Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute Research Articles

Effects of different soil tillage-sowing systems on plant development and emergence traits of second crop soybean

Effects of different soil tillage and sowing systems (Conventional Soil Tillage – CST: Moldboard plough + gobble disc + disk harrow + harrow + sowing machine; Reduced Soil Tillage – RST: rototiller-combined soil tillage machine + sowing machine; Ridge Sowing – RS: gobble disc + ridge-sowing machine; Direct Sowing – DS – no-till) on plant development and emergence traits of second-crop soybean were investigated in this study under Antalya provincial conditions. Experiments were conducted over the experimental fields of Aksu Branch of Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute for 3 years (2013, 2014, 2015) as a fixed experiment. The number of days to 50% emergence, number of days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of pods per plant, the first pod height, number of plants per m2, 1000-seed weight and yield were considered as plant development parameters. Mean emergence time, germination rate index, emergence ratio, space ratio, tillering ratio and acceptable plant spacing ratio were considered as plant emergence parameters. Different soil tillage and sowing systems generally had significant effects on investigated traits at p<0.01 and p<0.05 levels.

Effects of ripening stages and storage durations on resistance parameters of beef type tomatoes: part 1: spring period

Following the harvest, agricultural products are subjected various negative impacts throughout the way to consumers. Mechanical damages such as color darkening, abrasion, cuts or punctures over the fruit surface are irreversible damages and such damages ultimately end up with significant quality and economic losses. In modern production systems, only a certain portion of the products directly reach from producer to consumers. Majority of these products are subjected to mechanical damages through crush, squeeze, vibration and similar impacts during the harvest and postharvest processes. In this study, Tybeef tomato cultivar grown over the experimental greenhouses of Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute (BATEM) (control) and 14-193 and 14-206 coded candidate cultivars developed through breeding programs of BATEM were used as the plant material. Resistance parameters of tomato cultivars were determined at 4 different ripening stages (green, turning, pink and red) and 4 different storage durations (4, 8, 12 and 16 days). Resistance parameters decreased with the progress of ripening and storage durations. All measurements and assessments revealed that 14-193 coded candidate cultivar was prominent for resistance parameters.

Evaluation of capia pepper (C. annuum L.) inbred lines and selection of hybrid pepper varieties for protected cultivation

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most produced vegetables in Turkey, both in open fields and under protected cultivation. There is a need for new hybrid varieties with various fruit types because of changing market demands. This study was carried out to determine both specific combining performances of capia pepper inbred lines and promising hybrids during two long-term production seasons in 2013 and 2014 at the Vegetable Department of Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute (BATEM). A total of 16 capia pure lines within 25 were selected by considering heterotic patterns and were crossed as 8 males and 8 females to obtain specific hybrid combinations in spring season of 2012. Sixty-four hybrids and four commercial hybrids were tested in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two replications in 2013 in unheated glasshouse. Total fruit yield changed from 815 to 2006 g per plant. The selected 30 hybrids and 4 commercial hybrids were tested again in long-term growing season in 2014 in greenhouse and morphological characterizations of hybrids were done. Total fruit yield ranged from 1007 to 1896 g plant(-1). As a result of this study, two sweet and one hot superior capia pepper hybrids were determined as candidate for commercial market. The hybrids were also presented to private sector during growing season. The candidate capia pepper hybrid cultivars and 5 inbred lines were introduced to the private and public sector by “Products Catalogue” and some inbred lines were sold to private sector.

The effects of solarization and grafting on pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) production in greenhouse

Effects of solarization and grafting on pepper (Capsicum annuum L. ‘Kusak’ F1) production were investigated in a greenhouse of Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute located in Antalya. Trial was set up according to split plot design with 3 replicates. Main plots were assigned to solarization with or without chemicals: solarization (S), solarization+metham sodium (S+Ms), solarization + condor (S+Cr), solarization + basamid (S+Bs) and control (C) without solarization and chemicals. Sub plots were assigned to grafting treatments including non-grafted ‘Kusak’ F1 or grafted ‘Kusak’ F1/ ‘Atlanta’ F1, ‘Kusak’ F1/AG 9306, ‘Kusak’ F1/BATEM-PR, ‘Kusak’ F1/‘Snoker’ F1 and ‘Kusak’ F1/‘Troser’ F1. Observations were taken for the properties such as plant length, fruit weight, early yield and total yield in trial plots. In conclusion; grafting was not a good option to grow pepper on different rootstocks; however, solarization plus condor always provided better quality and higher yields in pepper production regardless of the rootstock used.

