Batch Cycle Research Articles

Online identification of a link function degradation model for solid oxide fuel cells under varying-load operation

Prognostic is a potential tool for improving the durability of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), which usually involves building a degradation model for prediction. However, the existing degradation models based on parallel constant operation datasets are inaccurate for integration with operation optimization and control problems of SOFCs under varying-load operation due to the nonuniform degradation behaviors. To address this issue, a link function degradation model is proposed, and its parameters are identified online with a cyclic batch identification procedure based on the maximum likelihood method, which provides results representing the degradation trend on a timescale of 103 h. The link function takes the form of an empirical function, which describes how operating parameters affect the degradation and is easy to integrate with control designs. The existence of the link function is proven on the varying-load experiment datasets of two flat-chip SOFCs because it statistically improves the prediction accuracy and stability compared with a constant degradation speed model. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the proposed identification procedure for time-varying degradation behaviors on the timescale of 104 h is also validated with 30,000-h simulation datasets.

Isopropanol-butanol-ethanol production by cell-immobilized vacuum fermentation

The Isopropanol-Butanol-Ethanol productivity by solventogenic clostridia can increase when cells are immobilized on low-cost, renewable fibrous materials; however, butanol inhibition imposes the need for dilute sugar solutions (less than40 g/L). To alleviate this problem, the in-situ vacuum product recovery technique was applied to recover IBE in repeated-batch cultivation of Clostridium beijerinckii DSM 6423 immobilized on sugarcane bagasse. Five repeated batch cycles were conducted in a 7-L bioreactor containing P2 medium (∼60 g/L glucose) and bagasse packed in 3D-printed concentric annular baskets. In three cycles, glucose was consumed by 86% on average, the IBE productivity was 0.35 g/L∙h or 30% and 17% higher relative to free- and immobilized (without vacuum)-cell cultures. Notably, the product stream contained 45 g/L IBE. However, the fermentation was unsatisfactory in two cycles. Finally, by inserting a fibrous bed with hollow annuli in a vacuum fermentation, this work introduces the concept of an internal-loop boiling-driven fibrous-bed bioreactor.

Exploiting the Potential of Supported Magnetic Nanomaterials as Fenton-Like Catalysts for Environmental Applications.

In recent years, the application of magnetic nanoparticles as alternative catalysts to conventional Fenton processes has been investigated for the removal of emerging pollutants in wastewater. While this type of catalyst reduces the release of iron hydroxides with the treated effluent, it also presents certain disadvantages, such as slower reaction kinetics associated with the availability of iron and mass transfer limitations. To overcome these drawbacks, the functionalization of the nanocatalyst surface through the addition of coatings such as polyacrylic acid (PAA) and their immobilization on a mesoporous silica matrix (SBA15) can be factors that improve the dispersion and stability of the nanoparticles. Under these premises, the performance of the nanoparticle coating and nanoparticle-mesoporous matrix binomials in the degradation of dyes as examples of recalcitrant compounds were evaluated. Based on the outcomes of dye degradation by the different functionalized nanocatalysts and nanocomposites, the nanoparticles embedded in a mesoporous matrix were applied for the removal of estrogens (E1, E2, EE2), accomplishing high removal percentages (above 90%) after the optimization of the operational variables. With the feasibility of their recovery in mind, the nanostructured materials represented a significant advantage as their magnetic character allows their separation for reuse in different successive sequential batch cycles.

Single-stage repeated batch cycles using co-culture of Enterobacter cloacae and purple non-sulfur bacteria for hydrogen production

Hydrogen production by biological routes is a sustainable alternative since it requires a low amount of energy for its products and can use renewable raw materials as substrates. The current work studied the production of hydrogen by photofermentation in a single stage using the co-culture of Enterobacter cloacae and one of the photosynthetic bacteria: Rhodobacter capsulatus or Rhodopseudomonas palustris. A combination of different groups of bacteria grown in a single bioreactor has the advantages of simple handling, reduced fermentation time, and high yield rates. Repeated batch cycle operations evaluating the influence of the addition of glucose or lactose from milk whey permeate (MWP) in an isolated or alternate manner were performed. The addition of glucose and MWP promoted maximum productivity of 319.35 mmol H2/L.day in 180 h of process, using the co-culture (1:1) of E. cloacae and R. capsulatus. Furthermore, the experimental run using E. cloacae and R. palustris reached 262.77 mmol H2/L.day (325 h). Besides, the highest organic acid concentration was of butyric acid, reaching 26.63 g/L in assay 6, followed by lactic acid (17.26 g/L) and acetic acid (11.60 g/L).

