Bathing Fluid Research Articles

Assessment of Thermal Resistance of Hot Water in Pasteurization.

Pasteurization is a process that eliminates microorganisms and minimizes nutrient loss in fruit juices, thus extending their shelf life. It is effective for juices with a pH range of 3.5-4.6. It involved three computational domains: the bath fluid, the thickness of the container, and the juice-filled container. The temperature-dependent properties of real fruit juices were converted into experimental model equations. They were incorporated into the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The governing equations were solved simultaneously in each domain. We activated conjugate heat transfer, allowing heat transport between domains through fluid-solid and solid-fluid interfaces. Simulation results were validated with experimental measurements of time-temperature history at the can's center. Three CFD formulations were used to investigate the thermal resistance of hot water in pasteurization. Three domains were simulated simultaneously in the first approach. In the second method, the bath temperature was directly specified on the inner wall of the sealed container. During the third approach, we deactivated natural convection in a juice-filled container suspended in hot water. The findings indicate that using hot water as a heat source extends the duration by 10 min compared to isothermal conditions on the inner wall, regardless of the type of juices filled in the container.

Sucralfate plus Metronidazole ointment is as effective as Diltiazem ointment for treatment of acute fissure in ano – an open label randomized clinical trial

Background and objectives. Fissure in ano is one of the most common colorectal diseases seen by surgeons in daily practice. Currently medical management is the first line therapy for treating acute fissure in ano. Apart from general measures, various drugs like nitrates and calcium channel blockers are also used for topical application. Recently topical application of sucralfate and metronidazole are being advocated for in the same way, although there isn't much evidence for their effectiveness. In this study we have compared the efficacy of sucralfate (7% and Metronidazole (1%) ointment to the most commonly used diltiazem (2%) ointment for healing in acute fissure in ano and control of pain. Materials and methods. The present study was a randomized clinical trial with total 96 patients, 47 in the Sucralfate + Metronidazole group and 49 in the Diltiazem group. Both drugs were prescribed for 4 weeks in addition to general measures like sitz bath, laxatives and oral fluids. Patients were followed up at 2 and 4 weeks. Control of symptoms like pain, bleeding and healing of ulcers in both groups were assessed. Frequency or graphs were used for qualitative variables and Mean+/-SD for quantitative variables. Chi-square and t-test was applied for comparison of the two groups, and p-value <0.05 was taken for statistical significance. Results. Most patients were male and belonged to age group 30-50 years. Most patients in both groups improved on conservative treatment. The difference observed in key outcome parameters like control of pain, bleeding and healing of fissure in both groups weren’t found to be statistically significant. Sucralfate and Metronidazole didn’t have any incidence of adverse effects and was cheaper in price compared to diltiazem ointment. Conclusions. Sucralfate and Metronidazole was as effective as diltiazem in treating of acute fissure in ano and can be recommended if allergy and adverse reactions to diltiazem are encountered.

Functional Analysis of TRPA1, TRPM3, and TRPV1 Channels in Human Dermal Arteries and Their Role in Vascular Modulation.

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are pivotal in modulating vascular functions. In fact, topical application of cinnamaldehyde or capsaicin (TRPA1 and TRPV1 channel agonists, respectively) induces "local" changes in blood flow by releasing vasodilator neuropeptides. We investigated TRP channels' contributions and the pharmacological mechanisms driving vasodilation in human isolated dermal arteries. Ex vivo studies assessed the vascular function of artery segments and analyzed the effects of different compounds. Concentration-response curves to cinnamaldehyde, pregnenolone sulfate (PregS, TRPM3 agonist), and capsaicin were constructed to evaluate the effect of the antagonists HC030031 (TRPA1); isosakuranetin (TRPM3); and capsazepine (TRPV1). Additionally, the antagonists/inhibitors olcegepant (CGRP receptor); L-NAME (nitric oxide synthase); indomethacin (cyclooxygenase); TRAM-34 plus apamin (K+ channels); and MK-801 (NMDA receptors, only for PregS) were used. Moreover, CGRP release was assessed in the organ bath fluid post-agonist-exposure. In dermal arteries, cinnamaldehyde- and capsaicin-induced relaxation remained unchanged after the aforementioned antagonists, while PregS-induced relaxation was significantly inhibited by isosakuranetin, L-NAME and MK-801. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in CGRP levels post-agonist-exposure. In our experimental model, TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels seem not to be involved in cinnamaldehyde- or capsaicin-induced relaxation, respectively, whereas TRPM3 channels contribute to PregS-induced relaxation, possibly via CGRP-independent mechanisms.

