Batik Wastewater Research Articles

Plasma generation using dielectric barrier discharge reactor for phenol degradation in batik wastewater

Batik wastewater contains phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds are hematotoxic, hepatotoxic, and capable of causing mutagenesis and carcinogenesis in humans and other living organisms. Therefore, phenol compounds need to be degraded. This study uses plasma electrolysis method with Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) reactor to degrade phenolic compounds in Batik wastewater. The purpose of this study was to characterize the Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) reactor, to determine the effect of voltage and type of catalyst on phenol concentration, and to determine the interaction between voltage and catalyst type on the response of phenol concentration through analysis of variance (ANOVA). The result obtained from the characterization of the reactor is ignition voltage at 1400 Volt. The best degradation results of phenolic compounds were obtained in the treatment of Batik wastewater with FeSO4 catalyst at 2600 Volt. The phenol reduction in the best conditions reached 88.73%. Based on analysis of variance (ANOVA), voltage and quadratic catalyst variables affect the response of phenol concentrations in batik waste.

Residual seawater from salt production (bittern) as a coagulant to remove lead (Pb2+) and turbidity from batik industry wastewater

Coagulation and flocculation using bittern coagulant are effective methods for processing batik industrial wastewater containing heavy metals and high turbidity. Bittern as residual seawater product from salt production can be used as a natural coagulant as it contains magnesium (Mg2+), chloride (Cl−), and sulfate ions (SO42-) which can react with Pb2+ and turbidity to produce precipitation. This study focused on Pb2+ and turbidity removal from batik wastewater by introducing different variations of coagulant doses and variations in fast-stirring speed. Bittern coagulant dosage (v/v) of 5%, 15%, 25%, and 35% were used while fast-stirring speed were 55 rpm, 90 rpm, and 125 rpm. Results of this experiment showed that variations of coagulants and stirring speed to give Pb2+ maximum removal of 99.3% happened when coagulant dose and stirring speed at 35% and 55 rpm, while maximum turbidity removal at 97% happened when coagulant dose and stirring speed was 15 % and 125 rpm, respectively. Optimum dose using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was at coagulant dose of 25% with 55 rpm, of which Pb2+ and turbidity removal were 99% and 93%, respectively.

The effects of Ozonation and ultrasonic cavitation on batik wastewater treatment with coagulation-flocculation as pre-treatment

The batik industry produces large volumes of wastewater with high organic content. Dyes in batik wastewater are difficult to degrade by biological processes. Therefore, further processing is needed to reduce pollutants before being released into the environment. This study aims to observe the performance of the ultrasonic cavitation, ozonation, and combination of ozonation/ultrasonic cavitation to treat batik wastewater, which was first given a coagulation-flocculation pre-treatment with Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) coagulants. The variations applied were ultrasonic intensity (20%, 30%, and 60%) and pH of wastewater (4, 7, and 10). In this study, it was found that the combination of the ozonation/ultrasonic cavitation method with a pH of 4 and ultrasonic intensity of 20% produced the best performance, namely COD, TSS, and color (Pt-Co) removal of 77.02%, 95.15%, and 94.88%. The ultrasonic intensity and initial pH of wastewater played an important role in the performance of the treatment process. In the ultrasonic cavitation method with an ultrasonic intensity of 20%, the highest percentage of COD, TSS, and color (Pt-Co) removal was 65.59%, 91.51%, and 93.41%. The ozonation method in acidic conditions (pH 4) produced a better performance with COD, TSS, and color (Pt-Co) removal of 70.51%, 94.35%, and 96.10% for 60 minutes.

