Battery Charging Time Research Articles

Analysis of Electric Bus Utilization for Urban Transport using Bus Route, Passenger Demand and Fuel Consumptuion (Blok M-Kota Corridor Case)

Buses as a means of public transportation can greatly reduce traffic problems in urban areas through the use of, among other things, innovative techniques and technologies. The development of innovative technologies increasingly oriented towards the electrification of vehicle propulsion systems is expected to lead to the reduction of harmful emissions, increased vehicle efficiency, improved performance, reduced fuel consumption, and reduced noise. This study aims to determine the comparison of Transjakarta electric buses with conventional buses owned by Transjakarta, identify and evaluate the condition of the electric bus side. This study uses quantitative methods. The results of the study show a comparison of the operational cost calculation as indicated by the calculation of direct costs and indirect costs. The unit price for a bus/km for a diesel bus is Rp. 51,796, on the electric bus Rp. 224,991, and BBG buses for Rp. 82,227. where in the comparison of BOK diesel buses are cheaper than electric buses and CNG. The most expensive cost is the replacement of spare parts, especially the price of the battery which needs to be replaced every 10 years. 3,876, while bbg buses require much cheaper, which is Rp. 630. The calculation results of the electric bus battery consumption on the use of 1 route with a distance of 30.8 on weekdays on average 11.5% while on weekends it is 9.5%. At the kWh consumption, the electric bus requires the consumption of kWh per trip with a distance of 31.4 km is 23.57 kWh. From this value, it is known that the efficiency is 1.3 km/1 kWh. In charging the battery, the average battery charging time on the electric bus is 134 minutes or about 2.23 hours.

Battery charger load-following controller for over-voltage and under-voltage conditions

Battery charging systems are integral to the efficient operation and economic benefit of various applications, from electric vehicles to renewable energy storage. However, maintaining battery charging according to specifications during voltage variations, including short or prolonged under-voltage and over-voltage conditions, presents a significant challenge. These voltage variations can impact the thermal safety and charging time of batteries, potentially affecting their overall performance and life span. In order to address these challenges, this paper proposes a smart charging control method designed to control both the battery charging voltage and load voltages. This method is equipped to handle utility interruptions by using regulated AC–DC converters, while an automatic interconnected DC regulator controls the battery state of charge (SOC) and load supply. This dual control mechanism ensures efficient performance under various conditions. Extensive simulations validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, demonstrating its ability to maintain a constant voltage supplied to the load and ensures the thermal safety of the system during under- and over-voltage conditions. Additionally, an analysis of the thermal effect of the charger under these voltage conditions provides valuable insights into the thermal performance of the system, which is a critical aspect of battery charging systems. The proposed charging control method offers a comprehensive solution for efficient battery charging under various voltage conditions, thus contributing to the better performance, thermal safety, and longevity of batteries.

Solar-Based Smartphone Charging Stations with Voltage, Current, and Power Monitoring

Renewable energy sources continue to be developed as alternative energy sources to reduce the use of fossil energy sources. One of them is a solar power plant that uses a light source from sunlight. For the public, electrical energy is useful to support work and communication activities such as using smartphones, but not many chargers are found in public places to charge smartphone batteries. It has designed and implemented a smartphone charging station to charge smartphone batteries using solar power. The smartphone battery charging on this smartphone charging station can display voltage, current, and power when charging the battery;this tool is equipped with an INA219 sensor, ATmega328 microcontroller, and solar power to make this tool look smart. The purpose of making this tool is to find out the working principle, voltage, current, and power and compare the charging time of the smartphone battery between the smartphone charging station and the manufacturer's charger. The working principle is that when this tool charges the smartphone battery, the INA219 sensor receives output value data in the form of current and voltage. Furthermore, the sensor sends a signal to the ATmega328 to be converted and displayed as data on the LCD so that users can see the output value. The test results of the tool, when charging a smartphone battery using Micro USB, showed the average values of voltage, current, and power, respectively, of 11.7 volts, 0.48 amperes, and 5.98 watts. USB Type C shows the average voltage, current, and power values of 11.33 volts, 0.71 amperes, and 8.37 watts, respectively. The comparison of the duration of battery charging time on the manufacturer's Micro USB with the smartphone charging station has a difference of 27 minutes; the comparison of the duration of the smartphone battery charging time using the manufacturer's USB Type C with the smartphone charging station has a difference of 22 minutes.

