Storage Battery Bank Research Articles

Role of optimal sized dual energy storage based microgrid for ancillary service support to utility grid

Electrical energy storage system (ESS) has been used worldwide as ancillary support to the grid, aiding in frequency regulation and grid stability. Intermittent renewable energy sources (RESs) can be effectively integrated into the grid by maintaining power balance using different types of energy storage. However, the power requirement during small frequent, and large persistent power variations in the load demand can be more effectively controllable with the combination of the different energy storage according to their operational characteristics. This paper evaluates the suitability of a dual energy storage system (DESS) integrated in a grid connected microgrid (MG) system for providing ancillary services to the utility grid. The DESS is a combination of battery bank storage (BBS) and pump hydro storage (PHS). The BBS is very fast responding and it can counter the immediate variations in the power whereas, the PHS system can counter the large variations of the power as needed in the MG system. Four different operating cases have been studied to obtain the optimal size of the DESS for optimizing not only the operational cost but also for the best combination size of the storage systems to counter the variability in power generations and the load demand in the power system. Day-ahead electricity market scheduling has been performed on the MG to control the net power demand variations on the distribution feeder of the utility grid. The simulation results show that the higher capacity of the DESS does not always provide the optimal operational cost of the MG system during the grid-connected mode. Therefore, optimal sizing of the storage system also plays an important role in providing the optimal solution. It has been found that the optimal size of the individual energy storage and the DESS is different for microgrids supporting or not supporting the grid. The study enables the system operator (SO) to choose the best combination of storage systems for the supportive and non-supportive operation of microgrid system.

Design and optimization of off‐grid hybrid renewable power plant with storage system for rural area in Rwanda

In this paper, a system comprising a solar photovoltaic (PV)/micro-hydropower/battery bank/converter has been designed, modelled, simulated, and optimized for the rural area of Wimana village, Rwanda. The total load has been fairly estimated for the residential electric utility needs. To satisfy the load demand, solar photovoltaic (4 kW) and micro-hydro (15 kW) power capacity were considered as the main sources of energy to supply electricity. Either in peak load times or during low generation of primary sources, storage battery banks can also be discharged. The simulation and optimization were done based on the load demand, climatic data, the economics of integrated system components, and other parameters in which the total net present cost has to be minimized to select an economically feasible and technically capable hybrid power system. Based on the load profile of the data collected for the village, the daily energy consumption was found to be 180.99 kWh/day with a peak load demand of 18.56 kW. The net present cost and the cost of energy for the optimized power system amount to $78,763.26 and $0.0757/kWh respectively. HOMER Pro simulating software tool was used to design optimal off-grid and energy management systems.

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF AN ON-GRID PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

ABSTRACT- In this paper, the design and simulation of an On-grid photovoltaic system for the faculty of Engineering, Abuja campus, University of Port Harcourt (Latitude: 4.78°S, Longitude: 7.01°E) was researched in-order to verify alternate power source possibility that can supplement for the inconsistent power from the (Power holding company of Nigeria) grid to the faculty. The system Solar modules are mounted in a fixed tilt orientation in 4-parallel strings of 15 Solar panels in series on the roof-top of the faculty. The photovoltaic system is also designed with a two - parallel string of nine Tesla Powerwall batteries in series for the battery bank storage system. Inverters used for this system are two 9.9kW battery-based grid-tied inverters stacked in parallel with an inbuilt Maximum power point tracker, MPPT. The reinjection system is on-grid as a net-meter is not used since the Power Holding Company of Nigeria, PHCN does not support Net- metering. Thus, power is not injected into the grid from the solar photovoltaic system. In solving the faculty’s power lapses and improving power supply quality in the faculty, data collected both within the faculty. These methods include data collection, evaluation of load data, data analysis, suitable design adoption, simulation of data. A solar photovoltaic software application package called PVsyst was employed for various simulations and plots. The end simulation and final work prove the system to be 57% efficient in performance.