Batik wastewater treatment by the hydrodynamic cavitation and Ozonation with coagulation-flocculation pretreatment

Wastewater discharged by Batik’s industry still contains a high concentration of dyes and pollutants, thus can contaminate the water’s ecosystem. Because of that, in this study, Batik wastewater was treated by the hydrodynamic cavitation, ozonation, and combination of those two. By using PAC, a coagulation-flocculation-based pretreatment technic was conducted first to increase the effectiveness of the main wastewater treatment process. Then, variations in flow rate (2 L/min, 4 L/min, and 6 L/min) and initial pH of wastewater (4, 7, and 10) were evaluated to analyze its effect on the pH changing and the degradation of TSS, COD, color (Pt-Co), and TOC. The best result obtained from this research was by the application of the combination technic, which can eliminate 95.19%; 78.85%; 96.42%; and 60.56% of TSS, COD, color (Pt-Co), and TOC, respectively after 60 minutes treatment.

Inovasi Pengolahan Limbah Cair Batik dengan IPAL Ekonomis di Desa Maos Kidul Cilacap

Wastewater resulted from the batik dying process is known for its environmentally hazardous substances including hazardous natural and synthetic organic matter, suspended particles, and hazardous metal. But in the micro and medium scale batik textile business, wastewater treatment is mostly not carried because it does not give benefit for the owner. Economical wastewater treatment constructions can be an alternative for the business owner for their free operational cost. Batik wastewater treatment ought to be carried out to meet government standards but most importantly to decrease hazardous pollutant’s concentrations so it does not harm the environment. This society service project aims to provide alternatively economical wastewater treatment for batik business owners by applying simples and cheapest yet effective treatment methods to reduce pollutant concentrations in wastewater. Methods applied in this project including sedimentation, filtration, and landfill-bioremediation. The laboratorium analysis result shows that sedimentation and filtration are significantly reduced total suspended solid particles in wastewater from 2450 to 100 mg/L in line with wastewater decoloring from dark blue to clear yellow.

DECOLORISATION OF BATIK WASTE WATER BY Marasmiellus palmivorus USING MODIFIED FIXED BED REACTOR

Batik waste water is dominated by textile dyes that are recalcitrant, hydrophobic, and molecular complexes. Azo, Nitroso, Azine, and Thiazolesare are among synthetic dyes used in batik industry. One of the well known white root fungus species that is able to degrade such dyes is Marasmiellus palmivorus. It has the ability to produce various enzymes such as manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase and laccase. Laccase (EC 1.10.3.2) catalyzes wide variety of aromatic hydrogen oxidation by reduction of oxygen and water. This research was conducted using two types of azo dye coloring agents, namely Levafix blue E-RA gran and Telon Red. This study was performed using optimized age of Solid State Fermentation (SSF), which was then inserted into a modified fixed bed reactor for 4 hours. Reduction of the color was observed every 15 minutes and the substrate used for growth of fungus was sawdust. The experiments demonstrated that crude enzyme of Marasmiellus- SSF had activity of 97.8 U/L using ABTS reagent at 22-day of age bag log incubation. The total protein content, which was measured using the Bradford reagent, peaked at 154 mg/L on the 10th day. Such results indicated the great potential of utilizing Marasmiellus-SSF in modified fixed bad reactor to treat batik waste water.

Comparative study of Fe2+/H2O2/CuO/Vis and Fe2+/H2O2/CuO for phenol removal in batik wastewater under visible light irradiation

Phenols contained in batik wastewater are harmful organic compounds. These compounds must go through proper treatment before being discharged into the environment. Therefore, phenol needs to be degraded before discharged into the environment. Fenton reagent which is made of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and Fe2+ ion can form hydroxyl radicals (•OH). This radical can degrade a compound through an oxidation process. CuO is a semiconductor photocatalyst with a narrow bandgap that can be activated under visible light irradiation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of visible light on the decomposition process of phenol in batik wastewater. The research was conducted by varying the concentration of H2O2, FeSO4 and CuO weight, and pH of the solution. The result showed that visible light can accelerate and increase the formation of hydroxyl radicals so the phenol compound was optimally degraded. The decrease of phenol content in batik wastewater using Fe2+/H2O2/CuO/Vis with the addition of H2O2 100 ppm, FeSO4 1.0 g, CuO 1.0 g, a pH of 3, and irradiated with visible light for 5 hours resulted in the decrease of phenol content was 86.77%.