Assessment of different irrigation strategies on yield and quality characteristics of drip irrigated pomegranate under mediterranean conditions

This research was carried out to determine the effect of drip irrigation strategies on yield and quality characteristics of pomegranate (Punica granatum L. cv. Hicaznar) trees during the growing seasons between 2013 and 2015 years at Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute in Antalya, Turkey. The amount of irrigation water applied was based on cumulative Class A pan evaporation (Kcp1 0.50, Kcp2 0.75, Kcp3 1.00 and Kcp4 1.25) measured in two irrigation intervals (D1, 3 days; D2, 6 days). It was determined that irrigation intervals did not affect yield, while irrigation water levels were found to be statistically significant. The average water consumptions determined from a soil water balance were 797 mm for Kcp4, 730 mm for Kcp3, 658 mm for Kcp2, and 591 mm for Kcp1 irrigation level. According to the averaged values of 3 years, annual yield for Kcp4, Kcp3, Kcp2, and Kcp1 irrigation levels were 29.2, 28.9, 23.6, and 18.8 t ha−1, respectively. While the effects of irrigation treatment on fruit weight, total soluble solids, total acidity and pH of juice were not significant, its effect on canopy volume and total trunk cross sectional area were found to be significant. It is concluded that pomegranate trees can be irrigated at 6 days interval using the amount of irrigation equal to 75% of cumulative Class A Pan evaporation to obtain the highest water use efficiency.

Assessment Results and Reflections of Some Eggplant Breeding Projects Performed in Turkey

<div><p><em>Eggplant is a widely grown species among the Solanaceous crops in both greenhouses and the open field, consumed throughout all the year, it is very popular in Turkey. Eggplant breeding programs were carried out for improving open pollinated varieties launched for the public sector in the earlier 1960’s. Many important open pollinated varieties which still maintains its importance today by the growers were developed. Hybrid eggplant breeding studies were first conducted at the Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute (BATEM) with the breeding project given support by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. Breeding studies focused on yield, fruit quality, and the development of long F<sub>1 </sub>hybrid varieties suitable for growing protected cultivation, parthenocarpy, and biotic (Fusarium and Verticillium) stress resistance/tolerance. Resistance sources of Fusarium ox. sp. melongenae</em><em> </em><em>and its inheritance against had been investigated and a genetic linkage map has been constructed. Several projects, supported by both public and private sectors, have been carried out for twenty years. As an outline of the projects, four F<sub>1</sub> hybrids were developed and about 300 disease resistant inbred lines were transferred to special seed companies supporting the project financially. Additionally, a study was performed on morphologic and molecular characterization, and phylogenetic relationship of local genotypes. Also, considerable scientific publications were produced from these studies and shared by both scientists and breeders.</em></p></div>

First Report of Crown and Root Rot of Plum Caused by Phytophthora megasperma in Turkey