Modeling, design, and optimization of a cost‐effective and reliable hybrid renewable energy system integrated with desalination using the division algorithm

People in the Middle East are facing the problem of freshwater shortages. This problem is more intense for a remote region, which has no access to the power grid. The use of seawater desalination technology integrated with the generated energy unit by renewable energy sources could help overcome this problem. In this study, we refer a seawater reverse osmosis desalination (SWROD) plant with a capacity of 1.5 m3/h used on Larak Island, Iran. Moreover, for producing fresh water and meet the load demand of the SWROD plant, three different stand-alone hybrid renewable energy systems (SAHRES), namely wind turbine (WT)/photovoltaic (PV)/battery bank storage (BBS), PV/BBS, and WT/BBS are modeled and investigated. The optimization problem was coded in MATLAB software. Furthermore, the optimized results were obtained by the division algorithm (DA). The DA has been developed to solve the sizing problem of three SAHRES configurations by considering the object function's constraints. These results show that this improved algorithm has been simpler, more precise, faster, and more flexible than a genetic algorithm (GA) in solving problems. Moreover, the minimum total life cycle cost (TLCC = 243 763$), with minimum loss of power supply probability (LPSP = 0%) and maximum reliability, was related to the WT/PV/BBS configuration. WT/PV/BBS is also the best configuration to use less battery as a backup unit (69 units). The batteries in this configuration have a longer life cycle (maximum average of annual battery charge level) than two other configurations (93.86%). Moreover, the optimized results have shown that utilizing the configuration of WT/PV/BBS could lead to attaining a cost-effective and green (without environmental pollution) SAHRES, with high reliability for remote areas, with appropriate potential of wind and solar irradiance.

Optimum Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Suitable For Remote Area

ABSTRACTAn optimum hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) includes diesel as main sources combine with wind and solar energy as intermittent renewable energy sources with a battery bank storage is proposed to achieve the load demand of a remote village, Kiyalo, in west of Iran. The optimized system is based on the feasibility, load profile, and environmental consideration of this village. The aim is to have an environment-friendly energy system, reasonably priced over the long-term, with high sustainability and reliability. To explore suitability of the proposal system, a diesel-based power system as an eco-unfriendly system is balanced with the proposal eco-friendly system. National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s (NREL) HOMER software is applied to assess and contrast the best possible configuration of green energy system with the diesel-based power system in terms of sensitivity analysis, greenhouse gas emission, and net present cost. The optimization of the eco-friendly energy system is fulfilled through unit sizing to discover the optimum power management with minimum cost of the system. The HRES can handle the entire load consumption at a much lower cost and greenhouse gas emission and with much more reliability and sustainability as compare to that of standalone diesel energy system.

Solar energy manager with PSOC5LP

In this document is presented the process of analyzing, designing and implementing of a solar energy manager controlled by programmable device CY8C5888LTI-LP097 PSoC 5LP. That makes possible the power measurement of generation, conversion and storage in the photovoltaic system, to take decisions about power supplying mode from the solar panels or the electrical network. Also to have a portable monitor with a tactile screen –connected via Bluetooth– it shows variables like: power consumed, generated and battery bank storage. This system sends data via Wi-Fi for the creation of a register in ThingSpeak data base. The energy manager accompanied by user and consumer control allows the power supply of diary basic devices in home by using a solar resource.

Optimal Power Control Strategy of a Hybrid Energy System Considering Demand Response Strategy and Customer Interruption Cost

Background: The integration of distributed renewable energy sources into the conventional power system network has created opportunities for electricity customers to reduce their electricity cost. This paper investigates the optimal power scheduling of a hybrid energy system connected to the grid in the presence of demand response strategy and inconvenience cost. Methods: A new proposed method of calculating the inconvenience cost which is dependent on total home appliance load, Customer Interruption Cost (CIC) and delay time operation of home appliances is proposed. The hybrid energy system consists of solar photovoltaic (PV) module and battery bank storage system. The home appliance scheduling is formulated as a non-convex mixed integer programming with a binary decision variable to switch ON/OFF the home appliances. The optimization objective is to minimize both the total daily electricity cost and inconvenience cost of a residential customer with different time-shiftable, power shiftable home appliances and customer time preference constraints. Results: The results show that it is important to schedule home appliances and include their inconvenience cost so that home appliances are not only shifted to the lower electricity tariff periods but can also start at their customer preferred operation times. Conclusion: The results also show that the hybrid energy system is able to cater for all the energy requirements of home appliances during the day, reducing power demand from the grid by a significant percentage and thus, relieve the power system network and afford electricity consumers significant monetary savings.

