Battery Bank System Research Articles

Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Study for Apartment Buildings

Changes in the engine type of cars aimed at climate goals also have an impact on the habit of electricity consumption at home. Charging electric cars from the residential grid also increases the total electricity consumption of the residential building. If all apartment owners in an apartment building want to charge their electric car at the same time, this may create a situation where the main protection of the apartment building is activated. The purpose of this research is to identify possible options to avoid this problem, based on different real-life data. For example: adding an energy storage to the electrical system of an apartment building is seen as one solution. Also supplement of an energy management software to the electrical and battery bank system to enables residents to schedule and prioritize their electric car charging times to avoid simultaneous high-demand periods. This system can also be used to optimize electricity distribution and consumption in apartment buildings under volatile electricity price conditions.

DESIGN AND PROTOTYPE OF AN AUTOMATED POSITIVE SUCTION MECHANICAL VENTILATOR UNDER AN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PROJECT ANALYSIS IN LOW-INCOME PATIENTS

The design and prototype of a low-cost portable positive pressure mechanical ventilator for use in cases of mass disasters and resource-limited environments are described. The ventilator provides breaths by compressing a conventional valve bag mask (AMBU) using a pivoting lever, eliminating the need for a human operator for the AMBU. An initial prototype was constructed using acrylic, with measurements of 285 x 350 x 250 mm and a weight of 4.1 kg (9 lb). It is powered by a 12V DC battery-operated electric motor and features an adjustable air volume of up to a maximum of 750 ml. Control is achieved through a human-machine interface using a 16x2 LCD screen displaying RPM and percentage speed data, which are adjusted using an easy-to-use potentiometer. The prototype also includes an overvoltage safety control mode and pilot lights to indicate the equipment's status. Iterations of the device will include a controllable inspiration-to-expiration time ratio, a pressure relief valve, and a battery bank system that allows for 4 hours of autonomy. The prototype manufacturing cost is only $820. Through this ventilator prototype, it is demonstrated that the lever-driven AMBU compression strategy is a viable option to achieve a low-cost, low-consumption portable technology that provides essential ventilator features at a fraction of the cost of existing technology

Off-Grid Wind-Solar Hybrid Energy System for Analaitivu Island in Sri Lanka

The objective of this project is to implement an off-grid wind-solar hybrid energy system with a battery bank system for Analaitivu island in Sri Lanka, which has no connection to the main grid. The hybrid model is developed by analyzing the wind-solar weather pattern of the island to fulfill the energy demand by choosing the ideal combination of solar cells and wind generators. KEYWORDS: Wind-Solar Hybrid Energy System, Battery Bank System, Off-grid Energy System, Analaitivu Island, Northern Province, Sri Lanka.

Solar-Powered Cellular Base Stations in Kuwait: A Case Study

With the rapidly evolving mobile technologies, the number of cellular base stations (BSs) has significantly increased to meet the explosive demand for mobile services and applications. In turn, this has significantly increased the capital and operational expenses, due to the increased electricity prices and energy consumption. To generate electricity, power plants mainly rely on fossil fuels, which are non-renewable energy resources. As a result, CO2 emissions also increase, which adversely affect health and environment. For wireless access technologies and cellular networks, BSs are the largest power consumer, and the network energy consumption is mainly dominated by the network infrastructure, which makes the telecommunications sector liable for energy consumption as well as CO2 emissions around the globe. Alternatively, solar energy is considered as an eco-friendly and economically attractive solution, due to its cost-effectiveness and sustainability. In this paper, the potentials of photovoltaic (PV) solar power to energize cellular BSs in Kuwait are studied, with the focus on the design, implementation, and analysis of off-grid solar PV systems. Specifically, system components, such as the number of PV panels, batteries, and converters needed for the design are determined and evaluated via HOMER software, with the focus on minimizing the net present cost (NPC). A comparison between various PV, diesel generator (DG), and battery bank (BB) system configurations is also performed. Moreover, a comparison of system deployment area will be presented for different PV panels that have different output power and panel sizes, in addition to utilizing a solar tracking system. It is revealed that utilizing a hybrid system configuration (i.e., PV-DG-BB) decreases fuel consumption per year by almost 95% in comparison to the conventional DG-only based electric systems. Not only that, but utilizing a pure off-grid solar PV system (i.e., PV-BB) can significantly reduce the total NPC while completely eliminating CO2 emissions; however, at the expense of more land.