Development of Natural Coagulant for Turbidity Removal Created from Marine Product Solid Waste

The presence of scallop shells, one of the marine products, increases the problem of solid waste disposal. This material is disposed to landfill without proper use, making it necessary to develop natural coagulant made from scallop shells. This research aimed to investigate the ability of scallop shells as a natural coagulant to remove turbidity. The scallop shell was used to produce chitosan, then adopted as a natural coagulant compared to a commercial product. Water turbidity, river water, and batik wastewater were examined using different coagulant doses, solution pH, and turbidity concentration. Based on data from this study, scallop shell-based chitosan has a high ability to reduce turbidity concentration in water. To remove artificial turbidity in water (14 NTU), the optimum coagulant dose was 150 mg/L and solution pH was 6. The ability of natural coagulants to remove river water turbidity (81 NTU) and batik was 72% and 87% respectively. The performance of commercial coagulant to remove artificial turbidity, river water, and batik wastewater was similar to the natural coagulant, making this novel natural coagulant a promising coagulant for water and wastewater treatment in the near future. Furthermore, massive production of natural coagulant can also solve the problem of scallop shell solid waste generation.

Application of Tamarindus indica seed extract as bio-coagulant to removal suspended solids and colors

The batik traditional industries in East Java, Indonesia generally not have a proper wastewater treatment plant yet, so liquid waste directly discharge into the river. Batik wastewater generally have a dark color, which derived from the coloring of naphthol with number of suspended solids greater than 100 mg/L and color concentration more than 250 Pt.Co. Tamarind seed extract is known to contain natural polyelectrolytes active group, which had function as bio-coagulant. The research objective was to analyze the application of tamarind seed extract as bio-coagulant in wastewater treatment of the Batik traditional industries, by reducing suspended solids levels and color of wastewater. The research design used pretest and posttest control group design with variations of bio-coagulant doses of 10ml/L, 30ml/L, and 50ml/L, and analyzed using the Two Way Anova Test. The results showed that the level of suspended solids in wastewater before treatment averaged 291mg/L, and the average color content was 593 Pt-Co, so it did not meet the quality standards of the Governor of East Java No 72/2013. For the highest reduction in suspended solids levels at a dose of 10ml/L reduced up to 95.1% and the highest decrease in color levels at a dose of 50ml/L, reduced up to 87.8%. Traditional batik wastewater treatment, which used a coagulation-flocculation process with bio-coagulant extract of tamarind seeds could reduce levels of suspended solids and colors, in order to meet the specified quality standards.

Atmospheric air plasma corona discharge for dye degradation of indonesian batik wastewater

Plasma technology is promising method in wastewater management. In the present work, plasma corona discharge was used to degrade batik wastewater that contained synthetic dyes such as naphthol and procion. The plasma corona discharge was generated by a high voltage alternating current of 3.07–11.5 kV through a pair of stainless-steel electrodes with a tip radius of 2 ± 0.5 mm. The electrodes were separated by 2 ± 0.05 cm and placed 3 ± 0.05 cm above the wastewater. UV–Vis spectra of the wastewater, monitored at different intervals of plasma treatment, were used to quantify the degradation of wastewater. We found that the degradation efficiency of wastewater reached 55% after 40 min of plasma treatment. Species generated during the discharge (e.g., O3, OH+, N2O+, and NO) were observed using an optical emission spectrometer. These species continued to dissolve in the liquid phase and reacted to molecules of wastewater. FTIR spectra revealed that the main functional group in the wastewater was O–H. This band showed a reduced intensity with plasma treatment time due to oxidative damage caused by the attack of reactive oxygen on the outer hydrogen bonds of wastewater. Other properties, such as color, pH, temperature, conductivity, total dissolved solids, and dissolved oxygen, changed due to the production of active species during plasma treatment. The findings of this study present plasma treatment as a prospective method for wastewater treatment.