Design And Development Of Spo2, Bpm, And Body Temperature For Monitoring Patient Conditions In Iot-Based Special Isolation Rooms

The use of batteries as the main power source in portable equipment systems has several drawbacks, including the percentage of battery power that must be monitored so that the system is always active. Analysis of battery power efficiency is needed to determine the resistance of portable systems. This study makes a portable system for monitoring the condition of patients with infectious diseases in a special isolation room that can measure heart rate, body temperature, and oxygen saturation. The design of this device uses a 2200mAH battery as a power source on the IC TTGO ESP32 to manage data and display measurement results, the MAX30102 sensor to measure oxygen saturation and heart rate, and the MCP9808 sensor to measure body temperature. The design of this device has been tested on respondents aged 25-40 years by placing the sensor on the fingertip then the measurement results are compared with a standard device that has been calibrated. The measurement results show that the device is feasible to use because the measurement error value is ±5%. Testing the efficiency of battery power in normal mode and save mode. In normal mode, the current used in the device is 154.9 mA, while the save mode by not activating the LCD TTGO ESP32 requires a current of 126.7 mA. The results of the analysis show that using the battery in normal mode can activate the device for up to ±14 hours and in save mode for ±17 hours. This designed method is useful for measuring power efficiency in different device modes and the user knows the battery charging time at regular intervals.

Novel approach for liquid-heating lithium-ion battery pack to shorten low temperature charge time

The charging time for Li-ion power battery in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and pure electric vehicles (EVs) is elongated at low temperature compared to that at the room temperature, which will deteriorate the customer using experience. Therefore, shortening the low-temperature charging time of battery is the critical technology to promote the popularization of electric vehicles. Many techniques have been proposed to shorten the low-temperature charging time, but these technologies often lead to problems such as the increase of vehicle energy consumption, the high temperature of the battery pack system (BPS) at the end of charging and the poor BPS temperature uniformity during charging. To tackle these problems, this paper proposes an optimization simulation model for charging control strategy combined with thermal model (SCCS-ThM) and BPS offline parameters based on a liquid heating thermal management system (LHTMS). The BPS offline parameters determine the charging power threshold under different ambient temperature and the different state of capacity (SoC). The temperature rise and the temperature differences of the BPS during charging are calculated with the thermal model. The optimization model obtains the optimal charging strategy by simulating the potential feasible charging strategies. The battery pack charge time is reduced by introducing a pre-heating stage prior to charging. The pre-heating period which minimizes overall charge time, including the pre-heating time, is determined using the thermal model. The experimental results show that for an initial battery pack temperature of −10 °C, overall charge time is minimized by starting to charge after the battery pack has been heated to 1 °C. With the same charging energy, the optimal charging strategy shortens the charging time by 16 % and reduces battery coolant heater energy consumption by 15 %. Besides, the maximum temperature at the end of charging and the maximum temperature difference during the whole charging process are 36 °C and 6 °C respectively, which are better than the original charging strategy.

Investigating effects of pulse charging on performance of Li-ion batteries at low temperature

Pulse charging is a technique that charges a battery using a current that periodically changes in direction, potentially reducing battery charging time while improving its charging performance. The objective of this paper is to study how the pulse charging method improves charging time and battery performance at the low ambient temperature using both experimental testing and numerical simulation. A capacity protection ratio, defined as the ratio of the remaining charging capacity to the total charging capacity, is used to characterize pulse charging to prevent over-discharging. The capacity protection ratio shows more effect on the total charging time. An electrochemical and thermal coupled model is developed to explore the working principle of the pulse charging method. The experimental results show that the pulse charging method with 12C pulse discharge rate and 25% capacity protection ratio can reduce the charging time by 11% at −8.5 °C compared to the traditional constant current (1C) and constant voltage charging method. The model results show that pulse charging enhances uniformity of lithium-ion distribution in the battery, thereby improving the battery performance. This research demonstrates pulse charging is a viable option to improve battery charging performance at low temperatures compared to the CC-CV charging method.

