Charging System Research Articles

Malicious mode attack on electric vehicle coordinated charging and its defense strategy

Power systems exploit Internet of Things (IoT) to coordinate the huge charging demands of numerous electric vehicles (EVs) in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). However, since connected with public networks, the coordinated charging control system is in a low-level cyber security and greatly vulnerable to malicious attacks. The malicious mode attack (MMA), a new cyber-attack pattern, generates high amplitude forced oscillations, which seriously threats the stability of power systems and the power supply of charging stations. However, the MMA model and attack process is not clear. Moreover, it is difficult to actively eliminate the MMA risk through the existing cyber defense technologies. Therefore, this paper analyzes the characteristics of MMA and provides a multi-information active distribution rejection control (MIADRC) method for the physical smart grid to defense MMA. First, the potential threat of MMA is clarified by investigating the vulnerability of the IoT-based coordinated charging load control system. And an MMA process like Mirai is given as an example, which affects the electricity charging system by penetration, infection and attack. Then, an MMA model is established for impact analysis, where expressions of the mean response (i.e. expected value) and stochastic response (i.e. standard deviation) of the MMA forced oscillation are derived to discover main impact factors. Further, to mitigate the impact of MMA, a defense strategy based on multi-index information active disturbance rejection control is proposed to improve the stability and anti-disturbance ability. Finally, simulations are conducted to verify the existence and characteristics of MMA threats. And it is verified that the proposed MIADRC can suppress 91.8 % of the MMA oscillation amplitude. As far as the authors know, it is the first time that the characteristics of MMA are investigated and multi-information-based defensive strategy for MMA is proposed, which enhances system damping through compensating for the attack disturbance.

Mitigation of Harmonics Due to Electric Vehicle Charging

The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has led to an increase in demand for charging infrastructure. However, EV charging can introduce harmonic distortion into the electrical distribution network, causing power losses, reduced efficiency, and equipment damage. This project developed an EV charging system with harmonic reduction to ensure a stable and efficient charging process. The research methodology allowed the team to develop an EV charging system with harmonic reduction that was effective in reducing the total harmonic distortion (THD) level from 56.3% to 1%. The system was also found to be stable and efficient during charging. The findings of this project have the potential to make a significant contribution to the development of EV charging infrastructure. The proposed system can help to mitigate the negative impacts of EV charging on the electrical distribution network, while also ensuring a stable and efficient charging process.

Prototype of Monitoring System for Lithium-Ion Battery Charging and Discharging on UPS Using Atmega 328p

Prototype of Monitoring System for Lithium-Ion Battery Charging and Discharging on UPS Using Atmega 328p

Comparing costs and climate impacts of various electric vehicle charging systems across the United States

The seamless adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in the United States necessitates the development of extensive and effective charging infrastructure. Various charging systems have been proposed, including Direct Current Fast Charging, Battery Swapping, and Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer. While many studies have evaluated the charging costs and greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity of EVs, a comprehensive analysis comparing these systems and their implications across vehicle categories remains unexplored. This study compares the total cost of ownership (TCO) and GHG-intensity of EVs using these charging systems. Based on nationwide infrastructure deployment simulations, the change to TCO from adopting EVs varies by scenario, vehicle category, and location, with local fuel prices, electricity prices, and traffic volumes dramatically impacting results. Further, EV GHG-intensity depends on local electricity mixes and infrastructure utilizations. This research highlights the responsiveness of EV benefits resulting from technology advancements, deployment decisions, and policymaking.

Performance evaluation of bridgeless isolated SEPIC-Luo converter for EV battery charging using PI and ANN controller

Electric vehicle (EV) rechargeable battery packs that employ traditional power factor correction (PFC) circuit design have performance limitations due to their substantial conductivity loss that ensures at the input of a diode bridge rectifier (DBR). This study suggests a bridgeless (BL) isolated single ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) - Luo converter to address the problem. As a result, the input current exhibits a power factor operation of unity throughout the charging process. DBR elimination and current conduction through a remarkably small number of circuits both significantly reduce conduction losses. The use of an artificial neural network (ANN) and proportional integral (PI) controller enhances the converter's performance with a stable DC link voltage. The suggested converter overall operation is thoroughly described in terms of variety of operating modes and simulation-based effectiveness. Here, with the assistance of the hysteresis current controller (HCC), the input current disruptions are reduced. Constant current and voltage management is used to successfully charge the EV battery, resulting in improved efficacy and inherent PFC. By utilizing simulation outcomes achieved from MATLAB, the performance of proposed BL isolated SEPIC-Luo in boosting the power quality of EV charger system is examined.