HEAVY METAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTEWATER FROM BATIK INDUSTRY IN YOGYAKARTA AREA, INDONESIA

Batik is Indonesian traditional textile product. The increasing use of synthetic dyes in batik production raises concern on heavy metal content in its wastewater. As wastewater from most factories is released to the environment without proper treatment, the pollutants including heavy metal content would pose health risks to humans and the environment. However, data on heavy metal characteristics of wastewater from batik industry in Indonesia is very limited. This paper presents the profile of heavy metal characteristic of 17 (seventeen) wastewater samples from batik factories in Yogyakarta Area, Indonesia. The total concentration of some heavy metals elements were measured by using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrophotometry (ICP-MS). The result was compared to other studies and relevant local and international effluent standards.Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) was then performed to observe group of samples or parameters with similar characteristics that represent similar production method which affects their wastewater characteristics.The results showed that concentration of Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb ranged from 9.87 to 101 ppb, 0.03 to 3.89 ppb, 5.37 to 82.8 ppb, 19.7 to 472 ppb, 1.46 to 21.2 ppb, 0.03 to 20.3 ppb and 0.78 to 40.1 ppb respectively.In general, concentration of heavy metal in this study does not exceed regulation and also lower than result of other studies. HCA result confirmed that the source of Ni, Cr and Cu is from dye. HCA also indicated that other factors may affect the heavy metal concentration in batik wastewater which demands further study.

Potential valorisation of agro-industrial wastewater for bioenergy production

Agro-industries generate a high amount of solid waste, wastewater and emissions. In Indonesia’s case, many small and medium-scale agro-industries have problems in treating or in valorising their wastes. Specific to wastewater, due to lack of waste treatment facilities or financial support, as well as lack of policies enforcement, many agro-industries directly disposed of the wastewater to the river bodies. Such practices can have a detrimental effect on the environment due to the accumulation of both organic and an-organic pollutants. This study aimed to investigate the potential of various agro-industrial wastewater (i.e. batik wastewater, tofu-processing wastewater and tempeh-processing wastewater) from Malang City as single feedstock for biogas production. The biochemical methane potential (BMP) test was employed under a mesophilic condition and operated for 28 days. The results indicated that anaerobic digestion (AD) of tempeh-processing wastewater produced more biogas and methane potential compared to other wastewater samples. The specific methane potential (SMP) from the AD of tempeh-processing wastewater was 0.027 m3/kgVSadded. However, the energy potential calculation indicated that using these wastewater samples was not feasible as a single feedstock for an anaerobic digestion system. Therefore, combining with other potential biomass feedstock as co-substrates is recommended for further in-depth investigation.

Degradation of phenol in batik industry wastewater using thin layer TiO2 photocatalyst

The synthesis of thin layer TiO2 photocatalyst has been performed and its performance was tested to the degradation of phenol in wastewater of batik industry. The powder of anatase TiO2 was impregnated in glass plate, so that thin layer TiO2 photocatalyst was obtained. The performance test of thin-layer TiO2 photocatalyst in the degradation of phenol was performed in a batch photoreactor equipped with six types of black light UV lamp (@10 watts) and a magnetic stirrer. This research has been performed at pH variation and UV radiation time. The result of this research showed that the initial concentration of phenol in batik wastewater was 3,3684 ppm. The optimum pH was obtained at pH 11 with percent degradation of 40.41%. The optimum UV radiation was obtained at 8 hours with percent degradation of 41.72%. The longer the irradiation time the more photon energy is absorbed by TiO2 causes more positive holes to be formed. The positive holes will react with H2O or hydroxyl ions to form OH radicals that further break down organic compounds in waste.