Fundamental Study on Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking with Submerged Carbon Powder Injection with CO2-O2 Mixed Gas

The technology of submerged carbon powder injection with CO2 and O2 mixed gas (SCPI-COMG) is a new type of powder injection technology. It can increase the molten bath carbon content and improve the molten steel quality by injecting carbon powder directly into the molten steel with CO2 and O2 mixed gas. To optimize the process parameters of this novel technology, the mechanism of this technology and the effect of SCPI-COMG on EAF steelmaking were investigated in this study. Based on an induction furnace experiment, the effects of molten bath carburization and fluid flow on the scrap melting were analyzed. A mathematical model of the axis of gas jets in liquid steel was built to analyze the impact behaviors of gas jets in liquid steel. Based on the results of this theoretical model, for a gas jet in liquid steel, with α ≥ 20°, the horizontal inject distance decreases with α increasing and with 0° ≤ α ≤ 20°, the horizontal inject distance increases with α increasing. Finally, based on the newly built materials and energy balance model of EAF steelmaking with SCPI-COMG, the influences of the gas-solid parameters on the EAF steelmaking technical indexes were also analyzed.is very useful for optimizing the process parameters of EAF steelmaking with SCPI-COMG. The results of this study are very useful to optimize the process parameters of EAF steelmaking with SCPI-COMG of Gas Jet in Liquid Steel.

Ambient circulation surrounding an ablation catheter tip affects ablation lesion characteristics.

The association between ambient circulating environments (CEs) and ablation lesions has been largely underexplored. Viable bovine myocardium was placed in a saline bath in an ex vivo endocardial model. Radiofrequency (RF) ablation was performed using three different ablation catheters: 3.5 mm open irrigated (OI), 4, and 8 mm. Variable flow rates of surrounding bath fluids were applied to simulate standard flow, high flow, and no flow. For in vivo epicardial ablation, 24 rats underwent a single OI ablation and performed with circulating saline (30 ml/min; n = 12), versus those immersed in saline without circulation (n = 12). High flow reduced ablation lesion volumes for all three catheters. In no-flow endocardial CE, both 4 mm and OI catheters produced smaller lesions compared with standard flow. However, the 8 mm catheter produced the largest lesions in a no-flow CE. Ablation performed in an in vivo model with CE resulted in smaller lesions compared with ablation performed in a no-flow environment. No statistically significant differences in steam pops were found among the groups. A higher endocardial CE flow can decrease RF effectiveness. Cardiac tissue subjected to no endocardial CE flow may also limit RF for 4 mm catheters, but not for OI catheters; these findings may have implications for RF ablation safety and efficacy, especially in the epicardial space without circulating fluid or in the endocardium under varying flow conditions.

Testing Thermostatic Bath End-Scale Stability for Calibration Performance with a Multiple-Sensor Ensemble Using ARIMA, Temporal Stochastics and a Quantum Walker Algorithm.