Dynamic optimization of solar‐wind hybrid system connected to electrical battery or hydrogen as an energy storage system

Nowadays, due to the pollution arising from the consumption of fossil fuels, destructive effects of pollutants on humans and the environment, and the reduction of reserves of these energy resources, the tendency to utilize renewable energy to meet energy needs has increased. In this investigation, first, a grid-connected photovoltaic-wind-battery (PWB) hybrid system for an educational building is designed and optimized by implementing a genetic algorithm in MATLAB. The main goal is to minimize the annual total cost (ATC) and find the optimal sizes. The balance between the high costs of renewable electricity generation and the setting up a renewable system is achieved by applying the renewable energy fraction (fRE). In the second part, a photovoltaic-wind-fuel cell (PWF) hybrid system is designed and optimized in the same approach. A novel techno-economic-environmental comparison is performed to select the battery bank or hydrogen system as energy storage. Considering the environmental penalties, the effect of the environmental cost on the optimal sizes of components and annual total costs is investigated. Owing to the low tariff of the grid electricity as well as the high cost of the renewable systems, results confirms that the use of renewable systems is not cost-effective. Also, if the authorities and householders intend to implement a storage system to store electricity, battery bank is less expensive than fuel cell system. To apply scenarios to increase renewable energy penetration, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis on the ATCs and optimal sizes is conducted technically and economically. Highlights Designing, optimizing, and comparing of PWB and PWF systems are investigated GA in MATLAB is implemented to determine optimal sizes and minimum ATCs A comprehensive sensitivity analysis is performed on the ATCs and optimal sizes The installing of the hybrid systems with the current tariffs is not cost effective Superiority of the battery bank over the hydrogen system in residential storage

Design and Implementation of Hybrid Pico-Hydro – Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Power Plant in Massy-Gahuku LLG

Hydro-Electricity and Solar Power are environmentally friendly renewable sources of energy that utilize the potential energy from dammed water and the sun respectively to generate electricity. In this paper is reported a new design and implementation of combining solar and hydro-electric power. The turbine and gearbox system used in this design is fabricated from scarp parts of used appliances. The hydro head of the Pico-Hydro plant commissioned was 5m which accumulated a hydraulic potency of the stream of about 5.886kW. The prime mover of the generator consisted of a modified crossflow turbine that is coupled with a gearbox to amplify the rpm of the system. A 500W synchronous generator was driven by the prime mover to generate raw phase shifted AC power. This raw power was rectified with a 25 A full wave rectifier and used in conjunction with 12 V 400 AH deep cycle battery bank system to supply power to a newly furnished double storey house. The generator output through the full wave rectifier is connected to a load controller for optimal charge efficiency. The load controller is connected to the battery bank through a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The PLC activates a dummy resistive hot water element when the battery bank is fully charged. The Arduino GSM module monitors the entire process and automatically sends notification via a SIM interface to the system administrator notifying the system administrator of the on/off state of the heating element.

Design and Simulate an Off-Grid PV System with a Battery Bank for EV Charging

This paper presents the control and design of a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system with a battery bank for an electric vehicle (EV) battery charging. It also describes the necessary requirements and power electronic converters design for the EV battery charging station. The design of a bidirectional converter to allow for bidirectional power flow control to regulate the charging and discharging of the battery bank is presented. The PV system connected to the battery bank system is used to enhance the power output of renewable energy sources, regulate electrical power to effectively charge batteries, draw maximum power from solar panels, and provide a high-quality DC output for electric vehicle charging. The PV is the primary power source of the system, and a battery bank is used as a backup storage system. A comparison between the performance both of lithium-ion batteries and lead-acid batteries based on using it as a backup storage system for the off-grid PV system is presented. The proposed system has been designed and simulated in the MATLAB-Simulink environment. The effective performance of the proposed station for EV battery charging is achieved through the simulation results. A proposed charging station cost estimation is performed to present a powerful index of the proposed charging station's effectiveness.

An enhanced multiobjective particle swarm optimisation algorithm for optimum utilisation of hybrid renewable energy systems

Wind-photovoltaic (PV) with backup energy storage system like battery bank and diesel generator-based hybrid energy system (HES) becomes popular day by day because it gives the reliable energy resources with a decrease in the price of turbines, PV array, battery banks and diesel generator with reduced emissions of fuel. The optimisation techniques are mainly used to minimise the total cost of the system, which incorporates the initial investment cost, running cost, maintenance cost and get-back prices of each component, to supply reliable electricity to meet out the electrical energy demand of the remote area, where the transmission cost is very high for such areas consisting of huge dense forests, remote areas, etc. The comparison of the performance characteristics of each hybrid system has been carried out using particle swarm optimisation (PSO) and genetic algorithm. The hybrid system configuration is derived mainly based on the meteorological data of wind speed, solar radiation and the ambient atmospheric temperature. This paper has been proposed to minimise the cost of energy and the loss of power supply probability using enhanced multiobjective PSO algorithm for the optimum utilisation of HES to make the system economical and more reliable for the household applications.