Stable and efficient self-sustained photoelectrochemical desalination based on CdS QDs/BiVO4 heterostructure

Herein, we propose a stable and efficient photo-driven electrochemical desalination technique without any external bias. The whole desalination process is driven by CdS quantum dots (QDs) sensitized BiVO4 photoanode, where I-/I3- redox couples are recirculated as the electrolyte. Two salt streams are sandwiched between the photoanode and cathode. The salt ions in desalted stream are continuously extracted by the redox reaction of I-/I3- electrolyte at their respective electrode chambers. The initial photocurrent of 2.58 mA/cm2 can be obtained in the present photoanode-assisted desalination device, which is much greater than the previous reported results. Besides, the electrical current of the photo-electricity conversion system is extremely stable in the current system. Within the four batch cycles, the variation of salt removal rate is as low as 2.3 μg/(cm2•min) without significant decay. The photoanode-electrolyte interface, charge separation and transportation are further investigated by photoluminescence, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Mott-Schottky analysis. The promising desalination performance can be attributed to the synergistic effect of CdS QDs and BiVO4 heterojunction which is applied in the field of solar-driven desalination for the first time. This work is significant for the design of high light-absorbing heterojunction photocatalysts for the dual functions of energy production and water desalination.

Effects of nickle, nickle-cobalt and nickle-cobalt-phosphorus nanocatalysts for enhancing biohydrogen production in microbial electrolysis cells using paper industry wastewater

Paper industries are water-intensive industries that produce large amount of wastewater containing dyes, toxicity and high nutrient content. These industries require sustainable technology for their waste disposal and MEC could be one of them. However, effective MEC operation at neutral pH and ambient temperature requires economical and efficient cathodes that are capable to treat indusial wastewater along with recovery of energy/biohydrogen. Co-deposits of Nickel, Nickel–Cobalt and Nickel–Cobalt–Phosphorous on the surface of SS and Cu base metals distinctly were used as cathodes in MEC for the concurrent treatment of real paper industry wastewater and biohydrogen production. MECs were utilized in batch mode at neutral pH, applied voltage of 0.6 V and 30 ± 2 °C temperature with paper industry wastewater and activated sludge as microbial sources. The fabricated Nickel–Cobalt–Phosphorous gives the higher hydrogen production rate of 0.16 ± 0.002 m3(H2) m−3d−1 and 0.14 ± 0.002 m3(H2) m −3d −1 respectively, with ~33–42 % treatment efficiency for a 500 ml wastewater in 7-day batch cycle in both the cases; while it is lowest in the case of the control cathodes (SS1 (0.07 ± 0.002 m3(H2) m−3d−1) & Cu1 (0.06 ± 0.004 m3(H2) m−3d−1)). It was also found that fabricated cathodes have the capability to treat industrial wastewater at ambient conditions efficiently with higher energy recovery. Prepared cathodes show enhanced hydrogen production and treatment efficiency as well as are competitive to some reported literature.

Enhancing biohydrogen production from sugar industry wastewater using Ni, Ni–Co and Ni–Co–P electrodeposits as cathodes in microbial electrolysis cells

Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) can be utilized for the simultaneous treatment of actual industry wastewater and biohydrogen production. However, efficient and cost-effective cathode, working at ambient conditions and neutral pH, are required to make the MEC as a sustainable technology. In this study, MEC with electrodeposited cathodes (co-deposits of Ni, Ni–Co and Ni–Co–P) were utilized to evaluate the treatment efficiency and hydrogen recovery of sugar industry wastewater. MECs operation was carried out at 30 ± 2 °C temperature in batch mode at an applied voltage of 0.6 V in neutral pH with sugar industry effluent (COD 4850 ± 50 mg L−1, BOD 1950 ± 20 mg L−1) and activated sludge as a source of microorganism. The Ni–Co–P electrodeposit on both cases achieved the maximum H2 production rate of 0.24 ± 0.005 m3(H2) m−3 d−1 and 0.21 ± 0.005 m3(H2) m−3 d−1 with ~50 % treatment efficiency for a 500 ml effluent in 7 days’ batch cycles. It was also found that fabricated cathodes can treat real wastewater efficiently with considerable energy recovery than previously reported literature. This study showed the potentiality of the real-time industrial effluents treatment and biohydrogen production near to ambient atmospheric conditions that emphasizes the waste to energy bio-electrochemical system.