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 101, No. 1First Report of Crown and Root Rot of Plum Caused by Phytophthora megasperma in Turkey PreviousNext DISEASE NOTES OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of Crown and Root Rot of Plum Caused by Phytophthora megasperma in Turkeyİ. Kurbetli, G. Sülü, M. Aydoğdu, and İ. Polatİ. KurbetliSearch for more papers by this author, G. SülüSearch for more papers by this author, M. AydoğduSearch for more papers by this author, and İ. PolatSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations İ. Kurbetli G. Sülü M. Aydoğdu İ. Polat , Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, 07010 Antalya, Turkey. Published Online:3 Nov 2016https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-16-0921-PDNAboutSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat Three- to four-year-old Japanese plum trees (Prunus salicina L.) in a commercial orchard of Antalya Province showed symptoms of decline in July-August 2015. The aerial symptoms were leaf discoloration and twig dieback, and most of the affected trees were leafless. Reddish brown cankers developing from the root to the stem base were observed. Lateral and feeder roots were decayed. Approximately 100 out of 900 plum trees cv. Black Amber and Black Diamond grafted on Myrobalan 29C rootstocks were affected by the disease. Small segments taken from crowns were cut from the margin of lesions and plated onto selective CMA-PARPH medium (Jeffers and Martin 1986), and incubated at 22°C in the dark for 3 to 5 days. Growing colonies were transferred onto carrot agar (CA) (200 ml boiled carrot juice, 800 ml distilled water, 20 g agar) to obtain pure cultures. Isolates were obtained from three of the five symptomatic plum trees that were analyzed. Isolates produced oogonia on CA with a diameter of 31.8 to 46.8 μm (mean 41.4 μm). Plerotic or aplerotic oospores with paragynous antheridia measured 27.6 to 39.6 μm (mean 35.1 μm) in diameter. Nonpapillate and noncaducous sporangia were ovoid, obovoid, obpyriform, ellipsoid or distorted shapes, with rounded and tapered bases. Ovoid and obpyriform sporangia were 45.0 to 90.5 μm long (mean 62.5 μm) and 25.1 to 51.6 μm wide (mean 36.8 μm). Cultures also produced catenulate rounded hyphal swellings. The isolates were identified by morphology as Phytophthora megasperma Drechs. (Erwin and Ribeiro 1996). Morphological identification was confirmed by sequencing of the rDNA region. Genomic DNA was extracted from one isolate, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified and sequenced using ITS1 and ITS4 primers. Nucleotide sequence of the isolate (KU843555) showed a 99 to 100% similarity with other P. megasperma isolates in GenBank (e.g., HQ643275, EU301166, DQ486668). To test pathogenicity, five plum seedlings cv. Black Amber grafted on Myrobalan 29C rootstocks were transplanted to a 4-liter pot containing autoclaved peat/perlite mixture (3:1, v/v) mixed with wheat grain inoculum at a rate of 4%. Three seedlings grown in sterile mixture without inoculum were used as control. Plants were incubated in a growth chamber for 4 months at 25 ± 1°C. Seedlings were watered twice a week, and in order to keep the seedlings constantly wet, each seedling was placed in a tray filled with 2 to 3 cm of water. At the end of the experiment, canker lesions occurred on taproots and lateral roots, while no cankers developed in the roots of noninoculated plants. The pathogen was reisolated from symptomatic tissues. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. megasperma causing crown and root rot of plums in Turkey.

First Report of Kumquat Shoot Blight Caused by Phytophthora citrophthora in Turkey

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 100, No. 5First Report of Kumquat Shoot Blight Caused by Phytophthora citrophthora in Turkey PreviousNext DISEASE NOTES OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of Kumquat Shoot Blight Caused by Phytophthora citrophthora in Turkeyİ. Kurbetli, G. Sülü, M. Aydoğdu, M. Özdemir, S. M. Sülü, and İ. Polatİ. KurbetliSearch for more papers by this author, G. SülüSearch for more papers by this author, M. AydoğduSearch for more papers by this author, M. ÖzdemirSearch for more papers by this author, S. M. SülüSearch for more papers by this author, and İ. PolatSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations İ. Kurbetli G. Sülü M. Aydoğdu M. Özdemir S. M. Sülü İ. Polat , Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute 07010 Antalya, Turkey. Published Online:4 Mar 2016https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-15-1154-PDNAboutSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat Kumquats (Fortunella spp.) are citrus plants valued as ornamentals and for their edible fruit. Their production is increasing in Turkey. During March-April 2014 and 2015, potted kumquat saplings cv. Nagami (oval kumquat) showing shoot blight were observed in two commercial nurseries in Antalya Province, Turkey. The plants were grown in greenhouses and drip irrigated. At least half of the plants were affected. Symptoms were leaf discoloration, defoliation, cankers girdling the shoots, and gummosis on twig blight. Severely affected plants died within 1 to 2 months. Small sections of 3 to 5-mm-diameter from shoots were cut from the margin of lesions; 10 to 12 sections were plated onto selective PARPH medium, in which corn meal agar (CMA) was the base (Jeffers and Martin 1986), and incubated at 22°C in darkness for 3 days. Emerging colonies were transferred to carrot agar (CA) (200 ml boiled carrot juice, 800 ml distilled water, 20 g agar) containing 20 mg/1 β-sitosterol. A Phytophthora sp. was consistently isolated from necrotic shoot tissues. Isolates did not produce sexual structures in single culture. They formed colonies with a rosette pattern on PDA and slightly rosette patterns on CA and CMA. They produced papillate and noncaducous sporangia, usually ovoid and obpyriform, sometimes ellipsoid and distorted shapes, rarely with two papillae. Sporangia were 41.6 to 69.8 μm long (mean 53.7 μm) and 26.1 to 43.4 μm wide (mean 32.7 μm). Chlamydospores, produced singly, had 17.4 to 31.1 μm (mean 24.7 μm) diameters. The isolates did not grow at 35°C on CA and PDA. The isolates were identified by morphology as Phytophthora citrophthora (R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm.) Leonian (Erwin and Ribeiro 1996). This was confirmed by ITS sequences of rDNA. After DNA extraction of the isolates, ribosomal DNA fragment amplified with ITS1 and ITS4 primers was sequenced. Nucleotide sequences of the isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. KR534890 and KR534891) showed a 99 to 100% homology with other P. citrophthora isolates (e.g., KC412067, HQ697232, EF193229, GU133068, and KJ755103). To test pathogenicity, shoots of five 1-year-old kumquat saplings cv. Nagami grafted on Trojer Stranji rootstocks were inoculated with 3-mm mycelial agar plugs from 5-day-old culture grown on CA. Five saplings inoculated with sterile agar plugs were used as control. Plants were kept in a controlled glasshouse at 25 ± 1°C and watered as needed. Canker lesions developed on shoots within four weeks, while control plants remained symptomless. The pathogen was reisolated from symptomatic shoot tissues, thus fulfilling Koch’s postulates. Phytophthora citrophthora causes root and fruit rot, trunk canker, and gummosis on citrus trees in Mediterranean climates (Graham and Menge 2000; Erwin and Ribeiro 1996). It was responsible for severe outbreaks of Phytophthora blight in ornamental citrus nurseries including mainly kumquats of coastal area of Sicily in Italy (Magnano di San Lio et al. 1986). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. citrophthora causing this type of disease on kumquats in Turkey.

