Battelle Memorial Institute Research Articles

Enterprise‐Level Regulatory Analysis and Requirements Management

AbstractTo improve overall operational efficiency, a formal requirements management program has been initiated at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory1. The goal of this program is to develop a robust, dynamic, integrated, informative decision base, for Laboratory‐wide use instead of the more typical assemblage and maintenance of many specific “product line” or “product” requirements.The external requirement documents that regulate the Laboratory's activities include U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Orders, Code of Federal Regulations, State of Washington regulations, industry standards, Tribal and local government consent agreements, contracts, city and county ordinances, other Federal interagency agreements, and Battelle Memorial Institute policies. When these documents get updated or revised, these changes can affect the Laboratory's work.The current estimate is that hundreds of external requirements documents yield thousands of individual external requirements. These documents also have a high degree of variability in format and content, both in a particular document and between document types. Given the large number and scope of issues encompassed by these requirements, our review found that the “historical situation” (i.e., information distributed from personal computers, lists, manuals, procedures, correspondence, and personal memory) was no longer sufficient. No unified requirements analysis set identified all of the individual, applicable external requirements in readily retrievable form, nor were the external requirements linked to the systems to which they apply.Similar external requirement document integration efforts by other organizations have produced work that is obsolete by the time they publish it, because of the failure to address the dynamic nature of the external requirements documents. This report describes an automation tool (“System Level Automation Tool for Engineers” [SLATE]) that we use to support requirements analysis and the ongoing management of requirements. Experience with this tool as a key element of requirements analysis and management in a timely, cost‐effective, Laboratory‐wide manner is discussed.Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated by Battelle Memorial Institute for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE‐AC06‐76RLO 1830.

A maintenance-free lead acid battery for inertial navigation systems aircraft

Historically, aircraft inertial navigation system (INS) batteries have utilized vented nickel-cadmium batteries for emergency DC power. The United States Navy and Air Force developed separate systems during their respective INS developments. The Navy contracted with Litton industries to produce the LTN-72 and Air Force contracted with Delco to produce the Carousel IV INS for the large cargo and specialty aircraft applications, over the years, a total of eight different battery national stock numbers (NSNs) have entered the stock system along with 75 battery spare part NSNs. The standard hardware acquisition and reliability program is working with the Aircraft Battery Group at Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division, Naval Air Systems Command (AIR 536), Wright Laboratory, Battelle Memorial Institute, and Concorde Battery Corporation to produce a standard INS battery. This paper discusses the approach taken to determine whether the battery should be replaced and to select the replacement chemistry. The paper also discusses the battery requirements, aircraft that the battery is compatible with, and status of Navy flight evaluation. Projected savings in avoided maintenance in Navy and Air Force INS systems is projected to be $14.7 million per year with a manpower reduction of 153 maintenance personnel. The new INS battery is compatible with commercially sold INS systems which represents 66% of the systems sold.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

136 ANION EXCHANGE RESINS FOR COLLECTION OF PHENOLS IN AIR AND WATER

Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

Cigarette Smoking and its risk factors among senior high school students in Beijing, China, 1988

Correspondence to : Bao Ping Zhu, Battelle Memorial Institute, c/o Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mail Stop K-50, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. Abstract Objective -To study the prevalence and behavioural patterns of, and risk factors for, cigarette smoking among senior high school students in Beijing, China. Design-A sample of 3823 senior high school students (primarily ages 16-19 years) in 78 classes were selected from 30 schools in Beijing in 1988, utilising a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling scheme. Setting Students in a selected class met in a classroom to fill out a self administered anonymous questionnaire, under the supervision of trained inter viewers. Results Smoking at least occasionally was reported by 46.0% of the males and 5.5% of the females, although daily ciga rette consumption was low. Smoking prevalence increased with age among males. About 2% of the ever-smokers reported trying their first cigarette be fore the age of five years. The most frequently cited reasons for initiation were elegance, curiosity, and imi tation. The most important reasons for frequent smoking were elegance, fashion, dispelling melancholy, and seeking stimulation. Inhaling was practised by 40.2 % of the male and 13.8 % of the female daily or weekly smokers. Eighty-six percent of the males and 69 % of the females usually smoked with friends or schoolmates. While 16.6% of the males often smoked at home, no females did so. Smoking was related to a combination of psychological, familial, and socio-school factors, with peer press ure being the strongest influence. Conclusions Risk factors for smoking among Chinese students are similar to those of industrialised countries. Efforts to monitor prevalence and risk factors of smoking among Chinese adolescents are recommended.