Analysis and Design of Wireless Charging Systems Without Extra Components for Load-Independent Constant Current and Voltage Battery Charging

Analysis and Design of Wireless Charging Systems Without Extra Components for Load-Independent Constant Current and Voltage Battery Charging

Erratum to: Synthesis of a Simulation Model of Coupled Coils in an Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging System

Erratum to: Synthesis of a Simulation Model of Coupled Coils in an Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging System

Communication-Free Long-Distance Wireless Charging System for Battery Load With Adaptive Switching of Constant Voltage and Constant Current

Communication-Free Long-Distance Wireless Charging System for Battery Load With Adaptive Switching of Constant Voltage and Constant Current

Minimizing Material Usage for Efficient and Compact Coil in Wireless Charging System of Electric Vehicles

Minimizing Material Usage for Efficient and Compact Coil in Wireless Charging System of Electric Vehicles

Design of SEPIC Converter for Battery Charging System using ANFIS

Rechargeable batteries are the most widely used medium for storing energy today. One type of rechargeable battery that is widely used is lithium-ion batteries. The large use of lithium-ion batteries in society requires companies to conduct research so that the life time of these batteries can last a long time and charging can take place quickly. Charging system at this time is less efficient in charging lithium batteries where the time needed is still quite long where when lithium batteries are charged with a long time can cause the battery to heat up quickly and can reduce the life time of the battery. To overcome this, a system is needed that can control the battery charger process so that the output voltage and current are constant and battery charging is faster. It is hoped that the SEPIC converter system can help many people who forget to unplug the power supply during the charging process so as to maintain the life time of the battery. Setting the output voltage and current in the DC-DC converter can be done using an Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System which aims to keep the output of SEPIC stable according to the setting point. In this system, the DC-DC converter used is a SEPIC converter which can increase and decrease the output voltage for battery charging. The battery charging process uses the CC-CV method. In the test, the average error is 0.025% where when the SOC is 60% to 80% the average error is 0.04% and when the SOC is 80% to 95% the average error is 0.0005%.

Solar Wireless Electrical Vehicle Charging System

Abstract: Electric vehicles are becoming more popular as an alternative to conventional gasoline- powered vehicles. In order to strengthen charging infrastructure, dynamic wireless charging (DWC) is apromising technology through which the vehicle battery can be continuously charged while the vehicle is in motion. The main challenge of the DWC system is to investigate the capability for power transfer with the variation in operating parameters in consideration of enhanced efficiency. This project proposes an innovative approach to improve the performance of dynamic wireless charging systems by investigating the magnetic coupler via finite element analysis, exploring power pulsation and mutual inductances with variations in longitudinal, lateral, and air gap distances as variable factors. In addition to this, efficiency analysis is also explored with respect to the mutual inductance and various compensation schemes. The simulation studies are carried out using computer-assisted software, i.e., MATLAB version2022b. Finally, a comparative analysis of power transferred, mutual inductance, and efficiency is presented by the compensation schemes

Solar-Powered EV Battery Charging and Payment System

Abstract: This innovative project is focused on harnessing solar energy efficiently to power electric vehicle (EV) charging stations. It employs a single-axis solar panel tracking system to follow the sun's path and optimize energy capture. The collected solar energy is stored in a high-capacity battery, ensuring uninterrupted charging, even during periods of limited sunlight. Users have the convenience of managing their accounts through a user friendly mobile app, providing real-time cost updates and secure payment options. The EV charging station maximizes the use of stored solar energy for vehicle charging, reducing reliance on the conventional power grid. Additionally, the system incorporates detailed billing and usage history features to enhance transparency and efficiency, ultimately creating an eco-conscious transportation ecosystem that integrates renewable energy and sustainable EV charging.

Towards natural care products: Structural and deposition studies of bio-based polymer and surfactant mixtures