Immobilization of Spathaspora passalidarum NRRL Y-27907 in Calcium Alginate Aiming the Production of Second-Generation Ethanol

The immobilization of S. passalidarum in calcium alginate beads for second-generation ethanol production (2G ethanol) was evaluated in a medium that simulated a hemicellulosic hydrolysate of sugarcane bagasse pretreated with diluted sulfuric acid in terms of sugar composition. Three sets of sequential batch fermentations (SBF) were carried out with free cells or immobilized cells in high (HSC) and moderate (MSC) initial sugar concentration (120 and 70 g/L, respectively). SBF were characterized by five consecutive batches performed in shaker, at 30 °C and 110 rpm. Better results were observed for the SBF with immobilized cells in MSC medium when compared to HSC (Y’P/S of 0.27 ± 0.02 and 0.19 ± 0.03 g/g, respectively), in the second batch cycle. The value for YP/S in MSC was similar to the obtained with free cells (0.30 ± 0.02 to 0.33 ± 0.02 g/g). However, QP was lower for MSC with immobilized cells, reaching 0.81 ± 0.04 g/L.h in the second batch, while for free cells the QP varied from 1.06 ± 0.02 to 1.16 ± 0.22 g/L.h. A technique for determining the concentration of immobilized cells in the alginate beads was applied, which made it possible to determine the specific rates for the SBF performed. According to the results obtained, it was possible to demonstrate that S. passalidarum can be immobilized in calcium alginate and reused through SBF, with performance similar to free cells, which can be a good strategy for fermentation of hemicellulosic hydrolysates.

Immobilization Screening and Characterization of an Alcohol Dehydrogenase and its Application to the Multi-Enzymatic Selective Oxidation of 1,-Omega-Diols

Alcohol dehydrogenase from Bacillus (Geobacillus) stearothermophilus (BsADH) is a NADH-dependent enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of alcohols, however its thermal and operational stabilities are too low for its long-term use under non-physiological conditions. Enzyme immobilizations emerges as an attractive tool to enhance the stability of this enzyme. In this work, we have screened a battery of porous carriers and immobilization chemistries to enhance the robustness of a His-tagged variant of BsADH. The selected carriers recovered close to 50% of the immobilized activity and increased enzyme stability from 3 to 9 times compared to the free enzyme. We found a trade-off between the half-life time and the specific activity as a function of the relative anisotropy values of the immobilized enzymes, suggesting that both properties are oppositely related to the enzyme mobility (rotational tumbling). The most thermally stable heterogeneous biocatalysts were coupled with a NADH oxidase/catalase pair co-immobilized on porous agarose beads to perform the batch oxidation of five different 1,ω-diols with in situ recycling of NAD+. Only when His-tagged BsADH was immobilized on porous glass functionalized with Fe3+, the heterogeneous biocatalyst oxidized 1, 5-pentanediol with a conversion higher than 50% after five batch cycles. This immobilized multi-enzyme system presented promising enzymatic productivities towards the oxidation of three different diols. Hence, this strategical study accompanied by a functional and structural characterization of the resulting immobilized enzymes, allowed us selecting an optimal heterogeneous biocatalyst and their integration into a fully heterogeneous multi-enzyme system.

Evaluation of electrical current production in microbial electrolysis cells fed with animal rendering wastewater

Anode-respiring bacteria (ARB) generate electrical current from the oxidation of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), primarily acetate, in microbial electrolysis cells (MECs). Animal rendering wastewater (RW) has high fat content, which under anaerobic conditions can yield acetate, making RW a potential feed for MECs. Yet, excess intermediate long chain fatty acids (LCFA) may limit conversion of LCFA and SCFA, and impact ARB activity. Here, we evaluated electrical current production in single-chamber MECs fed with RW. In RW-fed MECs, 34.26 ± 2.69% of the COD provided was converted to electrical current in an 80-day batch cycle. LCFA accumulated in RW-fed MECs, during which conversion of acetate to electrical current was limited. Diverse sulfate-reducing microorganisms were present in the anode biofilm in RW-fed MECs, whereas the genus Geobacter dominated in inoculum-only control MECs. Detection of H2-utilizing homoacetogens suggested some internal cycling of H2 produced at the cathode. Overall, this study shows that current production is possible from RW, but to be a viable process for RW treatment, further improvement in rates of COD conversion and current production is necessary along with identifying configurations and/or conditions in which the inhibitory effect of LCFA is reduced.