Thermostatic bath calibration performance is usually checked for uniformity and stability to serve a wide range of industrial applications. Particularly challenging is the assessment at the limiting specification ends where the sensor system may be less effective in achieving consistency. An ensemble of eight sensors is used to test temperature measurement stability at various topological locations in a thermostatic bath (antifreeze) fluid at -20 °C. Eight streaks of temperature data were collected, and the resulting time-series were processed for normality, stationarity, and independence and identical distribution by employing regular statistical inference methods. Moreover, they were evaluated for autoregressive patterns and other underlying trends using classical Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) modeling. In contrast, a continuous-time quantum walker algorithm was implemented, using an available R-package, in order to test the behavior of the fitted coefficients on the probabilistic node transitions of the temperature time series dataset. Tracking the network sequence for persistence and hierarchical mode strength was the objective. The quantum walker approach favoring a network probabilistic framework was posited as a faster way to arrive at simultaneous instability quantifications for all the examined time-series. The quantum walker algorithm may furnish expedient modal information in comparison to the classical ARIMA modeling and in conjunction with several popular stochastic analyzers of time-series stationarity, normality, and data sequence independence of temperature end-of-scale calibration datasets, which are investigated for temporal consistency.

Heating performance of a large-scale line heater by adding synthesized carbon- nanodots to the heater bath fluid: CFD simulation and experimental study

Numerous researchers have recently become interested in nanofluids because of their potential applications in thermal systems. Herein, various concentrations of nanofluid of synthesized carbon nanodots (C-dots) were used to survey the thermal performance of a line heater as a heater bath fluid, and a numerical model was proposed to simulate all of the line heater's components for the first time. C-dots nanoparticles were manufactured with the aid of the hydrothermal method and characterized using FTIR and XRD analysis. In addition, a two-stage approach was used to prepare the nanofluid with a varying concentration of C-dot nanoparticles, ranging from 0.5 to 5 wt%. Nanofluids were also measured and compared to the base fluid in terms of thermophysical properties. Additionally, a numerical model based on the finite element method (FEM) was proposed to simulate fluid flow and heat transfer in the line heater, and validation of the numerical results revealed good agreement with earlier studies. The mesh independence analysis shows that the results are much better and more consistent when mesh number 98,946 is used instead of the others. The results illustrate that temperatures were raised from roughly 300 K near the gas tubes to around 370 K near the fire tubes. In comparison to the situation of employing water as the bath fluid, the maximum heater power consumptions derived from the experiments and numerical findings were 9.7 % and 10.3 %, respectively.

High dilutions of homeopathic remedies induce relaxation of rat aorta precontracted with Noradrenalin

BACKGROUND
 Homeopathic potencies have been reported to produce alteration of contraction in isolated rat ileum in an organ bath. Potentized homeopathic drugs like Lycopus V and Aurum met are used for the treatment of hypertension. 
 AIM
 The purpose of this study is to see whether Lycopus V 30 CH and Aurum met 30 CH could produce relaxation of isolated rat aorta in the organ bath.
 METHODS
 The aorta of rats were dissected out, placed in Krebs-Henseleit solution, cleared of connective tissue and endothelium and cut into 2-2.5 mm long rings. The rings were fixed in organ baths with the upper end connected by a string to an isometric transducer which was finally attached through a data acquisitation equipment to a computer. Aurum met 30 CH Lycopus V 30 CH, and their medium 90% ethanol were added separately to the bathing fluid containing the aorta rings which were precontracted with noradrenalin (NA).
 RESULTS
 Both the drugs produced significant relaxation of the aorta (p

A review on bath fluid flow stirring technologies in EAF steelmaking

A review on bath fluid flow stirring technologies in EAF steelmaking

"Save the Nerve": Technical Nuances for Hearing Preservation and Restoration in Vestibular Schwannoma Surgery: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