Oppositely charged polymer-surfactant systems are expected to interact with formation of coacervate complexes near composition of charge-neutrality. Such behaviour is widely used in formulated products (e.g. household and personal care), where the co-deposition of coacervates and active ingredients on various surfaces is triggered by dilution. A transition towards the use of more sustainable ingredients is currently ongoing as a response to the need of more environmentally conscious choices in production, albeit slowed down by the often more complex and not fully understood bulk and interfacial behaviour of new ingredients. In this work, mixtures of a medium-chain fatty acid (sodium decanoate) and two grades of bio-based cationic modified inulin were studied. The phase behaviour was determined in a wide composition matrix. The formation of coacervate complexes was observed for the mixture with the higher charge density polymer at a surfactant concentration of 1–3 wt%, close to the surfactant critical micellar concentration in pure water. Such behaviour was confirmed by DLS and SAXS data, suggesting surfactant-polymer complexation in a concentrated phase of packed micelles with a micelle-to-micelle distance of ∼4.5 nm. In situ ellipsometry and neutron reflectometry experiments were conducted to study the effect on surface deposition when diluting. The ellipsometry showed an adsorbed mass of ∼1.3–1.9 mg/m2, consistent with the deposition of a coacervate layer, and considerably higher than the neat, adsorbed polymer layer of ∼0.3 mg/m2. In the case of the neutron reflectometry experiments, dilution was performed before contact with the surface (pre-mixing), and no adsorption of coacervates was observed, but rather the adsorption of a polymer layer (0.49–0.85 mg/m2). The different results obtained with the different techniques highlight the kinetic nature of bulk coacervate formation and deposition, and the competition between these two phenomena. Maximal deposition can be achieved if one can control this time window either by tuning the composition of the system or the experimental set-up, to mimic the conditions of a specific application.

IOT Based- Smart Metering and Charging System for EV

Abstract: Electric vehicles often face concerns regarding overcharging, leading to detrimental outcomes like pollution, reduced hardware lifespan, and safety hazards. Unlike conventional fuels, electric vehicles lack standardized systems to regulate charging parameters and costs. This absence of fail-safe mechanisms can lead to overcharging, causing negative consequences without intervention. To tackle this issue, the project proposes an Arduino-based solution coupled with a relay sensor and dedicated application. This system aims to prevent overcharging, minimizing both financial and electrical wastage. The project serves as a compact prototype, offering a viable resolution to the problem of unregulated charging in electric vehicles.

A Review on the Renewable Sources Based Microgrid for Electric Vehicle Charging using various Emerging Technologies

Abstract: This review examines the integration of renewable energy sources into microgrids for electric vehicle (EV) charging, leveraging emerging technologies such as the fuzzy logic and genetic algorithm. It addresses the challenges of scaling EV infrastructure, focusing on the potential of solar, wind, and bio-energy to enhance sustainability and grid independence. The paper discusses how fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm optimize energy management and maintenance. Overall, the study advocates for a holistic approach to develop efficient, resilient, and sustainable EV charging systems through the synergistic use of renewable microgrids and advanced technologies.

A Comprehensive Review of Developments in Electric Vehicles Fast Charging Technology

Electric vehicle (EV) fast charging systems are rapidly evolving to meet the demands of a growing electric mobility landscape. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of various fast charging techniques, advanced infrastructure, control strategies, and emerging challenges and future trends in EV fast charging. It discusses various fast charging techniques, including inductive charging, ultra-fast charging (UFC), DC fast charging (DCFC), Tesla Superchargers, bidirectional charging integration, and battery swapping, analysing their advantages and limitations. Advanced infrastructure for DC fast charging is explored, covering charging standards, connector types, communication protocols, power levels, and charging modes control strategies. Electric vehicle battery chargers are categorized into on-board and off-board systems, with detailed functionalities provided. The status of DC fast charging station DC-DC converters classification is presented, emphasizing their role in optimizing charging efficiency. Control strategies for EV systems are analysed, focusing on effective charging management while ensuring safety and performance. Challenges and future trends in EV fast charging are thoroughly explored, highlighting infrastructure limitations, standardization efforts, battery technology advancements, and energy optimization through smart grid solutions and bidirectional chargers. The paper advocates for global collaboration to establish universal standards and interoperability among charging systems to facilitate widespread EV adoption. Future research areas include faster charging, infrastructure improvements, standardization, and energy optimization. Encouragement is given for advancements in battery technology, wireless charging, battery swapping, and user experience enhancement to further advance the EV fast charging ecosystem. In summary, this paper offers valuable insights into the current state, challenges, and future directions of EV fast charging, providing a comprehensive examination of technological advancements and emerging trends in the field.

Development of a regulator for high-pressure hydrogen charging and storage system

Hydrogen emerges as a promising alternative energy source, particularly in fuel cell applications, necessitating efficient and safe charging and storage systems. This paper presents the design and development of a specialized regulator tailored for high-pressure hydrogen environments. Focusing on precision control, the regulator ensures optimal performance and safety during charging and storage phases. In order to improve the unstable response characteristics of the existing commercial hydrogen regulator, which has the same differential pressure generation site and pressure control site, a regulator operating at an ultra-high pressure of 105 MPa was designed by separating the differential pressure site and the control site. And structural safety and performance of the regulator were predicted through structural and flow analysis. The results of structural and flow analysis of a 105 MPa high-pressure regulator that can be used for high-pressure hydrogen charging and storage systems were compared with the experimentally measured values.