Sizing and Dynamic Modeling of a Power System for the MUN Explorer Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Using a Fuel Cell and Batteries

The combination of a fuel cell and batteries has promising potential for powering autonomous vehicles. The MUN Explorer Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) is built to do mapping-type missions of seabeds as well as survey missions. These missions require a great deal of power to reach underwater depths (i.e., 3000 meters). The MUN Explorer uses 11 rechargeable Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries as the main power source with a total capacity of 14.6 kWh to 17.952 kWh, and the vehicle can run for 10 hours. The drawbacks of operating the existing power system of the MUN Explorer, which was done by the researcher at the Holyrood management facility, include mobilization costs, logistics and transport, and facility access, all of which should be taken into consideration. Recharging the batteries for at least 8 hours is also very challenging and time consuming. To overcome these challenges and run the MUN Explorer for a long time, it is essential to integrate a fuel cell into an existing power system (i.e., battery bank). The integration of the fuel cell not only will increase the system power, but will also reduce the number of batteries needed as suggested by HOMER software. In this paper, an integrated fuel cell is designed to be added into the MUN Explorer AUV along with a battery bank system to increase its power system. The system sizing is performed using HOMER software. The results from HOMER software show that a 1-kW fuel cell and 8 Li-ion batteries can increase the power system capacity to 68 kWh. The dynamic model is then built in MATLAB/Simulink environment to provide a better understanding of the system behavior. The 1-kW fuel cell is connected to a DC/DC Boost Converter to increase the output voltage from 24 V to 48 V as required by the battery and DC motor. A hydrogen gas tank is also included in the model. The advantage of installing the hydrogen and oxygen tanks beside the batteries is that it helps the buoyancy force in underwater depths. The design of this system is based on MUN Explorer data sheets and system dynamic simulation results.

Integrated sizing of hybrid PV-wind-battery system for remote island considering the saturation of each renewable energy resource

The proliferation of renewable energy particularly the combination of solar-wind power and storage bank, is likely to be occupied throughout the world, to mitigate the local energy concerns, improve the energy supply opportunities for off-grid communities and vitiate environmental pollution concerns as well as ease the intensity of energy consumption. To mitigate the disharmony between renewable energy (RE) generation and supply, a cost-optimal autonomous hybrid renewable energy system is developed and comparatively analyzed, considering the saturation level of each involved RE source based on various technical and economic key indicators. This study proposes a mathematical model to comprehensively analyze the effect of varying saturation, i.e. increasing the saturation of one resource meanwhile decreasing the ratio of other resource, on battery bank size, state of charge (SOC), loss of power supply, excess energy, net present cost, levelized cost of energy (COE) and payback time. A saturation factor is introduced, from 0 to 1 value with step size 0.02, where zero represents the wind-only system and one represents the solar-only system. Three different systems are considered, with different wind turbine sizes (total 150 configurations), to comparatively analyze the different energy systems and the result reveals that smaller wind turbine size (2 kW) with 90% saturation of wind energy is the most cost-effective system for the proposed remote island. In addition, the solar-alone and wind-alone systems are compared, showing that the wind-only system can provide good performance as compare to solar-only. Furthermore, the effects of the saturation factor on COE, battery bank size, SOC, excess energy, system reliability and different load demands are analyzed. Energy balance analysis of whole year and simulation performance of the system is accomplished to verify the system reliability. Sensitivity analysis reveals that wind energy, battery cost and load has a significant impact on COE than other factors.

A Domestic Microgrid with Optimized Home Energy Management System

Microgrid is a community-based power generation and distribution system that interconnects smart homes with renewable energy sources (RESs). Microgrid efficiently and economically generates power for electricity consumers and operates in both islanded and grid-connected modes. In this study, we proposed optimization schemes for reducing electricity cost and minimizing peak to average ratio (PAR) with maximum user comfort (UC) in a smart home. We considered a grid-connected microgrid for electricity generation which consists of wind turbine and photovoltaic (PV) panel. First, the problem was mathematically formulated through multiple knapsack problem (MKP) then solved by existing heuristic techniques: grey wolf optimization (GWO), binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO), genetic algorithm (GA) and wind-driven optimization (WDO). Furthermore, we also proposed three hybrid schemes for electric cost and PAR reduction: (1) hybrid of GA and WDO named WDGA; (2) hybrid of WDO and GWO named WDGWO; and (3) WBPSO, which is the hybrid of BPSO and WDO. In addition, a battery bank system (BBS) was also integrated to make our proposed schemes more cost-efficient and reliable, and to ensure stable grid operation. Finally, simulations were performed to verify our proposed schemes. Results show that our proposed scheme efficiently minimizes the electricity cost and PAR. Moreover, our proposed techniques, WDGA, WDGWO and WBPSO, outperform the existing heuristic techniques.