Comparative Study of Different Operation Modes of Microbial Fuel Cells Treating Food Residue Biomass.

Four multiple air–cathode microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were developed under the scope of using extracts from fermentable household food waste (FORBI) for the production of bioelectricity. The operation of the MFCs was assessed in batch mode, considering each cell individually. Τhe chemical oxygen demand (COD) efficiency was relatively high in all cases (>85% for all batch cycles) while the electricity yield was 20 mJ/gCOD/L of extract solution. The four units were then electrically connected as a stack, both in series and in parallel, and were operated continuously. Approximately 62% COD consumption was obtained in continuous stack operation operated in series and 67% when operated in parallel. The electricity yield of the stack was 2.6 mJ/gCOD/L of extract solution when operated continuously in series and 0.7 mJ/gCOD/L when operated continuously in parallel.

Optimization of aerobic dynamic discharge process for very rapid enrichment of polyhydroxyalkanoates-accumulating bacteria from activated sludge

The aerobic dynamic discharge (ADD) process has the potential to reduce the enrichment period of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)-accumulating bacteria in PHA production using mixed microbial cultures (MMCs). This study aimed to efficiently enrich PHA-accumulating bacteria from activated sludge within a fixed period of 2 d by optimizing operating conditions of the ADD process. Based on the results, enrichment with separate feeding of carbon and nutrients in the feast and famine phases, respectively, and a settling duration of 10 min after the feast phase in the sequencing batch cycle for 12 h was found to be optimal. The MMC enriched at optimum conditions could store as much as 68.4 wt% of PHA. Dechloromonas and Zoogloea were identified as potential PHA-accumulating bacteria responsible for enhancing PHA accumulation ability in the enriched MMC. The optimized ADD process will facilitate the consecutive use of daily generated waste activated sludge for PHA production.

Succinic anhydride-based chemical modification making laccase@Cu3(PO4)2 hybrid nanoflowers robust in removing bisphenol A in wastewater.

To prepare a robust biocatalyst and enhance the removal of bisphenol A in wastewater, succinic anhydride was reacted with laccase to obtain succinic anhydride-modified laccase (SA-laccase) and then co-crystallized with Cu3(PO4)2 to form SA-laccase@Cu3(PO4)2 hybrid nanoflowers (hNFs). The activity of SA-laccase@Cu3(PO4)2 reached 5.27 U/mg, 1.86-, 2.88- and 2.15-fold those of bare laccase@Cu3(PO4)2, laccase@Ca3(PO4)2 and laccase@epoxy resin, respectively. Compared with free laccase, the obtained hNFs present enhanced activity and tolerance to pH and high temperature in the removal of BPA. Under the optimum conditions of pH 6.0 and 35 °C, BPA removal reached 93.2% using SA-laccase@Cu3(PO4)2 hNFs, which was 1.21-fold of that using free laccase. In addition, the obtained SA-laccase@Cu3(PO4)2 hNFs retained nearly 90% of their initial catalytic activity for BPA removal after 8 consecutive batch cycles. This efficient method for preparing immobilized laccase can also be further developed and improved to acquire green biocatalysts for removing persistent organic pollutants in wastewater.

Quality prediction for multi-grade batch process using sparse flexible clustered multi-task learning

Data-driven quality prediction methods are widely used in industrial chemical plants. However, it is often difficult to develop prediction models for multi-grade batch processes. Two major issues need to be considered when developing high-accuracy models. The first is the unavailability of sufficient data to create models for each grade of these processes. The other is that each batch cycle typically has an excessive number of explanatory variables. This paper proposes two methods to predict the quality of products manufactured in these multi-batch processes in chemical plants. These methods combine the features of two techniques: the first is a flexible clustered multi-task learning method, which utilizes data from other grades effectively to create high-performance quality prediction models with a small amount of data. This is useful when more data are available for the other grades. The other is a sparsity technique to overcome the high-dimensionality problem of input features. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is demonstrated on a numerical dataset, and finally applied to data generated during an actual industrial blow molding process.

