in Germany for the years 2021, 2037, and 2045. Results indicate that grid stress, specifically capacity stress, will emerge by 2037 and 2045. Decentralized photovoltaic systems are the primary contributors to this stress due to high simultaneous generation. Up to nearly 20% of photovoltaic power may need to be curtailed in 2045, especially in rural grids during the summer, to prevent overloads.Charging strategies linked to wholesale power market prices can inadvertently lead to higher consumption-induced grid overloads, necessitating the consideration of local grid restrictions. Implementing grid-friendly charging strategies, such as reduced charging power or alignment with local photovoltaic production, can mitigate those grid overloads from almost 8% down to 0.11%. However, these charging strategies have limited impact on photovoltaic-induced overloads due to the low number of connected battery electric vehicles during the day.In summary, appropriate charging strategies can ease low-voltage grid stress and are suitable measures to manage the challenges of decentralized energy transition and battery-electric vehicle adoption.

Public Transport Decarbonization: An Exploratory Approach to Bus Electrification

In 2020, only 0.9% of buses running in European Union countries were electric, with 93.5% still being diesel-powered. The Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy set out by the European Commission targets a reduction of at least 55% in greenhouse gas emissions by 2023 and the achievement of climate neutrality by 2050. These targets will only be met by a shift to sustainable mobility, which comprises the introduction of electric vehicles in cities and the adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEV) for urban public transport. Thus, a literature review on “electrification of bus fleets” was conducted, focusing on the practices adopted for the replacement of polluting buses with electric-powered ones. A total of 62 documents were included in the final investigation, and their results were used to conduct a SWOT analysis. It is possible to conclude that BEBs are an important asset for cities to decarbonize the transport sector and that they are more cost-effective than diesel buses. On the other hand, some attention needs to be given to the generation of energy that will feed the charging of batteries because the use of fossil fuel energy sources can jeopardize the environmental benefits of BEBs.

Predicting Consumer Intention to Adopt Battery Electric Vehicles: Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior

Societies worldwide are under increasing pressure to reduce carbon footprints, combat air pollution, and address climate change. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) represent a sustainable transportation solution to mitigate environmental issues. Despite growing consumer demand, BEV adoption rates remain relatively low. This study extends the theory of planned behavior to analyze factors influencing consumer adoption intentions for BEVs in Spain. The research incorporates the constructs Attitude, Perceived Behavioral Control, Subjective Norm, Moral Norm, Environmental Concern, and a unique consumer ‘profile’ dimension comprising experience, education, and gender, alongside the moderating variable of ‘price sensitivity’. This study comprises 1816 responses collected through an online survey, and it utilized the partial least squares structural equation model. The empirical findings indicate that Attitude, Perceived Behavioral Control, Subjective Norm, and Moral Norm significantly impact consumer adoption intention. Attitude emerges as the strongest influencer, emphasizing the significance of personal beliefs. Environmental Concern suggests environmentally conscious consumers may lean toward BEV adoption due to positive attitudes. The ‘profile’ dimension does not affect the relationship toward adoption intention. Price sensitivity moderates these relationships, indicating pricing strategies and incentives could significantly influence BEV adoption decisions. These findings offer practical guidance for governments and manufacturers aiming to promote sustainable, eco-friendly transportation methods in the face of global environmental challenges.

Effect of Policies to Accelerate the Adoption of Battery Electric Vehicles in Finland—A Delphi Study

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transport contribute significantly to climate change. Some of the transport policies with the greatest potential to mitigate climate change are related to zero-emission vehicles. This study aimed to analyse the different factors, and their importance, influencing purchase decisions for battery electric vehicles (BEV). Experts’ perceptions were collected with a Delphi study consisting of a two-round survey to assess factors that would increase the probability of a petrol- or diesel-car owner purchasing a BEV in Finland in the year 2025. Increasing the possibilities for home charging and the provision of a purchase subsidy were seen as the most important factors. Public fast charging and the difference in use costs between current technology vehicles and BEVs were also recognised as important factors. Existing systems of financial instruments and policies must be constantly evaluated and updated due to the evolving BEV industry.

Norway's Battery Electric Vehicles and Public Health- Findings From the Literature.

