Experimental Batch Research Articles

Development of safe products from local waste of oil and fat production

Quicklime is a mixture of pieces of different sizes formed after coarse grinding of the fried product. According to its chemical composition, it is a mixture of calcium and magnesium oxides, the main composition of which is CaO. In small quantities, it may contain undecomposed calcium carbonate, as well as silicates, aluminates and ferrites of calcium and magnesium, formed during the interaction of clay and quartz sand with calcium and magnesium oxides. Quicklime ground lime is a powder product of fine grinding of lump lime. The formulation of the bitumen-replacing mixture consists of the following components, such as oil sludge, gossypol resin, quicklime and technical sulfur. Oil sludge is the most significant waste of the oil industry in terms of mass. A waste disposal methodology towards obtaining a bitumen-replacing mixture for the use of insulating and roofing coatings was created. According to the results, comparative tests of pilot batches of building bitumen -replacing mixture in terms of physical and mechanical characteristics in accordance with State standards 6617-76 showed that almost all 4 experimental batches of building bitumen -replacing mixture gave good performance. However, the experimental batch #4 changed stability and increased bitumen brittleness when 4% quicklime was added. After the test, the experimental batch #3 received good indicators of stability and brittleness.

In-Depth Blood Proteome Profiling by Extensive Fractionation and Multiplexed Quantitative Mass Spectrometry.

Blood in the circulatory system carries information of physiological and pathological status of the human body, so blood proteins are often used as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Human blood proteome can be explored by the latest technologies in mass spectrometry (MS), creating an opportunity of discovering new disease biomarkers. The extreme dynamic range of protein concentrations in blood, however, poses a challenge to detect proteins of low abundance, namely, tissue leakage proteins. Here, we describe a strategy to directly analyze undepleted blood samples by extensive liquid chromatography (LC) fractionation and 18-plex tandem-mass-tag (TMT) mass spectrometry. The proteins in blood specimens (e.g., plasma or serum) are isolated by acetone precipitation and digested into peptides. The resulting peptides are TMT-labeled, separated by basic pH reverse-phase (RP) LC into at least 40 fractions, and analyzed by acidic pH RPLC and high-resolution MS/MS, leading to the quantification of ~3000 unique proteins. Further increase of basic pH RPLC fractions and adjustment of the fraction concatenation strategy can enhance the proteomic coverage (up to ~5000 proteins). Finally, the combination of multiple batches of TMT experiments allows the profiling of hundreds of blood samples. This TMT-MS-based method provides a powerful platform for deep proteome profiling of human blood samples.

On Instilling Research Paradigm in PG Engineering Students through Guided Open Ended Lab Component Implementation

Abstract— Creating interest and involvement of engineering students into the domain specific research work is indispensable for the future technology developments. Original intellectual and creative contribution through experimentation to the discipline can bring new developments significant for societal reforms. This paper presents an effort to nurture research interest among postgraduate students of Biomedical Engineering. In order to nurture a research attitude, a Lab component for the course Biomedical Image Analysis was modified with practical reflection-based learning style. The impact analysis of this exercise is studied objectively. The newly designed Lab component included more practice-based learning, demanding additional time from students and teacher, for the discussion and reflection-based learning. Assessing students on the basis of critical thinking, focused efforts and the right approach in devising the solution for real-life problems played a critical role in this pedagogy. The impact of this exercise on students learning is analyzed by comparing course outcomes and program outcomes attainment for two batches with batch size 14 and 16 respectively. The assessment was based onrubrics devised for various phases. The course outcomes were improved by 6 to 12% for the experimental Batch. This is also reflected in increase in PO attainment in the same proportion. Particularly, attainment of course outcomes related to handling complex real-life problem and to develop solution showed considerable improvement. The results revealed individual student's ability in implementing and analyzing the open-ended experiment. The major conclusion from this educational experimental work is that the conceptual, practical, and interpretational skills necessary for research can be inculcated by devising innovative pedagogy. This work also reports positive sideways of this practice and the difficulties faced during the entire exercise. Keywords— Research Paradigm, Reflection based learning, Open ended Lab component, Industry readiness

Управление качеством углей по критерию их опасности с использованием цифровых моделей полезного ископаемого на Кутинском буроугольном месторождении