A fluidized-bed reactor for enhanced mass transfer and increased performance in thermally regenerative batteries for low-grade waste heat recovery

A thermally regenerative battery with a fluidized-bed reactor design (TRB-FB) is developed to enhance mass transfer and promote battery performance. The results demonstrate that the fluidized-bed design induces highly efficient mass transfer and improves the battery performance considerably. Comparative tests show that the highest power density (11.6 W m−2), total charge (274.6 C), and energy density based on the anolyte volume (834.2 Wh m−3) are obtained with the TRB-FB. Moreover, reversibility testing over successive cycles reveals that the TRB-FB generates a relatively stable power output over 15 batch cycles. Although a decreased particle diameter induces better fluidization, highly efficient mass transfer, and improved performance, an exceedingly small particle diameter results in decreased fluidization and a significant dip in battery performance. The optimal particle diameter is determined to be 187.5 μm. In addition, increasing the stirring rate within a certain range further enhances mass transfer and promotes battery performance.

Inulinase immobilisation in PAA/PEG composite for efficient fructooligosaccharides production

Inulinase was immobilised by entrapment method in polyacrylamide/polyethylene glycol composite and evaluated for its efficiency for short-chain fructooligosaccharides (3–6 degrees of polymerisation) production in batch hydrolysis system. Aqueous two-phase polymerisation technique was used to synthesise the composite, where aqueous polyethylene glycol 1000 containing the enzyme was used as dispersant with ammonium persulfate as initiator. The characteristics of free and immobilised inulinase were investigated and compared, and the results showed shift of pH and temperature optimum and change in stability caused by the immobilisation material. The immobilised preparation retained 50% of its initial activity after 20 successive batch cycles of 1 h each. The conversion degree of highly polymerised inulin to fructooligosaccharides (3–6 degrees of polymerisation) was 36% when using 30% PAA/PEG, w/v. Highlights ATPS extracted inulinase was effectively immobilised in PAA/PEG composite. Immobilised enzyme showed good pH and thermal stability. Immobilised catalyst presents good retention of activity after 20 reuses. The entrapped enzyme is effective in producing FOS with the DP from 3 to 6 with proved prebiotic activities. The optimum conditions for batch operating mode were: 2% (w/v) inulin, 30% (w/v) PAA/PEG composite, pH = 4.4 and T = 40ºC.

Ameliorated hydrogen production through integrated dark-photo fermentation in a flat plate photobioreactor: Mathematical modelling and optimization of energy efficiency

Biohydrogen production through ‘one-pot’ integration of the dark fermentative and photofermentative routes has become one of the most researched versions of the bioprocess. Present investigation experimentally and mathematically assessed the performance of a single stage integrated dark-photo (SSIDP) biohydrogen production system focusing on amelioration of hydrogen yield and energy conversion efficiency (ECE) through optimization. Dark fermentative C. acetobutylicum and photofermentative Rhodopseudomonas sp. were combined in a flat plate photobioreactor (FPPBR) and operated adopting a ‘batch – repeated batch cycle’ strategy for biohydrogen production for the first time. Hydrogen yield and ECE were optimized with respect to the ratio of the photo- to dark- fermentative bacteria (P:D), the fraction of medium removed and refilled during operation (γ) and intensity of light (I) by using the statistical tool response surface methodology (RSM). Maximum cumulative hydrogen of 4.44 mol H2/mol glucose was produced from the operation of the SSIDP FPPBR under optimal condition (P:D (2:1), γ (0.1), I (90 W/m2)). The optimum yield was almost 2.24 times higher than the yield (1.98 mol H2/mol glucose) obtained from batch operation of the FPPBR using same quantity of glucose and optimum values of P:D and I. ECE of the optimally operated FPPBR in batch - repeated batch cycle mode (45.31%) was also enhanced by the same factor (2.24) in comparison to that (20.20%) obtained from the batch operation. Switch over to the batch – repeated batch cycle strategy from the batch mode operation led to attainment of 2.96 fold (196.75%) increment on overall energy conversion efficiency. A deterministic mathematical model has been developed for a priori prediction of the profiles of the substrate and products of the SSIDP FPPBR system. Reasonably high degree of agreement between the predicted and experimental data confirmed the validity and adequacy of the evaluative power of the developed model.