The transportation sector is among the highest contributors to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions in European nations, with private cars emerging as the primary source. Although reducing emissions presents a formidable challenge, the emergence of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) offers a promising and sustainable avenue toward achieving zero greenhouse gases within the transportation infrastructure. Since the 1990s, the Norwegian parliament has fervently supported this transition, leveraging public awareness campaigns and a range of financial incentives for its users nationwide. The widespread utilization of BEVs promises substantial health benefits, including ensuring cleaner air for all citizens regardless of their socioeconomic status and fostering improvements in public health outcomes. This transition potentially curtails hundreds of thousands of annual deaths attributed to climate change, enhances the quality of life, bolsters civilian productivity, and fuels economic and population growth. The adoption of BEVs offers a myriad of advantages, including reduced health risks and premature mortality, as well as a quieter environment with diminished noise pollution. Nonetheless, the integration of BEVs necessitates robust road infrastructure with considerable maintenance costs, alongside limitations on driving range for users. Concerns arise regarding potential particle emissions from BEV tire wear due to the increased weight of batteries compared to conventional vehicles. Rapid acceleration capabilities may accelerate tire degradation, contributing to higher particle emissions, of which only 10% to 20% remain suspended in the air, whereas the majority settles on road surfaces, posing a threat to nearby aquatic ecosystems when washed into water bodies and soils. While BEVs hold promise for valuable benefits, successful policy creation and implementation require a detailed awareness of their limitations and challenges to ensure a comprehensive approach to sustainable mobility and public health improvement. Therefore, more research on the limitations of BEVs can help inform improved tactics for maximizing their benefits while limiting potential disadvantages.

Exponential adoption of battery electric cars

The adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) may significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions caused by road transport. However, there is wide disagreement as to how soon battery electric vehicles will play a major role in overall transportation. Focusing on battery electric passenger cars, we analyze BEV adoption across 17 individual countries, Europe, and the World, and consistently find exponential growth trends. Modeling-based estimates of future adoption given past trends suggest system-wide adoption substantially faster than typical economic analyses have proposed so far. For instance, we estimate the majority of passenger cars in Europe to be electric by about 2031. Within regions, the predicted times of mass adoption are largely insensitive to model details. Despite significant differences in current electric fleet sizes across regions, their growth rates consistently indicate fast doubling times of approximately 15 months, hinting at radical economic and infrastructural consequences in the near future.

Carbon emission analysis of precast concrete building Construction: A study on component transportation phase using Artificial Neural Network

Off-site construction has been widely adopted for its carbon reduction potential. However, the emissions from its transportation stage are not fully explored. Given the rising prominence of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), this study explores their potential carbon reduction benefits during the transportation of prefabricated components by comparing emissions from Fossil Vehicles (FVs) and BEVs. An Artificial-Neural-Network-based emission model is developed to estimate the carbon emissions of both vehicle types. Specifically, the model collects the real-time carbon emission dynamics across varying external conditions, encompassing diverse transportation constraints, vehicle operational statuses, and road conditions. By employing a supervised learning framework, the transportation carbon emission coefficient of prefabricated components is determined. Comparative analysis reveals that BEVs consistently outperforms FVs, achieving a peak reduction rate of 47.76%. The negative correlation between the reduction rate of BEVs and factors like average speed and load rate underscores BEVs' advantage in urban transportation scenarios, where these factors tend to be low. Hence, the integration of BEVs in the transportation of prefabricated components is advocated. This study provides robust carbon emissions coefficients for BEVs in the transportation of prefabricated components, filling the gap in current estimation methods. These coefficients present a valuable tool for researchers, aiding in the accurate estimation of transportation carbon emissions and fostering the conceptualization of innovative carbon reduction tactics through BEV adoption.

Trajectories for Lithium‐Ion Battery Cost Production: Can Metal Prices Hamper the Deployment of Lithium‐Ion Batteries?

AbstractCost‐savings in lithium‐ion battery production are crucial for promoting widespread adoption of Battery Electric Vehicles and achieving cost‐parity with internal combustion engines. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of projected production costs for lithium‐ion batteries by 2030, focusing on essential metals. It explores the complex interplay of factors, including economies of scale, R&D innovations, market dynamics, and metal price trends. The findings highlight the significant role of R&D innovations and economies of scale in substantial cost reductions by 2030, with projected ranges of 21–28 % and 25–37 %, respectively. However, potential cost escalations due to elevated metal prices, particularly for nickel‐cobalt‐containing chemistries, are also cautioned. To address these challenges, the study proposes a strategic shift towards robust Lithium‐Iron‐Phosphate (LFP) chemistry to mitigate cost pressures and meet predefined cost targets. Moreover, by analyzing medium or low metal price trends, the study reveals the potential for significant cost savings, with exceptional scenarios demonstrating up to a remarkable 65 % reduction in costs. Given the broad range of cost likelihoods, the study underscores the importance of vertical integration and international cooperation in managing the essential metals supply chain securely. The research has profound implications for policymakers and industry decision‐makers, providing valuable insights into the lithium‐ion battery industry.