A Model-Based Battery Charging Optimization Framework for Proper Trade-offs Between Time and Degradation

This study aims at developing an optimization framework for electric vehicle charging by considering different trade-offs between battery degradation and charging time. For the first time, the application of practical limitations on charging and cooling power is considered along with more detailed health models. Lithium iron phosphate battery is used as a case study to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed optimization framework. A coupled electro-thermal equivalent circuit model is used along with two battery health models to mathematically obtain optimal charging current profiles by considering stress factors of state-of-charge, charging rate, temperature and time. The optimization results demonstrate an improvement over the benchmark constant current–constant voltage (CCCV) charging protocol when considering both the charging time and battery health. A main difference between the optimal and the CCCV charging protocols is found to be an additional ability to apply constraints and adapt to initial conditions in the proposed optimal charging protocol. In a case study, for example, the ‘optimal time’ charging is found to take 12 min while the ‘optimal health’ charging profile suggests around 100 min for charging the battery from 25 to 75% state-of-charge. Any other trade-off between those two extreme cases is achievable using the proposed charging protocol as well.

Pinwheel: An Innovative Wind-Driven Power Source for Tricycles

Reduced dependency on fossil fuels can be achieved using wind energy, a native renewable energy source. Energy research is a very sensitive and vital topic since it directly affects our lives and how it is used. The global supply of fossil fuels is running out, endangering the long-term viability of the global economy. Wind energy provides a flexible, environmentally friendly option that also contributes to national energy security. This study focuses on evolving the traditional pinwheel into a helpful power source that is wind propelled and can be connected to any place as long as the wind is present to allow it to revolve. A dynamo replaced the traditional wind turbine to act as the main engine of the wind-driven power source. The pinwheel may be fastened to any surface in the tricycle. The pinwheel’s propeller revolves while the vehicle is in motion. The dynamo will produce a magnetic field and electricity while the propeller revolves. The current will be stored in a power bank using a circuit to control it. The pinwheel’s maximum and quickest charging time for a 6-volt battery is 2 hours and 52 minutes, with an output of 0.035 volts at a speed of 50 kph.

Risk Assessment of Public Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping Station (SPBKLU)

The use of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in recent years has become an alternative for people to switch to environmentally friendly technology. Exhaust emissions from Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) vehicle which play a big role in air pollution are one of the strong reasons for people to switch. However, one of the main challenges faced when using EVs widely is the limited range and long battery charging times. The existence of limited electric vehicle infrastructure is also an obstacle to the sustainability of the use of EVs for daily activities. Public Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping Station/Stasiun Penukaran Baterai Kendaraan Listrik Umum (SPBKLU) are one of the potential solutions to this problem that allow EV owners to quickly swap out their depleted batteries for fully charged ones. This research study aims to determine the potential risks that can arise in the development process of the Public Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping Station (SPBKLU) as a solution to the limited range and charging time of battery – based electric motor vehicles. The data collection method was carried out through interviews and surveys to 3 respondents from divisions/units who are owners of business processes related to the SPBKLU project. A comprehensive risk assessment through risk management assessment is carried out on the strategic, financial, operational, project and compliance aspects of this technology. The risks that have been identified are then evaluated and prioritized to then be able to make a mitigation plan in reducing the level of risk to reach the level of corporate risk appetite. The results of the risk assessment identified 16 (sixteen) risks with different levels of risk as follows, there is 2 (two) risks at the Extreme level, 3 (three) risks at the Very High level, 9 (nine) risks at the High level, and 2 (two) risks at the Moderate level. Based on the Risk Appetite level of PT PLN (Persero), only 2 (two) risks that are at the Moderate level will be accepted. Meanwhile, for the other 14 (fourteen) risks, a mitigation plan will be carried out to lower the risk level to a Moderate/ Low level. The mitigation plan that will be carried out is prepared in the form of an action plan that the implementation process will be monitored according to the scheduled timeline.