The purpose of the research is to substantiate the need for preliminary planning with the use of block models in the extraction of TPI as an important element of designing an economically and environmentally efficient enterprise for the development of a deposit of solid minerals. The object of the study is the Kuta brown coal deposit, which has areas of coal with increased concentrations of natural radionuclides. The method of planning the quality of coals, taking into account the hazard criterion and products of their processing with the use of Micromine Alastri software (software) is considered. The objectives of the study are to test the author’s hypothesis regarding the use of BM in the process of predicting the quality of the extracted PI according to the obtained characteristics. Expected results of the scientific study: it is expected that the specific activity in the samples of dust and slag will be recorded several times; when conducting field studies on the content of carbon in coal seams and coal dust with the inclusion of rock, it is necessary to establish the regularity of increasing the value of Aeff in coal dust with the inclusion of rock particles relative to coal samples. The results of the interpolation of the contents of the ORE into the blocks of the digital block model of the coal seam I of the Kuta brown coal deposit are presented. In conclusion, the author highlights the methodology for determining the parameters of mined coal and coal products, taking into account the hazard criterion, which has the following logic: burning of an experimental batch of coal; analysis of the correlation regularity between the average content of OER in coal by block and the average content of OER in coal combustion products, determination of the dependence of the oxygen content in coals and combustion products; assignment by reverse interpolation of the obtained forecast values to each three-dimensional block of the block model included in the mining blocks for each horizon and their transfer to the maps of horizon-by-horizon mining planning. Thus, obtaining a safety map of the extracted PI with the predicted values of the content of N in the combustion products.

The use of biologically active additives of plant origin in sausage production

Food additives that allow regulating functional and technological properties, providing qualitative and quantitative characteristics of finished products are essential in meat technologies. Flax seed processing products, due to the high concentration of functionally valuable components and pronounced technological properties of protein and polysaccharides, are an ideal component for replacing meat raw materials in sausage products. The purpose of the work is to develop the technology of meat products enriched with biologically active additives of plant origin based on flax seeds. The theoretical part of the research was carried out on the basis of the Department of Food Technologies of DonGAU, the development of experimental batches of products was carried out in the production conditions of LLC “Meat Processing Plant”, Razvilnoye village, Peschanokopsky district, Rostov region. The purpose of the research is to study the possibility of using flax seeds as a protein additive in sausage production technology. It has been established that the introduction of flax seed additives into the formulations of meat products improves the organoleptic and physico-chemical characteristics of finished products. The prototypes were distinguished by a more delicate consistency and higher uniformity of minced meat on the cut, an increase in the mass fraction of protein and a decrease in the proportion of fat were also noted.

Development of manufacturing technology for compressor blades of gas turbine engine using two-axis presses

The manufacturing process of forgings of blades made of titanium alloys with different geometry of the locking part is considered. A comparison is made of a typical method for manufacturing of a blade forging with several upsetting passes with a newly developed technological process using a two-axis hydraulic press. Experimental data of computer simulation of the extrusion process on a two-axis hydraulic press are presented, which made it possible to obtain an experimental batch of titanium blades.

Investigation of the Technological Possibility of Manufacturing Volumetric Shaped Ductile Cast Iron Products in Open Dies

Information about the technological possibility of stamping in open dies, round-shaped forgings made of ductile cast iron, is outlined herein. Cast iron's propensity for plastic deformation under complex loading conditions is analyzed from the standpoint of the morphology of graphite inclusions, depending on the degree and mechanical scheme of deformation. The research methodology included: the choice of a brand of cast iron with spherical graphite and the technological process of its deformation; mathematical modeling of the deformation process using the DEFORM-3D software package; stamping of an experimental batch of forgings; and microstructural studies of the forging material, together with the data of its stress-strain state and the direction of flow of the material. Under the conditions of comprehensive compression of the workpiece material at the beginning of the deformation process, lateral pressure was created from the tool walls. It was carried out by selecting the size and shape of the initial blank by mathematical modeling. When analyzing the morphology of graphite inclusions, the stress state scheme was determined as the main influencing factor. The greatest change in the shape and size of graphite inclusions of cast iron, including their crushing, corresponds to the condition of the disappearance of all-round compression. When stamping in open dies, this occurs in the area where the material exits from the stamp engraving into the flash gutter. In the process of forming, cast iron showed the possibility of deformation in the deformation intensity index εi = 2.5.