Influence of Nickel molybdate nanocatalyst for enhancing biohydrogen production in microbial electrolysis cell utilizing sugar industrial effluent

Biohydrogen production in Microbial Electrolysis Cell (MEC) had inspired the researchers to overcome the challenges associated towards sustainability. Despite microbial community and various substrates, economical cathode catalyst development is most significant factor for enhancing hydrogen production in the MEC. Hence, in this study, the performance of MEC was investigated with a sugar industry effluent (COD 4200 ± 20 mg/L) with graphite anode and modified Nickel foam (NF) cathode. Nickel molybdate (NiMoO4) coated NF achieved a higher hydrogen production rate 0.12 ± 0.01 L.L−1D−1 as compared to control under favorable conditions. Electrochemical characterizations demonstrated that the improved catalytic activity of novel nanocatalyst with lower impedance favoring faster hydrogen evolution kinetics. The MEC with the novel catalyst performed with 58.2% coloumbic efficiency, 20.36% cathodic hydrogen recovery, 11.96% overall hydrogen recovery and 54.38% COD removal efficiency for a 250 mL substrate during 5 days’ batch cycle. Hence, the potentiality of modified cathode was established with the real time industrial effluent highlighting the waste to wealth bio-electrochemical technology.

Trehalose as an osmolyte in Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis

Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis is an important microorganism for enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). In a previous study, we found a remarkable flexibility regarding salinity, since this same microorganism could thrive in both freshwater- and seawater-based environments, but the mechanism for the tolerance to saline conditions remained unknown. Here, we identified and described the role of trehalose as an osmolyte in Ca. Accumulibacter phosphatis. A freshwater-adapted culture was exposed to a single batch cycle of hyperosmotic and hypo-osmotic shock, which led to the release of trehalose up to 5.34 mg trehalose/g volatile suspended solids (VSS). Long-term adaptation to 30% seawater-based medium in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) gave a stable operation with complete anaerobic uptake of acetate and propionate along with phosphate release of 0.73 Pmol/Cmol, and complete aerobic uptake of phosphate. Microbial analysis showed Ca. Accumulibacter phosphatis clade I as the dominant organism in both the freshwater- and seawater-adapted cultures (> 90% presence). Exposure of the seawater-adapted culture to a single batch cycle of hyperosmotic incubation and hypo-osmotic shock led to an increase in trehalose release upon hypo-osmotic shock when higher salinity is used for the hyperosmotic incubation. Maximum trehalose release upon hypo-osmotic shock was achieved after hyperosmotic incubation with 3× salinity increase relative to the salinity in the SBR adaptation reactor, resulting in the release of 11.9 mg trehalose/g VSS. Genome analysis shows the possibility of Ca. Accumulibacter phosphatis to convert glycogen into trehalose by the presence of treX, treY, and treZ genes. Addition of trehalose to the reactor led to its consumption, both during anaerobic and aerobic phases. These results indicate the flexibility of the metabolism of Ca. Accumulibacter phosphatis towards variations in salinity.Key points• Trehalose is identified as an osmolyte in Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis.• Ca. Accumulibacter phosphatis can convert glycogen into trehalose.• Ca. Accumulibacter phosphatis clade I is present and active in both seawater and freshwater.

Battery incremental capacity curve extraction by a two-dimensional Luenberger–Gaussian-moving-average filter

Incremental capacity analysis is a popular tool for the evaluation of state-of-health in battery management. In digital systems, the incremental capacity is generally approximated with the ratio of the capacity difference to voltage difference (ΔQ∕ΔV), which unavoidably amplifies measurement noises. To enhance its resilience against noises and improve the estimation accuracy, a two-dimensional filter is designed by employing historical information from both time and batch (cycle) directions inspired by batch-wise repetitiveness of the incremental capacity trajectories. Specifically, in the batch direction, a Luenberger observer is utilised to provide a batch-to-batch smoothing at the beginning of each charging cycle, while in the time direction, a bias-corrected Gaussian moving average filter is applied to smooth the incremental capacity value with respect to the voltage at every sampling time. Experimental results show that the root-mean-square-error of the proposed filter is 50% lower than the benchmark algorithms, and the noise sensitivity is significantly reduced by 93%. When using incremental capacity peaks extracted from the proposed filter for state-of-health modelling, the width of the 99% confidence interval would be narrowed by 45%. Moreover, the model-free nature of the proposed method enables its application to different batteries, paving a reliable way for effective battery health assessment.