Behaviors and Mechanism of Color, COD, and Silica Removals in the Electrocoagulation of Batik Wastewater Using Waste Aluminum Electrodes

Batik wastewater contains organic dyes, waxes, silicate, etc. that are environmentally problematic. Two plain waste aluminum cans were used as electrodes in a batch electrocoagulation (EC) process to remove color, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and silica from batik wastewater. Response surface methodology based on the central composite design was used to demonstrate the dependence of removal efficiency on four key process variables and possible interactions between them. The models were statistically evaluated and conditions for optimized color, COD, and silica removals were verified experimentally. Relatively stronger effects of current density were detected while interactions could be observed on the effects of pH with current density or process time. The floatation of silica scum resulted in increased removal and deviation from the model. The optimal operating conditions were achieved at a current density of 29.91 mA/cm2, an initial pH of 4.51, a reaction time of 24.93 min, and a NaCl dosage of 1.03 g/L that resulted in 88.13 ± 0.51%, 70.50 ± 3.17%, and 100.00 ± 0.00% removals of color, COD, and silica, respectively. The color, COD and pH of the batik wastewater were also reduced to 33 ADMI, 100 mg/L and 6.62 to meet the respective discharge standard limits. Silica content toughened the flocs and increased their buoyancy by strongly interacting with gas bubbles to float to the surface. EC was demonstrated to be an effective and cost-effective treatment technology for the treatment of batik wastewater.

Production of Bioelectricity from Microalgae Microbial Fuel Cell (MMFC) Using Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Batik Wastewater

Nowadays, the usage of batik clothes increased would make batik wastewater more desecrate the rivers in Indonesia. Batik wastewater contained much of chemical substances, so that very dangerous. One of environmentally alternatives energy that could solve this problem was Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) which utilizes organic matter as an energy source of microbes in carrying out its metabolic activities to produce electricity. MFC system with microalgae named Microalgae Microbial Fuel Cell (MMFC). In this study, it would investigate the electrical energy produced by MMFC using Chlorella pyrenoidosa as catholyte and batik wastewater as anolyte. This study aims to evaluate performance of MMFC based on the influence of yeast variations (2 gr/L and 8 gr/L), concentration of wastewater (100%v and 50%v), and number of graphite electrode (1:1 and 2:2). The methods started from culturing microalgae. Then, MMFC simulation operated for 7 days. Every 24 hours, voltage and current were measured to be processed into polarization curve. The value of absorbance and COD level of wastewater too. The results of this study showed that 100%v batik wastewater, 2:2 bars graphite electrode, and 8 gr/L yeast addition was the best results in MMFC simulation.

The effect of particle size and dosage on the performance of Papaya seeds (Carica papaya) as biocoagulant on wastewater treatment of batik industry

In this study, the performance of papaya seeds (Carica papaya) as biocoagulant was evaluated using Batik wastewater which referred to the water sample. The effectiveness of particle size and dosage of papaya seeds were evaluated based on turbidity removal (%), total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC). The Tyndall effect of clear solution was also evaluated in this study. The results showed that the turbidity removal of water sample achieved as much as 92.2%, and had followed by the decreasing of TDS and EC. The optimum results from the decrease in turbidity, TDS, and EC were obtained at the particle size of 250 mesh and the biocoagulant dosage of 1000 mg. The measurement of the Tyndall effect has concluded that the water sample has to remain the colloidal particle even though the treatment water as clear as the quality standard of freshwater.

Performance of free standing TiO2 nanostructures (FSTNS) photocatalysis for batik industry wastewater treatment

In this work, the effectiveness and reusability of free standing TiO2 nanostructures (FSTNS) for batik industry wastewater treatment were investigated. The FSTNS photocatalyst were prepared via hydrothermal process at 180°C for 18 hours in the presence of acetone (5% v/v) as oxidation agent. Batik industry wastewater used in this study were analysed prior the photocatalysis, thus contained organic pollutants including dyes and phenolic compound with chemical oxygen demand (COD) 303.7 mg/L; total phenol 0.8 mg/L and measured pH 5.84. The results show FSTNS is able to degrade the majority of dyes which leads to the reduction of COD value up to 56,7 mg/L, total phenol to 0.3 mg/L and acidity level to 7.15. It is also found out that the effectiveness of FSTNS reduce less than 20% after it is reuse in three times cycles, confirming its fair reusability as photocatalyst for batik wastewater treatment.