Kinetic study and real-time monitoring strategy for TEMPO-mediated oxidation of bleached eucalyptus fibers

The present work aims at glimpsing the rate-determinant process parameters of TEMPO-mediated oxidation of bleached kraft cellulose for developing kinetic models and real-time monitoring tools. This may contribute to the scaling up of this reaction, frequently used as precursor of the production of cellulose nanofibers. For this, the effect of temperature, TEMPO and NaBr contents, and surface area of the fibers was assessed by means of a total experimental batch of 18 combinations, monitoring the carboxyl content (CC) of the samples and the NaOH consumption during oxidation. The obtained data was used to calculate the kinetic constant as a function of the conditions, as well as correlating the CC with the NaOH consumption, obtaining a strong linear correlation between these parameters. It was found that similar correlations could be used regardless process conditions, except for the case of TEMPO, which was found to protect the fibers from depolymerization and, thus, having different behavior at increasing TEMPO contents. Overall, the obtained results in the present study reveal the suitability of upscaling TEMPO-mediated oxidation, as well as having a deeper understanding on how the key parameters involved in the reaction affect the reaction path and, thus, contributing to the industrial deployment of oxidized cellulose and nanofibers.

Determination of rational parameters of agglomeration of Suroyam deposit`s titanomagnetite ores

Technological parameters for the production of sinter from titanomagnetite ores of the Suroyam deposit in the Chelyabinsk region have been developed. For this, concentrates with a content of up to 63.3 % Fe were obtained from experimental batches of ores, and agglomerates were obtained from them. The studies were carried out in order to increase the reliability and visibility of the results of agglomeration by comparing the Suroyam concentrate with an analogue concentrate that has an industrial implementation. The optimal moisture content of the charge, including the Suroyam deposit`s concentrate, was 8%. At a given charge moisture content, carbon content of 4.5 % and basicity of 1.6, the specific productivity of the sinter plant was 1.089 t/(m2∙h), which is 3.8 % more when sintering the charge with a moisture content of 7.5 % and 29.2 % more when sintering the charge with a moisture content of 8.5 %. With a basicity in the range of 1.6–1.8, a charge moisture content of 8 %, and a carbon content of 4.5 %, the yield of suitable sinter averaged 80.0 %, and the specific productivity was 1.100 t/(m2∙h). The quality indicators of the agglomerate are as follows, %: impact resistance 70.1; destruction 25.3; abrasion 5.1. With a basicity of 1.8, the yield of suitable sinter according to the +5 mm class and the specific productivity were 92.6 % and 1.641 t/(m2∙h), respectively, which is 0.9 and 3.41 % (rel.) higher than the figures obtained when sintering an agglomerate with similar parameters from an analogue concentrate having an industrial implementation.The article was prepared with the support of the grant of the President of the Russian Federation No. MD-1064.2022.4.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIES FOR MANUFACTURING RADIATION SHIELDING MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS THERE OF FOR DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIAL WASTE

The use of rocket and space technologies for obtaining heat-shielding coatings has made it possible to develop methods for the manufacture of long-term means of protection, disposal and disposal of harmful waste from high-tech industries, which makes it possible to significantly improve the environmental situation not only in Ukraine but also in the world. A special modifier has been developed, the addition of which to the composition of building materials, containers and other containers reduces the intensity of ionizing radiation. The properties of new radiation shielding materials and the appropriateness of their use were investigated. A comparative assessment of existing and developed containers was conducted. It was proven that the new technology will significantly improve the ecology in the NPP and exclusion zones, an experimental batch of containers was manufactured, simulation tests were performed, and waste storage schemes were developed. Accumulated extensive experience in the reuse of transport and launch containers of military equipment to solve an important urgent problem of burial in the conditions of catastrophic accumulation of radiation-hazardous waste that has developed in Ukraine.

Relative infectivity of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in human alveolar cells.