Hearing loss is a significant disability that inflects dysfunction and affects the patient quality of life. Consequently, hearing preservation and the potential of hearing restoration are prized quests in the management of vestibular schwannoma.1 Although small intracanalicular vestibular schwannomas are commonly observed, progressive hearing loss occurs despite the absence of tumor growth; hence, surgical resection can be performed with the sole aim of hearing preservation in well-informed and eager patients. Hearing preservation by surgical resection has proven to be durable.1-4 In this group of patients, we concur with Yamakami et al2 that vascularized meatal flap to reconstruct the canal helps prevent scarring of the cochlear nerve and provides cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bathing to the cochlear nerve, yielding better long-term hearing preservation. With larger tumors and more severe hearing loss at presentation, microsurgical resection should aim at preserving the cochlear nerve, a goal frequently achievable, which offers the potential for hearing restoration with cochlear implants.3 The results of cochlear implants in restoration of severe hearing loss have been to say the least most impressive.5 We demonstrate these 2 frequently encountered clinical situations with 2 surgical videos showing specific surgical tenets, including intra-arachnoidal dissection, medial to lateral manipulation of the tumor, preservation of the labyrinthine artery, as well as reconstruction of the internal auditory canal.2,3,6,7 The patients consented to the surgery and to the publication of their picture in a surgical video. Illustration in video © 1997 O. Al-Mefty. Used with permission. All rights reserved.

Application of Newly Synthesized Sulfobetaine Based on Sweet Almond Oil in Bath Liquids for Sensitive Skin

Abstract Three formulations for bath liquids were developed, differing in the type of amphoteric surfactant applied. The formulations used Cocamidopropyl Betaine, Cocamidpropyl Hydroxide and newly synthesized sulfobetaine based on sweet almond oil (Oleicamidopropyl Sultaine). The molecular structure of the surfactant used in the manufactured formulations has a negatively charged sulfonate group and a positively charged quaternary nitrogen atom. Such molecular structures suggest that the functional properties of this substance are mild. Based on the research, it was found that the bath fluid containing the newly synthesized sulfobetaine based on sweet almond oil had the lowest zein number, the lowest pH increase of bovine albumin solution and the lowest ability to emulsify fatty dirt. This indicates a very low irritant effect of the tested bath liquid.

Delicacy Management on Kiloton Dry Wet Spinning Bath Liquid

During the dry-jet wet spinning process of polyacrylonitrile carbon fiber precursor, the fluctuation of the coagulation bath liquid level affects the stability of the nozzle directly. The motion trajectory and the motion intensity in all directions of the fluid during the movement of the fiber in the coagulation bath fluid field were studied. A three-dimensional model of the cross flow and jet collision motion trajectory was established, and the impact of fluids with different strengths on the surface of the coagulation bath was analyzed. Solidification of the liquid surface in the fitting strength of the peak effect of the return wave overflow trough coupled superimposed to determine the coagulation bath surface to eliminate interfering fluctuations affecting factors. Based on the above analysis, a smart device for real-time monitoring of the coagulation bath air layer has been developed by using the damping equipment in the coagulation bath, where the impact of various fluid waves on the liquid surface can be eliminated on fixed point or position. According to the understanding of kiloton dry-jet wet spinning precursor fiber production line, in-depth exploration has been made to control the high dynamic coagulation bath level effectively from the perspective of technology and delicacy management.

Experimental investigation on the stability and thermophysical properties of Al2O3/DW and CuO/DW nanofluids to be utilized in an indirect water bath heater

In this paper, 0.5–5 mass/% of Al2O3 and CuO nano-additives were dispersed in the base water by the two stage method (with a magnetic stirrer and ultra-sonication bath) to prepare different nanofluids with enhanced thermophysical properties. These nanofluids are considered to be utilized, as the bath fluid in the shell side of an indirect water bath heater to improve the thermal performance and reduce the power consumption of the heater. The effects of ultra-sonication time, surfactants, and nanoparticle size on the well formation of nanofluids, and their stabilities were probed. Densities, shear stresses, and apparent viscosities of the nanofluids were also measured to investigate the non-Newtonian behavior of samples. In addition, effects of the temperature, PH, nanoparticle type and concentration, and nanoparticle sizes on the thermal conductivities of nanofluids were investigated. Finally, nanofluids were utilized in a large-scale indirect water bath heater and its power consumption reduction compared to that of using water, as the bath fluid was measured and reported. 5 mass/% of CuO/water nanofluid at 80 °C was found the best nanofluids with the thermal conductivity enhancement of 43.28% and heater power consumption reduction of 17.1%.