‘BATEM FILIZI’ hibrit patlıcan çeşidinin geliştirilmesi ve verim performansının belirlenmesi

Patlican Turkiye’de uretilen onemli sebze turlerinden birisidir. Buyumesi ve gelismesi sirasinda dusuk sicaklik gibi abiyotik stres faktorlerinden oldukca etkilenir. Sunulan calismada, patlicanda olumsuz cevre kosullari altinda meyve tutumu ve kalitesi yuksek yeni hibrit cesitlerin gelistirilmesi amaclanmistir. Pedigri islah metodu kullanilarak Bati Akdeniz Tarimsal Arastirma Enstitusu patlican gen havuzundan 39 adet hat gelistirilmistir. Bu hatlar morfolojik olarak karakterize edilmis ve aralarindaki filogenetik iliski degerlendirilmistir. F1 hibrit elde etmek icin secilen 7 hat arasinda melezlemeler yapilmistir. Bu melezlemelerden elde edilen 13 adet hibritin heterozis ve heterobelitiosis oranlari incelenmistir. P350 hattinin da ebeveyn olarak yer aldigi F1 hibritler yuksek heterozis oranlarina sahip olmasina ragmen, bu hibritler pazar taleplerine uygun bulunmamistir. Ana ebeveyn olarak iyi bir performans gosteren oval meyveli P350 ile uzun meyveli P599 melezlenmistir. Sonuc olarak, elde edilen yuksek verimli, serada yetistirilmeye uygun adaptasyon kabiliyeti yuksek bu hibrit BATEM FILIZI olarak tescile alinmistir. Bu calismada gelistirilen hibrit ozellikle tek urun doneminde ortualti yetistiriciliginde kullanilabilir.