Predicción de la Generación para un Sistema Fotovoltaico mediante la aplicación de técnicas de Minería de Datos

Este documento presenta un modelo de predicción de generación de energía mediante técnicas de minería de datos para la central fotovoltaica ubicada en la Comunidad Paragachi, perteneciente al cantón Pimampiro (Imbabura), con un total de 14400 paneles solares y potencia nominal de 3.6 MW. Este sistema no cuenta con banco de baterías para almacenamiento, debido a esto no aporta durante las noches, pero en el día abastece a más de 2000 familias, que representa toda la población urbana de Pimampiro.
 Se inicia con un análisis univariante y multivariante de las variables de medición, cuyo objetivo es determinar el comportamiento, incidencia y la relación de cada variable en la generación de energía de la central. Con las variables de mayor incidencia como entrada, se entrena una máquina de aprendizaje que usa la técnica de árboles de decisión mediante bosques aleatorios (Random Forest) para predecir la generación de energía.
 En energías renovables, el sistema fotovoltaico es uno de los más implementados y desarrollados en la actualidad. Sin embargo, predecir la cantidad de generación que puede proveer es complicado por el comportamiento estocástico de las variables, limitando el ingreso de esta tecnología a un mercado competitivo que se integre al Sistema Nacional Interconectado de forma óptima y eficiente.

Application of Different Optimization Algorithms for Optimal Sizing of PV/Wind/Diesel/Battery Storage Stand-Alone Hybrid Microgrid

In this paper, a simulation model describing the operation of a PV/wind/diesel hybrid microgrid system with battery bank storage has been proposed. Optimal sizing of the proposed system has been presented to minimize the cost of energy (COE) supplied by the system while increasing the reliability and efficiency of the system presented by the loss of power supply probability (LPSP). Novel optimization algorithms of Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), Water Cycle Algorithm (WCA), Moth-Flame Optimizer (MFO), and Hybrid particle swarm-gravitational search algorithm (PSOGSA) have been applied for designing the optimized microgrid. Moreover, a comprehensive comparison has been accomplished between the proposed optimization techniques. The optimal sizing of the system components has been carried out using real-time meteorological data of Abu-Monqar village located in the Western Desert of Egypt for the first time for developing this promising remote area. Statistical study for determining the capability of the optimization algorithm in finding the optimal solution has been presented. Simulation results confirmed the promising performance of the hybrid WOA over the other algorithms.

An islanded microgrid energy management controller validated by using hardware-in-the-loop emulators

A novel microgrid emulator used to test multiple microgrid configurations and energy management control strategies is presented. The system includes Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) emulators for geothermal and biogas energy sources. It also includes actual photovoltaic energy together with a lead acid battery bank for storage and it is controlled by a two level control system. The control system consists of a primary level voltage-reactive power and frequency-active power and a secondary level energy management algorithm based on the balance between the power produced by the renewable energy generators, state of charge of the battery bank and the loads. The energy management control strategy is based on cycle-charging the batteries at a reference value in order to efficiently use the available resources. The primary energy source is considered the geothermal energy, while the most cost effective one is the photovoltaic energy. A buffer zone is kept in the battery bank in order to store as much energy produced by the photovoltaic system as possible. The presented microgrid, used for testing the energy management strategies, employs emulators for the geothermal and biogas generators; however, the results are relevant and can be scaled for a real-life microgrid.