Kinetics of freezing and melting of encapsulated phase change materials with effective convection: Experiments and simulations

Storage of thermal energy in packed beds of encapsulated phase change materials (PCM) is becoming nowadays a common strategy, but its modeling requires deep knowledge of the physical processes of heat transfer. In this work, the kinetics of melting and freezing of a well-studied PCM (water) has been modeled by simulations with an effective description for convection, and tested against experiments. In our setup, a single spherical nodule is placed in a bath, and cooled or heated by natural or forced convection. In the model, one parameter per fluid phase needs to be fixed, which we determine by fitting with experiments (for the bath fluid and PCM in the fluid phase). These two parameters are then used to study the kinetics of melting at different temperatures, kinetics of freezing, and the freezing and melting in cylinders of different aspect ratios. In all cases, the results from the model are compared with experiments. The agreement is quantitative, with accurate predictions of melting and freezing times (discrepancies below 15%), and temperature plateaux, both in natural and forced convection. Notably, this simulation method does not use the fluid velocity, speeding up the modeling and making it suitable for large scale simulations of thermal storage tanks.

Relationship between oral microecological imbalance and general health

Oral microecosystem comprises the different anatomic microniches of the oral cavity, oral microbiome living in them and the bathing fluid, saliva. Dynamic balance of the ecosystem plays an important role in keeping human health whereas disease conditions supervene when the microbial equilibrium is broken. Hence, the researchers have focused more attention on it recently. In this paper, the relationship between oral microecological homeostasis and general health was systematically reviewed from such aspects as the composition of oral microecosystem, the effects of its imbalance on oral and general health, and the methods currently used to modulate the oral microecology.

Numerical analysis of a closed loop two-phase thermosyphon under states of single-phase, two-phase and supercritical

Closed loop two-phase thermosyphon is an effective heat transfer device, of which the research is necessary to clarify the heat transfer and fluid flow mechanism. Numerical analysis was carried out in the article with one-dimensional model. The model was based on mass, momentum and energy conversation equations, solved by iterative method. Single-phase and two-phase flow were simulated, besides supercritical flow. Experimental data was used in the validation of the model with the error less than ±10%. The axial evolution of several parameters, namely pressure, enthalpy, void fraction, vapor quality and heat transfer coefficient in the loop, were presented firstly. Then the effects of pipe diameter, filling ratio, height difference, heat load, cold bath temperature and fluid type on the closed loop two-phase thermosyphon were investigated. Large pipe diameter and medium filling ratio led to low thermal resistance. The thermal resistance decreased with the increase of height difference firstly, and then increased at large height differences. Larger heat load led to higher mass flux, as well as larger subcooled or superheated region. Vapor quality at the outlet of evaporator increased with the increase in cold bath temperature, leading to low thermal resistance. Fluids with low viscosity and large density difference between liquid and vapor phase were suggested for favorable heat transfer performance. It was also concluded that thermal resistance increased sharply when supercritical phenomenon occurred due to the disappearance of two-phase region.

Measurement of Ion Concentration in the Unstirred Boundary Layer with Open Patch-Clamp Pipette: Implications in Control of Ion Channels by Fluid Flow.