With the continuous emergence of highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants, the comparison of their infectivity has become a critical issue for public health. However, a direct assessment of the viral characteristic has been challenging because of the lack of appropriate experimental models and efficient methods. Here, we integrated human alveolar organoids and single-cell transcriptome sequencing to facilitate the evaluation. In a proof-of-concept study with four highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants, including GR (B.1.1.119), Alpha (B.1.1.7), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (BA.1), a rapid evaluation of the relative infectivity was possible. Our system demonstrates that the Omicron variant is 5- to 7-fold more infectious to human alveolar cells than the other SARS-CoV-2 variants at the initial stage of infection. To our knowledge, for the first time, this study measures the relative infectivity of the Omicron variant under multiple virus co-infection and provides new experimental procedures that can be applied to monitor emerging viral variants.

Alignment and Analysis of a Disparately Acquired Multibatch Metabolomics Study of Maternal Pregnancy Samples.

Untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics studies are typically performed under roughly identical experimental settings. Measurements acquired with different LC-MS protocols or following extended time intervals harbor significant variation in retention times and spectral abundances due to altered chromatographic, spectrometric, and other factors, raising many data analysis challenges. We developed a computational workflow for merging and harmonizing metabolomics data acquired under disparate LC-MS conditions. Plasma metabolite profiles were collected from two sets of maternal subjects three years apart using distinct instruments and LC-MS procedures. Metabolomics features were aligned using metabCombiner to generate lists of compounds detected across all experimental batches. We applied data set-specific normalization methods to remove interbatch and interexperimental variation in spectral intensities, enabling statistical analysis on the assembled data matrix. Bioinformatics analyses revealed large-scale metabolic changes in maternal plasma between the first and third trimesters of pregnancy and between maternal plasma and umbilical cord blood. We observed increases in steroid hormones and free fatty acids from the first trimester to term of gestation, along with decreases in amino acids coupled to increased levels in cord blood. This work demonstrates the viability of integrating nonidentically acquired LC-MS metabolomics data and its utility in unconventional metabolomics study designs.

Новый подход к технологии изготовления длинномерных полых изделий из волокнистых полимерных композиционных материалов

The analysis of the main types of mandrels, which are used for the manufacturing the hollow products from fibrous polymer composite materials (FPCM) by winding on a mandrel, has been carried out. The problem of the technology of manufacturing the long-length hollow products from FPCM by winding on a non-separable mandrel is considered. A new approach to the technology of manufacturing long-length products from FPCM on a non-separable reusable mandrel. The mandrel is made in the form of a steel seamless cold-formed pipe of ordinary accuracy and without special treatment of the contact surface is proposed and tested. It is shown, that the application of the developed technology gives the possibility to improve the quality and economic efficiency of products of this type. On the basis of the proposed technology, an experimental batch of long pipes made of CMU-4L carbon fiber plastic with a length of 3200 mm and an outer and inner diameter of 42 and 32 mm, respectively, was manufactured and tested. The proposed approach could be used for the manufacturing both the hollow long-length rods from FPCM and the hollow semi-circular elements, that are molded also on a non-separable mandrel of ordinary accuracy.

RATIONALE FOR THE USE OF QUAIL MEAT IN THE PRODUCTION OF HYPOALLERGENIC PRODUCTS FOR CHILDREN

Data on the biological and nutritional value of quail meat have been studied. The use of quail meat and product development have been substantiated on the materials and technical basis of KubSAU named after I.T. Trubilin. As a result of the research, biotechnological requirements for the composition and quality of the developed products intended for preschool children have been analyzed, the qualitative characteristics of the main raw material, i.e. quail meat and additional raw materials have been selected and assessed. By the method of calculating the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the selected ingredients, a combination of formulation components with a hypoallergenic effect has been determined. The modeling of prescription compositions of products containing dietary raw materials of low allergenic activity has been carried out, a technology for the production of products developed, including the heat treatment of whole quail carcasses, which has made it possible to reduce the loss of meat juice to 35.8% against 55.17% during heat treatment of deboned meat. Experimental batches of food products for the nutrition of pre-preschool children have been developed, followed by an assessment of the nutritional and biological value. The daily satisfaction of toddler children in the main nutrients has been studied. The developed boiled sausage product and meat souffle meet the requirements for protein content of 13.37 and 14.6; fat 16.56 and 4.4; salts 0.72 and 0.4, respectively.