Dynamic energy management for photovoltaic power system including hybrid energy storage in smart grid applications

Energy storage technologies will become an important grid integration part of the renewable energy systems (RES) in near future. Using energy storage with RES is the best way of utilizing renewable power and reducing the conventional fossil fuel consumption. Sudden variation of load demand requires energy storage with high power density ability. This paper includes a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) that contains both high energy and power density storage battery bank and ultra-capacitor unit respectively to respond the above-mentioned necessities. The proposed power system arrangement and the dynamic energy management algorithm can vigorously supply the dynamic load demand supported by the components of the hybrid energy storage system, photovoltaic power and grid connection. Control of the unit by an energy management algorithm, depending on the dynamic changes in the system is provided. Experimental test results are presented in this paper to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed energy management structure. The validity of the proposed dynamic energy management algorithm with efficient converter is experimentally tested in laboratory based prototype HESS in smart grid.

Proposed energy management strategy in electric vehicle for recovering power excess produced by fuel cells

This paper highlights an energy management of battery-PEM fuel cell hybrid energy storage for electric vehicle. Generally, fuel cells (FCs) are not sufficient to satisfy the load demand, so batteries are added to make the system more sustainable. The studied system consists of fuel cells and battery bank storage to produce energy without interruption. The hybrid source is sized for feeding an electric vehicle of 3 kW. The mathematical model topology and the identification of each subsystem are presented. The power management control (PMC) is developed to supply electric vehicle without interruption. Two algorithms of PMC are developed in this paper. The first one, based on power balance, is used just to show the power flow between the different storage sources. The second one is proposed to recover fuel cells energy in case of energy excess. Obtained results under Matlab/Simulink and some experimental ones are presented and discussed.

A Case Study to Determine Optimal Capacity of a Stand-Alone Wind/PV/Battery System

In this paper, a stand-alone hybrid microgrid consisting of wind turbines, photovoltaic (PV) arrays and storage battery banks is developed for use in Qinghai Province, China. With the help of Software Homer and Matlab, different variables such as annual average wind speed, annual average load demand, and annual capacity shortage are considered. The net present value is then used during an entire project lifetime for the optimization solution.

Integrating battery banks to wind farms for frequency support provision–capacity sizing and support algorithms

The expected high penetration levels of wind energy in power systems require robust and practical solutions to maintain typical conventional systems performance. Wind farms (WFs) positive contribution in eliminating grid frequency deviations is still a grey area, especially when they replace considerable conventional generation capacities. This paper offers a sizing algorithm to integrate storage battery banks (SBs) in WFs to provide feasible power support during frequency events. This algorithm determines the required rated power and capacity of each SB inside a WF according to several constrains, including wind speed (WS) characteristics at WF location. The size of the SB is based on a statistical study for the amounts of rejected wind power, and the events of low wind production. The offered operation algorithm controls the SB charging, discharging, and standby modes based on the acquisition of different dynamic variables, for example, WF output, load demand, and storage cells' state of charge. The operation algorithm aims to mitigate frequency drops and rejected wind power and to maintain the battery lifetime. Both algorithms are applied on a defined sector from a genuine conventional system merged with real WS chronological records at certain locations which are candidates to host WFs. Results reveal the positive influence of SB involvement on frequency excursions clearance; in addition, wasted wind energy is mitigated since wind turbines de-loading techniques are avoided and some rejected wind power is utilized to charge the installed SBs. Precise models are integrated through MATLAB and Simulink simulation environment.

Modeling and Study of a Standalone PMSG Wind Generation System Using MATLAB/SIMULINK

The paper presents the modeling and performance analysis of a standalone wind system in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Stand-alone systems using renewable energy sources, such as wind energy with storage battery banks are commonly used to supply remote houses. The model of wind turbine is developed using basic circuit equations governing the operation of the wind turbine. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG), which is based on variable-speed operation, has been used in this paper. Since the speed of wind turbine is variable, the generator is controlled by power electronic devices. A rectifier is used to rectify the output voltage of PMSG and DC/DC buck converter is used to decrease this rectified voltage to that of battery and connected DC load. The buck converter is controlled to extract the maximum power output of wind system. Firstly the mathematical modeling of a wind turbine is done and its different characteristics have been obtained for different parameters. Secondly a standalone model of wind system is modeled and analyzed. This paper is useful to model, simulate and study the effect of change in wind speed of a standalone wind system.