Sustainability of Batik wastewater quality management strategies: analytical hierarchy process

Batik industries have some positive impact on economic growth and socio-cultural development. However, they also produce wastewater in large quantities with high pH, containing biochemical oxygen demand, containing chemical oxygen demand and also have a substance of total suspended solid that do not meet quality standards and also could have negative impacts on the environment. Paoman village, Indramayu regency, is one of the batik small industries supporting economic and socio-cultural development in local communities, although there is an installations system of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The study aimed to identify priorities in wastewater management on batik industrial center based on environmental studies, economic studies and social factors in the local community and institutional aspects using analytical hierarchy process. The priorities were identified as follows: (1) application of WWTP systems and technologies for environmental aspect, (2) understanding the perceptions of batik small and medium enterprises (SMEs) for the social aspect, and (3) the cost of installation, operation and maintenance of WWTP for economic aspect.

Polysulfone-Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone Blend Polymer Composite Membranes for Batik Industrial Wastewater Treatment.

Batik wastewater, in general, is colored and has high concentrations of BOD (biological oxygen demand), COD (chemical oxygen demand), and dissolved and suspended solids. Polysulfone (PSf)-based membranes with the addition of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) were prepared to treat batik industrial wastewater. PSf/PVP membranes were prepared using the phase inversion method with N-methyl-2 pyrrolidone (NMP) as the solvent. Based on the membrane characterization through FESEM, water contact angle, porosity, and mechanical tests showed a phenomenon where the addition of PVP provided thermodynamic and kinetic effects on membrane formation, thereby affecting porosity, thickness, and hydrophilicity of the membranes. The study aims to observe the effect of adding PVP on polysulfone membrane permeability and antifouling performance on a laboratory scale through the ultrafiltration (UF) process. With the addition of PVP, the operational pressure of the polysulfone membrane was reduced compared to that without PVP. Based on the membrane filtration results, the highest removal efficiencies of COD, TDS (total dissolved solid), and conductivity achieved in the study were 80.4, 84.6, and 83.6%, respectively, on the PSf/PVP 0.35 membrane operated at 4 bar. Moreover, the highest color removal efficiency was 85.73% on the PSf/PVP 0.25 operated at 5 bar. The antifouling performance was identified by calculating the value of total, reversible, and irreversible membrane fouling, wherein in this study, the membrane with the best antifouling performance was PSf/PVP 0.25.

Microalgae Microbial Fuel Cell (MMFC) using Chlorella vulgaris and “Batik” Wastewater as Bioelectricity

Nowadays, Indonesia is faced with an increase in human growth, and followed by increasing electricity demand. One of the environmental friendly alternative energy that can solve this problem is microbial fuel cell, which utilizes organic matter as a substrate of bacteria in carrying out its metabolic activities to produce electricity. In this study, investigated the electrical energy produced by Microalgae Microbial Fuel Cell (MMFC) using Chlorella vulgaris and “Batik” wastewater. This study aims to assess the performance of the MMFC system based on the influence of yeast (8 g L−1 and 4 g L−1), “Batik wastewater” concentration (50 % and 100 %), and graphite electrodes (1:1 and 2:2). The MMFC system was carried out by filling anode chamber with “Batik” wastewater and the cathode with C. vulgaris. MMFC simulation was operated for 7 d. Concentration of 100 % “Batik” wastewater and 2:2 number of electrodes gave the best result in MMFC with voltage 0.115 Volt, algae absorbance 0.666. The COD decreased from 824 mg L−1 to 752 mg L−1 after the MMFC. The addition of 8 g L−1 yeast gave the optimum of bioelectricity production reached 0.322 Volt and the microalgae grew until the absorbance reached 1.031.