Acoustic emission/flaw relationships for inservice monitoring of LWRs : Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington (United States), NUREG/CR-5645, PNL-7479, 120 pp. (Oct. 1991)

The program concerning Acoustic Emission/Flaw Relationships for Inservice Monitoring of LWRs was initiated in FY76 with the objective of validating the application of acoustic emission (AE) to monitor nuclear reactor pressure-containing components during operation to detect cracking. The program has been supported by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. Research and development has been performed by Pacific Northwest Laboratory, operated for the Department of Energy by Battelle Memorial Institute. The program has shown the feasibility of continuous, on-line AE monitoring to detect crack growth and produced validated methods for applying the technology. Included are relationships for estimating flaw severity from AE data and field applications at Watts Bar Unit 1 Reactor, Limerick Unit 1 Reactor, and the High Flux Isotope Reactor. This report discusses the program scope and organization, the three program phases and the results obtained, standard and code activities, and instrumentation and software developed under this program.

Risk computation for environmental restoration activities

Environmental restoration activities planned by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and other agencies will require consideration of long-term environmental and public health risks. These restoration activities will require risk computations capabilities in support of baseline, reme- diation, and residual risk assessments. During the initial stages of problem characterization, risk screening approaches are useful; then, as more data become available, more detailed risk evaluations are appropriate. While a wide variety of models address specific site characteristics, transport media, and impact type, only a few models address the broad range of long-term public health issues encountered in environmental resto- ration activities. One such model, the Multimedia Environmental Pollutant Assessment System (MEPAS®) (© Battelle Memorial Institute, 1989, 1993), integrates radioactive and hazardous materials risk computations for major exposure routes via air, surface water, groundwater, and over- land flow transport. By considering a broad range of potential environmental issues, models such as MEPAS can be used to help prioritize potential environmental problems. An illustrative application is described involving relative risk-based evaluation of the mixed waste in underground tanks. The results provide an indication of (1) the relative importance of each of the constituents from a public-health standpoint, and (2) the sensitivity of those rankings to important input parameters.

Method for producing metal or alloy casting composites reinforced with fibrous or particulate materials : Jolly, M., Negaty- Hindi, G. and Haour, G. (battelle Memorial Institute, Geneva, Switzerland) US pat 4 995 444 (26 February 1991)

Method for producing metal or alloy casting composites reinforced with fibrous or particulate materials : Jolly, M., Negaty- Hindi, G. and Haour, G. (battelle Memorial Institute, Geneva, Switzerland) US pat 4 995 444 (26 February 1991)

Pulverulent silicon nitride composition including oxidised silicon carbide whiskers : Richon, D., De Pous, O. and Fontaine, P. (Battelle Memorial Institute, Geneva, Switzerland) US Pat 4 888 311 (19 December 1989)

Pulverulent silicon nitride composition including oxidised silicon carbide whiskers : Richon, D., De Pous, O. and Fontaine, P. (Battelle Memorial Institute, Geneva, Switzerland) US Pat 4 888 311 (19 December 1989)

Development of Potential Alternatives to the Draize Eye Test: The CTFA Evaluation of Alternatives Program

The CTFA Evaluation of Alternatives Program is a multi-year effort organised by a scientific advisory committee (the CTFA Animal Welfare Task Force), and is designed to evaluate (in Phase I) approximately twenty-five potential alternative methods to the Draize eye irritancy test. Coordination, management of logistics, collection and statistical analysis of data, are being conducted by the Columbus Division of the Battelle Memorial Institute. The US Food and Drug Administration has been aware of the Program since its inception. The intention of the Program is to provide industry with information on the performance of a series of potential alternatives to the Draize test, so as to aid individual companies to identify those methods which seem best suited to their own particular testing needs. The participants are either CTFA member companies who are already using or developing alternative tests, or those independent investigators whose development work is being sponsored by CTFA members. The purpose of the Program is to determine the effectiveness and limitations of a variety of tests for a range of different product types. Specifically, the Program will evaluate the capacity of the tests under investigation to rank and discriminate between the ocular irritation potential of a range of prototype cosmetic and personal care products. The Program is designed as a multi-year effort with a different product type evaluated each year. In Phase I, ten different ethanol-based substances are being tested; oil/water emulsions will be evaluated in Phase II.