Assessment of the life cycle of city buses with diesel and electric drive in the operation phase

The aim of the article is to analyze the impact of operation on the life cycle assessment of city buses with diesel and electric drive using neural networks based on source data. Two types of diesel buses and two types of electric buses were tested. As a result of the conducted tests, the following optimal values were obtained for buses: operation time, number of inspections, daily refueling time or battery charging time, general efficiency, emissions. The adopted values of the life cycle assessment criteria are optimal for electric and electric city buses. The presented research and analyzes have a significant impact on the processes related to the organization of public transport.

Intelligent Battery Swapping System for Electric Vehicles with Charging Stations Locator on IoT and Cloud Platform

Having a sufficient charging infrastructure is crucial to the rapid uptake of electric vehicles (EVs). The availability of such infrastructure would eliminate several barriers related to the short range of EVs. A Battery Swapping Station (BSS) is a practical way to power electric vehicles (EVs) while reducing lengthy wait times at Battery Charging Stations (BCS). In contrast to the BCS, the BSS charges the batteries beforehand and gets them ready for a far faster battery swap. These charging stations may be able to offer special advantages to the power system because they can act as a middleman between EV owners and the grid. This essay explores the benefits of developing the BSS from a number of angles. In light of this, a model for battery charging scheduling from the viewpoint of the station owner is suggested. To demonstrate how the suggested model may assist BSS owners in managing their assets through scheduling battery charging time, an example is given.

Design and Implementation of DC Fast Charging for 48V LiFePO4 Battery Pack

This research focuses on developing a fast charging system to charge lithium-ion battery packs with a voltage rating of 48 volts. Standard battery charging uses a 0.25 C charging rate, which takes about 4 hours. The charging method in this study uses the constant current, constant voltage (CC-CV) method by adjusting the charging current at a charging rate of 1C, 2C, and 3C from the battery capacity. The buck converter determined the charging current value, setting it to produce a voltage of 53 V and a charging current of 10 A for a 1C charging rate, 20 A for a 2C charging rate, and 30 A for a 3C charging rate. Based on the testing, the battery charging time to reach 80% takes 57 minutes for charging rate 1C, 30 minutes for charging rate 2C, and 26 minutes for charging rate 3C.

A module-level charging optimization method of lithium-ion battery considering temperature gradient effect of liquid cooling and charging time

The contradiction between fast charging and battery lifetime has become one of the main obstacles for the development of electric vehicles. The large currents of fast charging protocols will bring about a high temperature rise of battery, which can be controlled by the liquid-cooled battery thermal management system. However, the temperature difference of the battery module is unavoidable due to the temperature gradient effect of liquid cooling. In this study, considering temperature gradient effect of liquid cooling, a charging optimization strategy at a battery module level is proposed to balance the charging time and temperature difference. Genetic algorithm is utilized to determine the specific charging protocol by evaluating the fitness function. Compared with the multistage constant current-constant voltage charging strategy, the temperature difference of the battery module using the optimal charging strategy reduces by 37.9%. Besides, the charging time of the optimal charging strategy decreases by 11.9% than that of the constant current-constant voltage charging strategy. The experimental results demonstrate that the optimal charging strategy can weigh the charging time and temperature difference of the battery module. In addition, the different charging protocols can be determined by adjusting the weighting coefficients of battery temperature difference and charging time.