Trissolcus semistriatus (HYMENOPTERA: SCELİONİDAE)'UN -20°C'DE DEPOLANMIŞ Dolycoris baccarum (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) YUMURTALARINDAKİ PERFORMANSI

A project was carried out between 2004 and 2008 in order to improve the mass production of an egg parasitoid Trissolcus semistriatus Nees (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) of Sunn pest, which is important pest on wheat fields, in the laboratory conditions in Antalya Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute. Dolycoris baccarum L. (Heteroptera:Pentatomidae) which is the alternative host of T. semistriatus was reared in insectarium and the produced eggs were stored in eppendorph tubes for 12 months at -20°C. Monthly parasitism performance of T. semistriatus was evaluated. The parasitism ratio was 27.08-89.64 %; adult emergence ratio was 58.92-87.34 %; the sex ratio was 0.37-0.61; development period was 10.16-14.65 days for males and 11.67-15.38 days for females, the life span of males was 7.73-13.50, and 6.25-13.98 days for females. The longevity of males and females were 7.73-13.50 and 6.25-13.98 days respectively. According to the results, it was suggested that D. baccarum eggs stored up to 7 months at -20°C would be convenient for mass production of T. semistriatus due to the parasitism ratio was 51.63 % and hatching ratio of parasitoids was 72.47 % in these eggs.

Combining effects of soil solarization and grafting on plant yield and soil-borne pathogens in cucumber

Combining effects of soil solarization and grafting on soilborne pathogens, plant height and yield in cucumber were compared in a greenhouse of Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute located in Antalya in 2008 fall season. The experiment was set in split plot design containing; 1, 2, 4 and 5 months soil solarization (MSS), and non-solarized control plots (NSC) on which grafted Maximus F1+ Bergama F1 and non-grafted Bergama F1 were grown. Almost all of plants grown in non-solarized plots were infected with root-knot nematodes with severe root damages; however, only a few plants were affected by this nematode in 4 and 5 month solarized plots with very slight root galls. No resistance to root-knot nematodes was observed in both grafted and non-grafted plants. Almost half of the plants grown on non-solarized control plots were infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum with relatively slight disease symptoms. In conclusion, combining solarization with grafting significantly promoted early flowering time, plant vigor, early and total yields and reduced nematode and fusarium wilt damages in this study.

Türkiye’de doğal olarak yetişen bazı gypsophila (Gypsophila sp.) türlerinin süs bitkisi olarak kullanım olanakları

Turkiye is the homeland of many plant species as it is located in a region where three important gene centers intersect. The richness of the Turkish flora is also an important source for the utilization of plants with different purposes. Therefore, it is quite essential to cultivate the species in our flora and determine their usage possibilities in the ornamental plants sector both in terms of the ex-situ conservation of the species and their conversion into an economic value. In this study that was conducted between 2005 and 2008, the populations of Gypsophila (Gypsophila sp.) species distributed in the natural vegetation of Turkiye were studied in terms of their potential for usage as ornamental plants, and seed and herbarium specimens were collected from 118 different locations. In addition, some 11 natural Gypsophila populations obtained from the Center for Gene Sources of the Aegean Agricultural Research Institute were also evaluated in the study. The seeds were sown in the Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute in Antalya, and the seedlings obtained were transferred to the collection garden and examined in terms of some phenological-morphological characteristics (plant height, branching status, petal shape, petal size, and petal color). With the data obtained in the study, suggestions were made about in which area the species under examination could be utilized in the ornamental plants sector. Furthermore, the obtained materials can be used as breeding materials in future studies.

Sesame Hill Dropping Performance of a Vacuum Seeder for Different Tillage Practices

The purpose of this research was to examine the performance of a modified vacuum seeder for hill drop sowing of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) following wheat (Triticum aestivum) for no-till and reduced tillage farming. Tests were conducted during the growing seasons of 2008 and 2009 in the Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute's fields in Antalya, Turkey. A fluted coulter and double disc-type furrow opener were mounted on each unit of a common vacuum seeder. A seed plate modified to achieve hill-dropping of seeds was used in the metering mechanism of the seeder. Mean plant number per hill, coefficient of variation of plant number per hill, mean hill distance, coefficient of variation of hill distance, scattering distance ratio along the length of the row, sowing depth uniformity, and percent emergence of seeds and of hills were determined. Uniformity of hill spacing obtained from no-till plots was lower than from reduced and conventional tillage plots. Treatment effects were compared for three sesame seed varieties. No-till decreased the percent emergence of both seeds and hills for all varieties.