Intelligent renewable microgrid scheduling controlled by a virtual power producer: A laboratory experience

In this paper the optimal operation scheduling of a microgrid laboratory system consisting of a wind turbine, a solar unit, a fuel cell and two storage battery banks is formulated as an optimization problem. The proposed optimization algorithm considers the minimization of active power losses. Due to this type of variable, the problem is formulated as a Mixed-Integer Quadratic Programming model (MIQP) and solved by a deterministic optimization technique implemented in General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS). This algorithm has been used as Virtual Power Producer (VPP) software to operate the generation units and storage system, assuring a global functioning of all equipment efficiently, taking into account the maintenance, operation and the generation measurement and control considering all involved costs. The VPP software has been implemented in a mini Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system and controls the microgrid laboratory via Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) devices. The application of this methodology to a real case study of the laboratory equipment demonstrates the effectiveness of this method for solving the optimal dispatch and online control of a microgrid, encouraging the application of this methodology for larger power systems.

The Effect of Fuel Price on the Economic Analysis of Hybrid (Photovoltaic/Diesel/Battery) Systems in Iran

Diesel power technology has been utilized worldwide, especially in remote regions, because of its low initial capital cost. But it has negative effects on the surrounding environment and causes global warming. On the other hand, depleting oil and fuel resources has made it inevitable to seek alternative/renewable energy resources. In Iran, the cost of fuel is highly subsidized. If Iran removes the fuel subsidy, the cost of diesel fuel would increase and the photovoltaic (PV) or hybrid PV/diesel systems would become more attractive. Hybrid photovoltaic/diesel/battery (PV/diesel/bat) systems which use PV energy, combined with diesel generation power and battery bank storage are an excellent solution to decrease diesel generator costs, pollution, and electrification of remote rural areas. In this article, a study using PV/diesel/bat power systems to meet typical load requirements in a remote region in Kerman, Iran is investigated under four different diesel generator fuel price scenarios. A simple optimization method is used to determine the systems with high reliability and low costs. The method used, which is based on annual electrical demand, solar radiation data, and rated power of the diesel generator consists of two parts: The model of loss of power supply probability and the model of the levelized cost of energy. Results show that only under a subsidized diesel fuel price scenario, the diesel-only system has the minimum cost, but by the elimination of diesel fuel price subsidies, the role of the diesel generator decreases in hybrid (PV/diesel/bat) energy systems.

Weather data and probability analysis of hybrid photovoltaic–wind power generation systems in Hong Kong

This paper describes a simulation model for analyzing the probability of power supply failure in hybrid photovoltaic–wind power generation systems incorporating a storage battery bank, and also analyzes the reliability of the systems. An analysis of the complementary characteristics of solar irradiance and wind power for Hong Kong is presented. The analysis of local weather data patterns shows that solar power and wind power can compensate well for one another, and can provide a good utilization factor for renewable energy applications. For the loss of power supply probability (LPSP) analysis, the calculation objective functions and restraints are set up for the design of hybrid systems and to assess their reliability. To demonstrate the use of the model and LPSP functions, a case study of hybrid solar–wind power supply for a telecommunication system is presented. For a hybrid system on the islands surrounding Hong Kong, a battery bank with an energy storage capacity of 3 days is suitable for ensuring the desired LPSP of 1%, and a LPSP of 0% can be achieved with a battery bank of 5 days storage capacity.

Power control of a photovoltaic array in a hybrid electric generation system using sliding mode techniques

A variable structure controller to regulate the output power of a standalone hybrid generation system is presented. The system comprises photovoltaic and wind generation, a storage battery bank and a variable monophasic load. The control law admits two modes of operation. The first takes place when the insolation regime is sufficient to satisfy the power demand. The second mode of operation takes place under insufficient insolation regimes. The latter leads the system operation at the maximum power operation point (MPOP) to save as much stored energy as possible. A new method based on the IncCond algorithm is developed. Sliding mode control techniques are used to design the control law. These techniques provide a simple control law design framework and contribute with their well known robustness properties. Finally, guidelines based on chattering considerations are given for the design of the practical system.

A diagnostic testing program for large lead acid storage battery banks

A diagnostic testing program for large lead acid storage battery banks