Solar tracker design on solar panel for stm32 microcontroller based on battery charging system

This paper describes about solar energy is one of the energy sources that won’t terminated. Solar energy can be easily converted into electrical energy by using solar panels. Solar panels that are placed horizontally on the ground, the solar panel cannot absorb the light perfectly. Therefore, solar panels require an automatic solar tracking system to increase the efficiency of the solar panels. In this study, a solar tracker has been designed using a light dependent resistor (ldr) sensor based on the stm32 microcontroller. From the results of the study, the increase in power obtained from the use of a solar tracker was 27.97%. In static solar panels, the time required to fully charge the 12v, 7ah lead acid battery is 5 hours 10 minutes, while using a solar tracker the lead acid battery charging time is 3 hours 30 minutes. The use of a solar tracker saves battery charging time for 1 hour 40 minutes compared to static solar panels.

Battery and hydrogen-based electric vehicle adoption: A survey of Australian consumers perspective

Electric vehicles (EV) are a promising alternative for the current fossil-fuel-based vehicles. However, as of 2020, the share of EV sales was only 4.6 % globally, and 1 % in Australia. It is important to identify factors that promote or hinder consumer intentions of EV adoption. In addition, there are a few types of EVs, each with different advantages and disadvantages creating consumer segmentation. This study considered battery-powered EV and hydrogen fuel cell EV and sought to understand which factors influence the preferences for one of the two types of vehicles. We designed a survey on individual perceptions toward EV and collected data of 1735 consumers in Australia. Participants had a mean age of 44.9 years (SD = 16.71) and 41 % of them were males. The median daily traveling distances was 8.7 km, and 74 % of them reported using a personal car for commuting. The results show that the safety concern has a stronger impact on adoption intention than the purchase cost and perceived benefits. Age and consumers' current mode of transportation play a significant role in EV adoption intentions. In addition, the results indicate that preference for BEV is significantly affected by BEV range sufficiency, tolerability in battery charging time, and fear of hydrogen explosion, whereas the key preference factors for FCEVs is their longer driving range, and fear of battery explosion. Besides, the results reveal that part-time employees are more likely to prefer BEV than full-time workers. On the other hand, apartment residents tend to prefer FCEV more than people living in a house. Furthermore, female is more likely to still undecided than males whether they prefer BEV or FCEV.

Cost and benefit battery swapping business model for indonesian electric two-wheeler

Government of Indonesia (GoI) plan to achieve Net Zero Carbon by 2060. One of implementation through Electric Vehicle in the transportation sector where it will drive the reduction of emission and accelerate the demand of global battery. Indonesia has strong position in terms of integrated battery industry. In order to support Electric Vehicle ecosystem, one of value chain related to charging station infrastructures. Nowadays, the charging method for electric vehicles commonly used are battery swapping, conductive and inductive charging. In this paper, we will consider battery charging of electric vehicles, especially electric two-wheeler. In this case, the problem of excessive battery charge time is the main consideration of the users. The development of Battery Swapping Station (BSS) may be an alternative to solving these problems. In the meantime, Battery Swapping Station (BSS) needs a high-level view from stakeholders to understand the cost-benefit ratio of this alternative technology. The objectives of this research are to identify, analyze, and evaluate the current Battery Swapping Station (BSS) technology in market. In this research, it is necessary to have results to establish the policy for manufacture considers large capacity batteries and the standards such as types and specification of batteries as well as swapping stations.