Development of rails of a new category for use in particularly harsh operating conditions

Introduction. In the conditions of an annual increase in load stress on the roads of the Eastern Polygon, an effective technical solution to the problem of an increased number of rolling stock derailments due to rail breakage is the creation of rails for cold climate conditions with increased hardness to increase wear resistance and contact endurance with simultaneously high values of impact strength. Such a set of properties can be achieved by using separate heating for quenching and cooling with a quenching medium with a high cooling capacity. Rails manufactured using this technology will belong to a new category. In this regard, the purpose of this work was to create a new category of rails for their use in particularly harsh operating conditions.Materials and methods. In this paper the effect of separate induction heating before differentiated quenching with compressed air of controlled humidity on the microstructure and mechanical properties (hardness, mechanical properties during tensile and impact tests, endurance limit, cyclic crack resistance) of rails of type R65 was investigated.The results of the study. A comparative analysis of the results obtained with similar indicators for rails of the DT350, DT350NN and DT370IK categories according to GOST R 51685-2013 was carried out. Studies of the chemical composition, mechanical properties, hardness on the rolling surface of the rail head and cross-section, as well as the microstructure of the rails of the experimental batch showed compliance with the requirements of GOST R 51685-2013 for rails of categories DT350, DT370IK, DT350NN.Discussion and conclusion. It is shown that as a result of the application of differentiated thermal hardening of the rail using compressed air of controlled humidity as a quenching medium, a new category of DTO350NN rails was obtained, characterized by a favorable combination of strength properties, plasticity characteristics and brittle fracture resistance indicators. Rails of the new category can be recommended for use in particularly severe operating conditions (in curved sections of the track of a small radius at low temperatures), including on the roads of the Eastern Polygon.

Testing of micronized praziquantel and albendazole dosage forms against bothriocephalosis of cyprinids

The purpose of the research is to develop and test new dosage forms against bothriocephalosis of cyprinids.Materials and methods. The study was performed in the experimental therapy laboratory of the VNIIP – FSC VIEV, and on a cage fish farm of Cherepetsky Rybkhoz JSC (Suvorov, Tula Region). A formulation was developed for two micronized dosage forms of albendazole and praziquantel to prevent and treat cestodosis in fish, namely, micronized albendazole and micronized praziquantel. For experiments to test micronized dosage forms of the drugs against bothriocephalosis of cyprinids, medicated feeds were developed using a special technology with added hot water and beet molasses. Each medicated feed contained 2% of the praziquantel- and albendazole-based dosage form. To determine the infection of the fish with cestodes, carp yearlings were studied at Cherepetsky Rybkhoz JSC. Clinical examination and pathoanatomical dissection of the fish were conducted selectively using a common method, after which the prevalence and intensity of the Bothriocephalus sp. infection were determined in fish. The medicated feed was given at the rate of 5% of fish weight in the trays, and put into the feeders installed at the bottom of the trays. The first group of fish received the medicated food with micronized albendazole, and the second, with micronized praziquantel. The doses were 25 and 30 mg/kg for the active substance, respectively. The effectiveness of experimental batches of the medicated feeds with praziquantel and albendazole dosage forms was recorded by results of the helminthological dissection of all experimental and control fish on day 4 of the therapeutic feeding.Results and discussion. Preliminary tests of the micronized albendazole and praziquantel dosage forms in the medicated feeds showed a 58.3% extense-effectiveness with a 61.9% intense-effectiveness, and a 75.0% extense-effectiveness with a 88.1% intense-effectiveness when applied once at a dose of 5% of fish weight (doses of 25 and 30 mg/kg for the AS, respectively).

Substituting Fat with Olive Oil, Mash Potato, or a Gelatin Matrix in Low-Salt-Content Dry-Fermented Sausages.