FUSARİUM OXYSPORUM F. SP. MELONİS’E DAYANIKLI İKİ KAVUN SAF HATTININ ANAÇ OLARAK KULLANILMA POTANSİYELİ

Two pure lines obtained in Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute and resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis’ race 0, 1, 2 and partially resistance to race 1-2 were studied to determine the rootstock potential for melon and their effects on fruit quality. The heaviest fruit (0.990 gram) was achieved on the Batem 5 rootstock while Batem7/Canay F1 combination gave the lightest fruit weight. For fruit length Batem 5 rootstock was on the first place and Canay/Canay combination followed it. Statistical significance was found for rind thickness among the varieties. The thickest fruit rind was on Canay F1 with 3.22 mm, and thinnest fruit rind was measured on Batem 7 rootstock and Batem7/Canay combination. For total soluble solid contents, the highest value was on Batem 7 rootstock and Batem7/Canay combination was the lowest. Statistical difference was not found among the varieties for pH. But assessing the mean values the highest pH was on Batem 5/Canay F1 combination.

IMPROVING OF F1 HYBRIDS CUCUMBER (CUCUMIS SATIVUS L.) VARIETIES FOR GREENHOUSE SPRING CULTIVATION

Research was conducted for improving of F1 hybrid cucumber varieties suitable for spring cultivation in greenhouses. 14 parents (10 female and 4 male parents) were selected from the Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute (BAARI) cucumber germplasm in 2004 and 40 F1 hybrids obtained. The hybrids were evaluated for early and total yield per plant (g/bitki), total and early yield per decare (t/da), average fruit weight (g), the number of fruits per plant, plant height (total length of first 15 internodes), length of internodes, number of female flowers per node, number of fruits per node in greenhouse conditions throughout 2005 spring cultivation season and then promising F1 hybrids were determined. Total yield and early yield ranged from 2627 to 4148 g/plant and 1320 to 2290 g/plant, and ranged from 8,67 to 13,69 t/da and 4,36 to 7,56 t/da, respectively. Avarage fruit weight was 134 to 196 g and 16 to 35 fruits obtained per plant. At the end of the research only three hybrid combinations (A1XB1, A8XB1 and A6XB4) from 40 hybrid combinations were found the combiners for yield and yield component.

PARTENOKARP VE PARTENOKARP OLMAYAN PATLICANLARIN (Solanum melongena L.) BAZI VEJETATİF VE GENERATİF GELİŞME PARAMETRELERİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİLER

The relationship between vegetative and generative development parameters of parthenocarp or non-parthenocarp genotypes in eggplant were investigated. Whether they will be used or not as morphological marker for selection at breeding studies were researched. This study was carried out at Vegetable Department of Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute between 200-2003 years. Plant height (cm), stem diameter (cm), leaf number as vegetatif parameters, pollen viability (%), quantity (number) and germination (%) as generatif parameters were investigated by using 16 genotypes. The results showed that the responses of parthenocarp or non-parthenocarp genotypes were similar under high air temperature. In the low air temperature conditions, all of the genotypes response were different from each other. They have no correlation between vegetatif parameters and generatif parameters. The results showed us that these parameters were not used as parthenocarpic selection marker at the breeding studies in eggplant.

ORGANİK WASHİNGTON NAVEL PORTAKALI VE STAR RUBY ALTINTOPU YETİŞTİRİCİLİĞİNDE BİTKİ KORUMA UYGULAMALARI

This study was carried out in two different territories of Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute. The first territory is Washington Navel orange orchard and the other one is Star ruby red grapefruit orchard. The methods of conventional, integrated and organic farming were attended together in both species. Organic products of this study were certificated by ECOCERT-TURKEY, admitted internationally, and exported. It was found out that a successfull biological protection could be done in the organic parcels. For this aim beneficial insects or the combination of beneficial insects and spray oil (summer) were used against to the harmful insects (such as Planococcus citri , Dialeurodes citri , Ceroplastes floridensis , Aonidiella aurantii , A. citrina ) exceeding or having the ability of exceeding the economic loss threshold. Besides, while Bacillus thuringiensis biopreparate was used against to Ectomyelois ceratoniae and Cryptoblabes gnidiella , the mass destruction traps such as Mc Phail trap (2 number/10 tree) or Clansel bottle (3 number/10 tree) were directed to the Ceratitis capitata . However, visual yellow adhesive traps were found unsuccessfull since they catch the benefical insects. Although coppery fungicides which is one of the few inorganic compounds usable for organic farming are rather efficient against to fungal and bacterial pathogens, it is necessary to be careful for the active copper amounts lowered periodically by EU in every four years.