Fluid flow is an important environmental stimulus that controls many physiological and pathological processes, such as fluid flow-induced vasodilation. Although the molecular mechanisms for the biological responses to fluid flow/shear force are not fully understood, fluid flow-mediated regulation of ion channel gating may contribute critically. Therefore, fluid flow/shear force sensitivity of ion channels has been studied using the patch-clamp technique. However, depending on the experimental protocol, the outcomes and interpretation of data can be erroneous. Here, we present experimental and theoretical evidence for fluid flow-related errors and provide methods for estimating, preventing, and correcting these errors. Changes in junction potential between the Ag/AgCl reference electrode and bathing fluid were measured with an open pipette filled with 3 M KCl. Fluid flow could then shift the liquid/metal junction potential to approximately 7 mV. Conversely, by measuring the voltage shift induced by fluid flow, we estimated the ion concentration in the unstirred boundary layer. In the static condition, the real ion concentrations adjacent to the Ag/AgCl reference electrode or ion channel inlet at the cell-membrane surface can reach as low as approximately 30% of that in the flow condition. Placing an agarose 3 M KCl bridge between the bathing fluid and reference electrode may have prevented this problem of junction potential shifting. However, the unstirred layer effect adjacent to the cell membrane surface could not be fixed in this way. Here, we provide a method for measuring real ion concentrations in the unstirred boundary layer with an open patch-clamp pipette, emphasizing the importance of using an agarose salt-bridge while studying fluid flow-induced regulation of ion currents. Therefore, this novel approach, which takes into consideration the real concentrations of ions in the unstirred boundary layer, may provide useful insight on the experimental design and data interpretation related to fluid shear stress regulation of ion channels.

Interstitial Fluid in Gynecologic Tumors and Its Possible Application in the Clinical Practice.

Gynecologic cancers are an important cause of worldwide mortality. The interstitium consists of solid and fluid phases, situated between the blood vessels and cells. The interstitial fluid (IF), or fluid phase, is an extracellular fluid bathing and surrounding the tissue cells. The TIF (tumor interstitial fluid) is a dynamic fluid rich in lipids, proteins and enzyme-derived substances. The molecules found in the IF may be associated with pathological changes in tissues leading to cancer growth and metastatization. Proteomic techniques have allowed an extensive study of the composition of the TIF as a source of biomarkers for gynecologic cancers. In our review, we analyze the composition of the TIF, its formation process, the sampling methods, the consequences of its accumulation and the proteomic analyses performed, that make TIF valuable for monitoring different types of cancers.

Simulation and application of pulsating bottom-blowing in EAF steelmaking

ABSTRACTPulsating bottom-blowing was proposed to strengthen the electric arc furnace (EAF) molten bath stirring. The fluid flow characteristics and stirring effects of different pulsating bottom-blowing modes on EAF molten bath were studied through water model experiments and numerical simulations. The mixing time was measured by water model experiments and the flow field characteristics of EAF molten bath were simulated by numerical simulations. Compared with conventional bottom-blowing, pulsating bottom-blowing can accelerate the fluid flow velocity and improve the stirring of molten bath. With pulsating bottom-blowing, the molten bath fluid flow field is more disorder, the fluid flow velocity increases and the dead zone volume decreases. Compared with EAF steelmaking with conventional bottom-blowing conditions, pulsating bottom-blowing technology can improve the metallurgical effects and the molten steel quality in EAF steelmaking with lower FeO content of final slag, lower phosphorus content and carbon-oxygen equilibrium of final molten steel, and lower temperature deviation.

Influence of bottom-blowing gas species on the nitrogen content in molten steel during the EAF steelmaking process

ABSTRACTIn modern EAF steelmaking process, control of the nitrogen content of molten steel has become more and more important and bottom-blowing technique has been widely applied to promote the molten bath fluid flow, accelerate the metallurgical reaction and improve the quality of molten steel. In this study, the influence of bottom-blowing gas species on the nitrogen content in molten steel during EAF steelmaking was systematically investigated and analysed. Combining the induction furnace experiments and theoretical analysis, the kinetic models of nitrogen change in molten steel with bottom blowing N2, Ar and CO2 were established theoretically and validated experimentally. Meanwhile, the thermodynamic laws and agitation capacity of different bottom-blowing gases were also clarified. Then, based on the industrial application research, the metallurgical effects, especially nitrogen removal, with different bottom-blowing gases were also studied and finally, a new concept was proposed for cyclic utilisation of CO2 in the EAF steelmaking process.