It was investigated whether physicochemical properties and consumer perception of dry-fermented sausages were affected by the partial replacement of fat and salt by other compounds. A control batch and nine experimental batches, following 3 × 3 factorial design, were manufactured. The NaCl was replaced with of calcium lactate, magnesium chloride, or a blend 85% NaCl (sodium chloride) and 15% KCl (potassium chloride). The fat was partially substituted by olive oil, potato puree, or commercial gelatin. The pH, dry matter, fat content, free fatty acid content, peroxide index, microbial analysis, and tasting, were measured. Both fat type and slat type were affected to measured variables. In terms of moisture, gelatin would be the most recommendable substitute for fat, whereas KCL would be the better substitute for salt. The three oil batches and the potato-magnesium batches presented lower fat content than the control batch. Both the free fatty acid content and the peroxide values increased over the ripening time. At the end of the ripening, the three oil batches presented the highest values for free fatty acids, but there were no differences among the batches of peroxide index. Regarding bacterial counts, the potato-KCL batch was the most like the control batch. In visual appraisal, none of the scores of the measured variables were affected by the batch. Nevertheless, the batch of oil-magnesium would be purchased less than expected. The tasting quality was affected only by the salt type, but all of the batches were different from the control. Neither the gender (p > 0.05) nor the age (p > 0.05) of the respondents affected the taste scores, visual appraisal, or purchase intent. Results shows that the partial substitution of fat and salt in dry-fermented sausages is possible, even in greater percentages than those stated in the literature, without a detriment of sensory properties. Nevertheless, further experiments would be necessary to adjust the formulation, as well as to explore other possibilities.

Metallurgical Dust as an Adsorbent of Heavy Metal Ions from Washing Wastewater of Electroplating Industries

The problems of wastewater treatment of electroplating industries from heavy metal ions are considered . The prospects and relevance of the sorption method of purification are shown. The results of a study on the use of dust from metallurgical industries for the extraction of hexavalent chromium, zinc, copper, nickel, and cadmium ions from the washing water of galvanic productions are presented. The possibility of intensifying the deposition of suspension particles in a settling tank, the polymer bottom of which is equipped with electromagnets, is shown. The parameters of processing the extracted sediments into anticorrosive pigments have been determined. An experimental batch of MA-25 paint was prepared on the basis of pigment from sorption purification waste. The properties of the resulting coating were investigated and it was found that it complies with all the standards imposed on this brand of paint except for color.

Data Augmentation to Support Biopharmaceutical Process Development through Digital Models—A Proof of Concept

In recent years, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are gaining a wide market share as the most impactful bioproducts. The development of mAbs requires extensive experimental campaigns which may last several years and cost billions of dollars. Following the paradigm of Industry 4.0 digitalization, data-driven methodologies are now used to accelerate the development of new biopharmaceutical products. For instance, predictive models can be built to forecast the productivity of the cell lines in the culture in such a way as to anticipate the identification of the cell lines to be progressed in the scale-up exercise. However, the number of experiments that can be performed decreases dramatically as the process scale increases, due to the resources required for each experimental run. This limits the availability of experimental data and, accordingly, the applicability of data-driven methodologies to support the process development. To address this issue in this work we propose the use of digital models to generate in silico data and augment the amount of data available from real (i.e., in vivo) experimental runs, accordingly. In particular, we propose two strategies for in silico data generation to estimate the endpoint product titer in mAbs manufacturing: one based on a first principles model and one on a hybrid semi-parametric model. As a proof of concept, the effect of in silico data generation was investigated on a simulated biopharmaceutical process for the production of mAbs. We obtained very promising results: the digital model effectively supports the identification of high-productive cell lines (i.e., high mAb titer) even when a very low number of real experimental batches (two or three) is available.

Pre-formulation and Stability Study of 20-mcg Clonidine Hydrochloride Pediatric Capsules.

Clonidine hydrochloride is an antihypertensive, centrally acting α2 adrenergic agonist with various pediatric indications. For pediatric patients, 20-mcg clonidine hydrochloride capsules can be compounded from commercial tablets or from a pre-compounded titrated powder. These methods should be compared to ensure the best quality for the high-risk patients, and a beyond-use date should be established. Eight experimental batches were made from commercial tablets and 8 were made from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)-based titrated powders. Quality controls were performed to determine the best compounding protocol. Stability study was conducted on capsules compounded with the best method. Of 8 batches manufactured from commercial tablets, 7 were compliant for both clonidine mean content and content uniformity, whereas 7 of 8 batches manufactured from titrated powders were not. A clonidine loss during compounding was evidenced by surface sampling analyses. Clonidine hydrochloride 20-mcg capsules' mean content remained higher than 90% of initial content for 1 year when stored at 25°C with 60% relative humidity and protected from light. Commercial tablets should be preferred to 1% clonidine hydrochloride and MCC titrated powder made from the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Twenty-microgram clonidine hydrochloride capsules made from commercial tablets are stable for 1 year when stored under managed ambient storage condition.