Challenges of a sustainable energy and vehicle-related value chain for BEVs and FCEVs through the 5th wave theory

Challenges of a sustainable energy and vehicle-related value chain for BEVs and FCEVs through the 5th wave theory

Analysis of Factors Influencing Intention to Adopt Battery Electric Vehicle in Indonesia

The emergence of environmental pollution problems in recent years has compelled the transportation sector to embrace environmentally friendly electric vehicles. Indonesia, being a significant market for both two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles, nevertheless experiences relatively low adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). This study aims to analyze the influence of attitudes, subjective norms, perceptions of behavioral control, moral norms, environmental awareness, financial incentive policies, and risk perceptions on the intention to adopt battery electric vehicles (BEVs). This research falls under the category of basic research, specifically quantitative in nature, involving the analysis of numerical data using statistical methods. Data for the study were collected through an online questionnaire using a non-probability purposive sampling design. The collected data were processed using SPSS 25 software and subjected to a Partial Least Square Test. The data analysis for this study utilized SmartPLS software version 3.2.7. Results based on a sample of 224 respondents suggest that attitudes and subjective norms do not significantly influence BEV adoption intentions. However, while perceived behavioral controls, moral norms, environmental concerns, and financial incentives have a positive and significant impact on willingness to adopt battery electric vehicles (BEVs), the perceived risks , has a negative and significant impact on BEV adoption intentions.

Diamond like-carbon coatings for electric vehicle transmission efficiency

A barrier to the adoption of battery electric vehicles is consumer range anxiety. This paper investigates the driving range conceded as a result of the parasitic frictional losses incurred at the gear mesh in a two-stage battery electric vehicle transmission. Amelioration of the parasitic losses through changes to surface roughness and application of thin wear resistant coatings such as DLC are considered. The tribo-dynamics model of the gear frictional losses includes topographical structure of the respective surfaces characterised through surface specific fractal parameters. Analysis shows that the use of the investigated amorphous hydrogenated undoped DLC coating could potentially save 1.1 km of vehicle range during extra urban driving and 0.9 km under urban driving over a full battery discharge cycle.

How, where, and when to charge electric vehicles – net-zero energy system implications and policy recommendations

A coordinated Charging Infrastructure (CI) strategy could accelerate the adoption of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). Policymakers need to understand the tradeoffs between several types of CI developments. To support decision-makers, we apply the Swiss TIMES Energy system Model, which we extended with heterogeneous consumer segments with four trip types and several CI options. The novelty of this work lies in the interplay of such method advancements, representing BEV charging options with various CI types that can be accessed based on their location type at an hourly intraday temporal resolution. In explorative scenario analyses, we evaluate the effects of CI on car fleet deployment and their energy system implications in achieving net-zero CO2 emissions in Switzerland by 2050. Our analysis shows that the BEV share makes up 39%–77% of the fleet by 2050, and each BEV needs about 5 kW total charging capacity, split into 1.6–2.6 BEVs per private charger and 18–25 BEVs per public charger. Providing overnight charging access through private home chargers or public chargers in residential areas facilitates a 12%–20% increased BEV penetration compared to the reference scenario. For consumers without private home charging, improved public CI in non-residential areas increases BEV uptake by 24%. While low-power slow CI is cost-effective at home, high-power fast CI in commercial areas supports integration of solar PV. We highlight the need for coordinated CI policies and provide a variety of policy options based on our analysis and international insights.