Carlson's dry printer

The invention of the dry printer by Chester F. Carlson is briefly described. In 1938 he began the development of a continuous process electrographic printer, a precursor of the Xerox 914, the first production-line automatic office copier, which was introduced in 1959. Carlson approached 20 companies, but not until he met a Battelle Memorial Institute engineer in 1944 did he arouse any real interest. After that it took four years of intense scientific and engineering work by Battelle and a little Rochester, NY, firm, The Haloid Co., before xerography was ready by its unveiling on Oct. 22, 1948.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Radioactivity and Health . A History. J. Newell Stannard. Raymond W. Baalman, Jr., Ed. U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Washington, DC, 1988 (available from Battelle Memorial Institute Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA). xlviii, 1963 pp., illus. $67.50.

<i>Radioactivity and Health</i> . A History. J. Newell Stannard. Raymond W. Baalman, Jr., Ed. U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Washington, DC, 1988 (available from Battelle Memorial Institute Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA). xlviii, 1963 pp., illus. $67.50.

Authors

Authors

History and Recent Developments in Xeroradiography of the Breast

The article deals in very broad terms with the development of xeroradiography. The imaging process is a by-product of the search by Chester Carlson for a method to copy documents. The early experimental work was done at Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio. Clinical trials followed the fabrication of a machine by the Xerox Corporation. The machine as we know it today was introduced to the market in 1970-1971.

Authors

Authors

Vitrification of TMI decontamination zeolite

Zeolite used in the submerged demineralizer system (SDS) at Three Mile Island Unit 2 (TMI-2) was successfully vitrified to a borosilicate glass product under the Zeolite Vitrification Demonstration Program (ZVDP) at Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL). The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) authorized this work to demonstrate the vitrification process. PNL is operated for DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute under Contract DE-AC06-76RLO 1830. The program was accomplished in two phases. During the first phase, a glass formulation was developed and a vitrification process was demonstrated with nonradioactive materials. During the second phase, three radioactive SDS liners were received from TMI and the zeolite in each liner was vitrified. The first liner was received in May 1982 and contained about 5800 Ci of 134,137Cs and 1000 Ci of 90Sr. The second and third liners were received during January 1983 and contained about 57,000 Ci of 114,137Cs and 1900 Ci of 90Sr. The radioactive zeolite in each of the three liners was mixed with glass-forming chemicals and vitrified in four canisters. Each canister weighed about 170 kg when filled with vitrified product to a height of about 2 m. Process effluents produced during the vitrification process were also characterized to provide basic off-gas engineering data. Characterization studies indicated that tritium, in the form of water vapor, was the only significant gaseous radioactive-process-related losses to the off-gas system by vitrification of TMI zeolite waste.

8605517 Analytic method for the determination of a reduced coenzyme: Iqbal Siddiqi, Jean Brochot, 5, Tour de Champel, CH-1206 Gen@ ve, Switzerland assigned to Battelle Memorial Institute

8605517 Analytic method for the determination of a reduced coenzyme: Iqbal Siddiqi, Jean Brochot, 5, Tour de Champel, CH-1206 Gen@ ve, Switzerland assigned to Battelle Memorial Institute

Storage and shipping cask for spent nuclear fuel : Kenneth D Kok, Richard J Burian assigned to Battelle Memorial Institute

Storage and shipping cask for spent nuclear fuel : Kenneth D Kok, Richard J Burian assigned to Battelle Memorial Institute

4623551 Method for the fabrication of a cheese foam: Claude Giddey, Georges Dove, Geneva, Switzerland assigned to Battelle Memorial Institute

4623551 Method for the fabrication of a cheese foam: Claude Giddey, Georges Dove, Geneva, Switzerland assigned to Battelle Memorial Institute

THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY'S CLEAN LAKES PROGRAM: 1975–1985

ABSTRACT The EPA Clean Lakes Program was initiated in 1975 to protect publicly-owned freshwater lakes under Section 314 of the Clean Water Act. A review of the first decade of the Program by Battelle Memorial Institute highlights the accomplishments of the Clean Lakes Program, the results of federally funded projects and recommendations for the future. From 1975 to 1985, EPA funded 313 Clean Lakes studies and projects totaling $93 million in federal dollars. Forty-seven states and Puerto Rico participated. The majority of funds (87 percent) was awarded to lake restoration projects. The remainder was used for lake classification studies and diagnostic feasibility studies. Public concern about lake eutrophication was the most significant factor in prompting action that resulted in restoration. The Program has improved water quality nationwide; examples of public and economic benefits are cited. In addition, the Clean Lakes Program has contributed to the science of lake restoration through a better public and scientific understanding of lake eutrophication, detailed information on successful restoration measures and the development of new restoration techniques.

Comment on “critical materials assessment program” (S. A. Smith and R. Watts, Battelle Memorial Institute)

Comment on “critical materials assessment program” (S. A. Smith and R. Watts, Battelle Memorial Institute)