A refined sizing method of fuel cell-battery hybrid system for eVTOL aircraft

Recently, a fuel cell-battery hybrid system (FBHS) has attracted considerable attention as a potential propulsion system for electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. For the conceptual design of FBHS-powered eVTOL aircraft, the FBHS sizing method requires parameterized weight estimation that reflects the power distribution ratio between the two power sources and the expected production time point. However, previous studies on FBHS sizing mainly focused on weight estimation based on actual product data. Thus, this study proposes a refined sizing method of FBHS for eVTOL aircraft that meets the requirements necessary at the conceptual design phase. The sizing method was parameterized at the component level, and the operating characteristics of the battery and fuel cell were reflected in the sizing. Each battery and fuel cell system sizing was performed, and the results showed that it is necessary to consider the operating characteristics of the battery or fuel cell when sizing rather than simply using constant specific energy or power. The FBHS-powered eVTOL aircraft sizing and sensitivity analysis were performed using the proposed method, considering the power distribution ratio between the two power sources. The results were derived by quantifying the technological development trends of each FBHS component and matching the expected production time to 2025 and 2035. In addition, the battery charging time required to fully charge the battery after performing all missions was calculated. The results indicated that the operational and manufacturing plan should be considered when designing the FBHS-powered eVTOL aircraft and prioritizing investments in technologies necessary for viable FBHS-powered eVTOL aircraft.

Lithium‐Ion Battery Thermal Management Techniques and Their Current Readiness Level

The lithium‐ion battery (LiB) is currently an essential part of electric vehicles (EVs). The popularity of LiBs among EV manufacturers is because of their long life, fewer memory effects, high specific energy density, and lightweight. However, temperature affects the LiB life and performance to a great extent. The burden on battery thermal management (BTM) is significantly increased by the need to increase battery capacity and decrease the battery charging time. Hence, reliable and effective BTM is the need of the hour. Herein, the current status of different battery cooling techniques has been discussed along with their merits and demerits. The main objective of this paper is to inform the readers and give them a clear understanding of various cooling techniques and their current status and highlight any novel approaches being used by the researchers to improve these cooling techniques. Future needs and opportunities in this field have also been discussed.

Electric Vehicles Selection Based on Brčko District Taxi Service Demands, a Multi-Criteria Approach

Traditional fuel-powered vehicle emissions have long been recognized as a major barrier to a sustainable environment, and their minimization could ensure both economic support for the sustainable societal fundament and pollution prevention. Electrifying light-duty vehicle fleets, such as taxis, could provide a financial return as well as bring significant economic and environmental improvements. This paper offers a ranked selection of electric vehicles that are presently available on the market, as reviewed by taxi service representatives, as well as their own evaluation of the criteria that influence this selection. This paper provides stability and support when making decisions by deploying stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis and a modified standard deviation method for calculating the subjective and objective weights of the criteria, as well as performing sensitivity analysis to determine how a particular criterion affects the multi-attributive border approximation area. A comparison ranking of the alternatives discovered how a change in the weight value of one of the criteria affected the ranking of the electric vehicle alternatives. According to the research, led by the battery capacity criterion and its values, the Volkswagen ID.3 Pro has the best results and is the taxi of choice in the Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Furthermore, the research has demonstrated that the development of electric vehicles for taxi service purposes should strive to extend the range of these vehicles while reducing the battery charging time.

(Digital Presentation) Using Simulations to Determine the Effects of the Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Sizes on Performance of Electric Vehicles

Internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles have a longer driving range with a full tank of gas than lithium-ion battery-powered electric vehicles (EVs). Alongside having a higher purchase cost and a lack of charging infrastructure, the range of EVs is a large deterrent to potential buyers. One solution to increasing the range of EVs is using a battery pack with a higher capacity. However, increasing the capacity typically involves an increase in lithium-ion battery cells, which leads to a higher weight, higher vehicle cost, lower energy efficiency, and higher battery charging time. In addition, regenerative braking recovers the vehicle's kinetic energy which is related to speed and weight. To find the optimal battery pack size, a numeric road test simulation can be used to determine how battery pack size affects energy efficiency, driving range, charging time, and cost. This is more optimal than a real-life road test since inconsistent variables like traffic conditions and weather can be controlled. This paper applies work-energy mathematic modeling of an electric vehicle under different EPA dynamometer driving schedules to investigate the problem proposed above, using an EV model with 21700 type lithium-ion cells. In addition, total vehicle weight, motor efficiency, wheel sizes/weight, and the weight of passengers will also be considered. The simulation revealed that when the total vehicle weight reaches a certain point, it can regenerate significant kinetic energy back to the battery pack to increase the range. Figure 1