Electrification of New Zealand transport: Environmental impacts and role of renewable energy

New Zealand's goal to be carbon neutral by 2050 has led to the development of strategic policies and schemes to encourage the use of electric vehicles (EVs). However, most studies are focused on the greenhouse gas emissions of EVs while limited studies are available on their other potential environmental impacts. Using life cycle assessment (LCA), the environmental impacts of EV adoption, specifically the battery electric vehicle (BEV), were assessed to determine the future environmental challenges for New Zealand. Due to 87.1 % share of renewable sources of electricity generation in New Zealand in 2022, EV adoption has demonstrated its strong potential to reduce the CO2 emission of the transport sector. Results showed that lithium-ion battery (LIB), including production and disposal, is the major contributor to the environmental impacts of BEV adoption. The direct environmental impacts of BEV in New Zealand range from 0.34 % to 42.5 % across its life cycle. The results are sensitive to the assumptions of the driving range and number of LIB replacements where they could increase up to 34.5 % per km and up to 48.9 % per replacement of LIB on environmental impacts, respectively. Scenario analysis also showed that when the renewable energy share in electricity production is increased to 100 %, the environmental impacts of the BEV life cycle could be reduced by up to 14.5 % while it could decrease by up to 69.6 % in New Zealand. Additionally, reusing the spent LIB for other purposes would have the least environmental impacts on disposal among the options considered in the study. Therefore, New Zealand would benefit the most from BEV adoption by generating 100 % electricity from renewable sources, and developing policies and schemes to repurpose LIB at its end of life.

SAVIOR: A Sustainable Network of Vehicles with Near-Perpetual Mobility

Switching to Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) can have a significant positive impact on our environment. However, the adoption of BEVs is vastly impeded by battery-related concerns, such as limited travel range, long charging time, high purchasing cost (battery-induced) and lack of charging stations. Additionally, it is very expensive to build a large infrastructure of fast charging stations that can cater to a full-scale BEV fleet. Alternative solutions, such as charging from the road and BEV-to-BEV stationary charge sharing, have been proposed to counteract range anxiety, but they are mostly ineffective and suffer from scalability issues. In this article, we present SAVIOR, an innovative Internet-of-Things (IoT) framework for replenishing BEV batteries on-the-go with the help of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and mobile charging stations (MoCS). This will allow rapid BEV battery replenishment, eliminating the need for BEVs to make prolonged and pre-planned halts for re-charging. We also observe that package delivery UAVs can utilize this framework to make long-distance trips with the help of mobile charging stations and BEVs. We quantitatively analyze the effectiveness of such a framework through a simulation platform that we have developed. There is a drastic improvement in the mobility of BEVs and UAVs. Through statistical analysis, we also observe that greenhouse gas emissions (even for BEVs and UAVs) can be significantly reduced by SAVIOR if the MoCS are powered by renewable energy sources (e.g., solar).

Maximizing Efficiency in Smart Adjustable DC Link Powertrains with IGBTs and SiC MOSFETs via Optimized DC-Link Voltage Control

In recent years, the push towards electrifying transportation has gained significant traction, with battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) emerging as a viable alternative. However, the widespread adoption of BEVs faces multiple challenges, such as limited driving range, making powertrain efficiency improvements crucial. One approach to improve powertrain energy efficiency is to adjust the DC-link voltage using a DC-DC converter between the battery and inverter. Here, it is necessary to address the losses introduced by the DC-DC converter. This paper presents a dynamic programming approach to optimize the DC-link voltage, taking into account the battery terminal voltage variation and its impact on the overall powertrain losses. We also examine the energy efficiency gains of IGBT-based and silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFET-based adjustable DC-link voltage powertrains during WLTC driving cycles through PLECS and Matlab/Simulink simulations. The findings indicate that both IGBT and MOSFET-based adjustable DC-link voltage powertrains can enhance the WLTC drive-cycle efficiency up to 2.51% and 3.25% compared to conventional IGBT and MOSFET-based powertrains, respectively.

Spatial analysis of the BEV market and the corresponding charging infrastructure in Hungary

The adoption of fuel-efficient vehicles, especially battery electric vehicles (BEVs), is becoming an emerging priority on the global level. At first, it may seem that the major issue from the consumer side is the high price of BEVs that are not competitive with internal combustion (IC) vehicles. However, aspects like technological developments, battery safety measures, implemented safety features, design, range anxiety, charging infrastructure, environmental consciousness and sustainability also play a significant role in the decision-making process of BEV purchasing. This paper examines the connection between BEV registrations and Hungary's available public charging infrastructure. Data on the number of new BEV registrations, public charging stations and energy consumption from public charging are gathered for each county and region in Hungary. Until 2020, a division between the Eastern and Western parts of the country can be detected considering BEV adoption, but in 2021 this difference will diminish. Even though it can be seen from the raw data that the number of BEV registrations is growing faster than the number of available charging stations, existing stations prove to be properly located, covering regions that either have high BEV registrations or are part of transit paths with high traffic. Also, it is shown that BEV registrations grow proportionately higher in regions where more charging stations are available.