Supervisor control for stand-alone photovoltaic/hydrogen/ battery bank system to supply energy to an electric vehicle

In this paper, supervisor control for stand-alone hybrid power system to supply energy to an electric vehicle is presented. The hybrid system is used to produce energy without interruption and it consists of a photovoltaic generator (PV), a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and a battery bank. PV and PEMFC systems work in parallel via DC/DC converter and the battery bank is used to store the excess of energy. The mathematical model topology, the identification of each subsystem and the control supervision of the global system are the contribution of this paper. Obtained results under Matlab/Simulink and some experimental ones are presented and discussed.

Optimal scheduling of household appliances with a battery storage system and coordination

This paper demonstrates an optimal household appliance scheduling problem with a battery as an energy storage system under time of use electricity tariff. Power consumption measurements of individual appliances considered were performed and demand profiles were obtained. In this work, a mixed integer nonlinear programming mathematical model with more practical operation constraints for appliance and battery scheduling is formulated and solved. The simulation results show effectiveness of the algorithm in that by optimally scheduling appliances and battery, cost saving, peak shaving and valley filling are achieved through load shifting. The energy cost saving that might be beneficial to consumers; and peak shaving and valley filling, which are of great importance to the utility. It is found that consideration of appliance coordination yields smaller cost saving because of interdependent operation. Without the battery and coordination, a cost saving of 22% and peak reduction from 10.355kW to 8.405kW are realized. Consideration of appliance coordination gives a further cost saving of 1% and a relatively smaller peak reduction to 8.30kW. The battery bank system promotes peak shaving and valley filling and a further cost saving of about 6% and peak reduction to 5.175kW. Sensitivity analysis, however, reveals that the energy cost saving is sensitive to consumer's willingness to pay.

Modeling of hybrid photovoltaic/wind/fuel cells power system

In this paper, identification and modeling of a hybrid photovoltaic/wind/fuel cells power system is presented. This system comprises also a battery storage supplying a load via an inverter. The identification of each subsystem has been made and then the proposed system is modeled and simulated under Matlab/Simulink Package. The power control of the hybrid system is introduced by using LabVIEW Software. The mathematical model topology and its power management of the global system with battery bank system are significant contributions of our work. The proposed control strategy has been experimentally implanted and practical results are compared to those obtained by simulation under the same metrological conditions, showing the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid system.

Analysis and Experiment of Battery Bank Power Supply System for Long Pulse Helical Magnet in WHMFC

Traditionally, pulse capacitor and pulse generator power supply are frequently used to energize pulse high magnet up to 100 T, but they are not the ideal power supply for long pulse and low ripple high magnetic field so that they cannot meet higher requirement of science research and wider application in industry. In Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center (WHMFC), a new type power supply system which uses lead-acid batteries has been developed to output more energy and longer pulse than capacitor bank, and also output more steady voltage and smaller current ripple than pulse generator using ac/dc convertor. The battery power supply is a new application that valve-regulated lead-acid battery (VRLA) is used in high-rate discharge with pulse current 2 kA/2 s or peak 2.5 kA/1 s, and it is not unnecessary to analyze the changes of internal resistance and main factors which influence the battery life under the high current discharge. Based on the simulation analysis of the battery bank system, the structure and parameters including charge and discharge circuit of battery bank which can output maximum 35 kA/1 s under 770 V are designed. The tests of battery bank discharge, current sharing among the 15 parallel branches, and experiment of the helical magnet 32 T/1.5 s as battery bank outputs 34.5 kA/0.8 s are presented.

Modeling, control and power management of hybrid photovoltaic fuel cells with battery bank supplying electric vehicle

In this paper, modeling, control and power management (PM) of hybrid Photovoltaic Fuel cell/Battery bank system supplying electric vehicle is presented. The HPS is used to produce energy without interruption. It consists of a photovoltaic generator (PV), a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), and a battery bank supplying an electric vehicle of 3 kW. In our work, PV and PEMFC systems work in parallel via DC/DC converter and the battery bank is used to store the excess of energy. The mathematical model topology and it power management of HPS with battery bank system supplying electric vehicle (EV) are the significant contribution of this paper. Obtained results under Matlab/Simulink and some experimental ones are presented and discussed.

Design and Implement of Three-Phase Inverter System with Double Mode of Grid-Connection and Stand-Alone

Three phase double mode inverter system was researched in this paper, whose input was battery bank system with PV generation. This system can be operated in stand-alone mode by connecting to local load and also in grid-connected mode by paralleling with grid. When in stand-alone mode, system worked as voltage source, while when in grid-connected mode, the output current of inverter was controlled following with grid. A transition algorithm to restrain current inrush and fast detection of switch and grid status make sure the seamless transition between grid-connected and stand-alone. This inverter system has advantage of simple structure and easy to implement, so that it was appropriate for micro-grid. .