Advancing V2G Technology: Design of an Adaptive Bi-directional Three Phase AFE Converter for High-Power Applications

The grid-connected active front end (AFE) converter is an essential component of the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) system. In the current scenario, only a battery charger with unidirectional power capability for various power levels is being developed, which improves the grid’s power quality in compliance with the standard. A bi-directional battery charger with a high-power rating for V2G applications is a challenging task that is the focus of the current research. This paper presents a three-phase bi-directional grid-connected AFE converter for a 15 kW charging system. The novelty of this paper is to design and implement an adaptive synchronous reference frame (SRF) model-based controller for bi-directional power flow between the electric vehicle (EV) and grid. It uses an adaptive constant current/constant voltage (CC/CV) mode while integrating a bi-directional DC/DC converter to the proposed AFE system. The significant advantages of the proposed AFE system are high power quality at the grid side, along with suitable total harmonics distortion (THD) and ripple-free DC output voltage. Moreover, the bi-directional offboard charger responds to inductive and capacitive reactive power requests in less than three grid cycles, demonstrating a rapid reaction to grid commands. This paper achieves a fast transient response with a less peak overshoot to improve the steady-state performance. The performance of AFE is further analyzed using simulations, and it has finally been verified using a 15 kVA AFE converter on the laboratory set-up.

Research on the Expansion Application of Electronic Toll Collection System

Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) system is an important part of modern intelligent transport system, which plays an important role in intelligent car parks and congestion charging. Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) system includes automatic vehicle identification system and electronic billing system. The automatic vehicle identification system includes three parts: automatic vehicle identification (AVI), automatic vehicle model identification (AVC) and inspection system (ES).The application of ETC in intelligent car parks and congestion charging also includes automatic vehicle identification system (automatic vehicle identification, automatic vehicle model identification and inspection system) and electronic billing system. In intelligent car parks, ETC technology achieves fast and accurate automatic toll payment by automatically identifying the ETC tags carried by vehicles, which greatly improves the efficiency of car parks and reduces the queuing and waiting time due to manual toll collection. In terms of congestion charging, ETC technology provides an effective means to implement congestion charge collection. By setting up ETC toll lanes in core urban areas or busy road sections, the system can automatically record the information of the vehicles passing through and carry out toll settlement, thus realising dynamic toll collection according to the degree of congestion and the frequency of vehicle use. This congestion charging strategy aims to regulate urban traffic flow through economic means, alleviate traffic congestion and promote the sustainable development of urban transport. Although China's theoretical research on congestion charging, has been relatively mature, but affected by a variety of factors, no city has yet to start the implementation of congestion charging, the lack of experience in practice. Singapore will not stop the car charging system (ETC) technology successfully applied to urban congestion charging and intelligent car parks, ETC system in intelligent car parks and congestion charging application, help to promote the development of urban transport to a more intelligent, green direction. China can learn from the successful experience of foreign countries and apply it to its own intelligent car parks and congestion charging. This paper introduces the basic principle of ETC, discusses the research progress of ETC in terms of technical characteristics, and analyses the application scenarios of ETC in intelligent car parks and congestion charging. By examining the opportunities offered by Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) systems in smart car parks and congestion pricing, this study aims to delve into the transformative impacts of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) systems on intelligent mobility and contribute to the sustainable development of intelligent mobility.

Resonant coil matrix shielding for dynamic WPT systems

In this article, a magnetic shield for automotive Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) systems is proposed. Its innovative feature consists in the positioning of the shield, that is part of the Ground Assembly (GA) of the WPT system. Passive coils, assembled in an array-like structure to build the shields properly located near the transmitting coils are investigated. Currently, there are a variety of shielding methods, each of them with its peculiar feature. The proposed method is simple and does not increase the transmitting and the receiving coil sizes, a constraint that is often critical from a practical and an economical point of view. The main characteristic of the proposed shielding method is the location of the shielding coils on the same level as the GA. The results here presented are validated by Finite Element (FE) based simulations and are referred to an experimental prototype of wireless charging systems for electric vehicles operating at 85 kHz with a transmitted nominal power of 3.3 kW. The results show that the proposed shield reduces the leakage magnetic flux density in the system up to 37% with a marginal impact on the transmission efficiency, complying the SAE J2954 international standard.