Batch Conditions Research Articles

Biocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of (S)‐1‐[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethanol by an Immobilized KRED in Batch and Flow Conditions

AbstractBoth enantiomers of 1‐(3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)‐ethanol (BTPE) constitute important building‐blocks for the synthesis of active pharmaceuticals ingredients (APIs). The reduction of 3’,5’‐bis(trifluoromethyl)acetophenone (BTAP) performed with soluble and immobilized ketoreductases (KREDs) can be considered as one of the most efficient routes to produce enantiopure BTPE. In the present work, a commercial KRED was employed as biocatalyst after undergoing immobilization processes and it proved to be extremely efficient in the asymmetric synthesis of (S)‐BTPE. The immobilization was studied on a set of different commercially available supports. The best results were obtained with samples immobilized via covalent interaction on short chain amino‐functionalized support. Two reaction parameters, temperature, and solvent were optimized in the biocatalytic reduction of BTAP in batch conditions. A 90 : 10 (v/v) 2‐propanol (IPA): water solvent system and 30 °C proved to be the best reaction conditions in terms of substrate conversion and easy recovery of the product by simple solvent evaporation. Biotransformations were then performed in a flow system under optimized reaction conditions obtaining with most samples complete conversion after 24 hours and excellent enantiomeric excess (>99.9 %). Finally, the reusability of the immobilized biocatalyst was successfully tested in five consecutive reaction cycles, demonstrating the potential of this approach.

Sorption of cesium from strongly alkaline solutions on a modi ed ferrocyanide sorbent «fersal»

The sorption of cesium from solutions of sodium and potassium nitrates, sodium hydroxide, and also from a model solution simulating alkaline high-level waste (HLW) of FSUE PO «Mayak» on various resorcinolformaldehyde sorbents (RFS), on sorbent based on a boron-containing polymer of the Clevasol brand and on sorbent of the Fersal brand based on modi ed nickel ferrocyanide was studied under batch conditions. It is shown that in all the media studied, the Fersal sorbent has the best sorption-selective characteristics with respect to cesium. During the sorption of cesium from a model solution of HLW under dynamic conditions, the volume of the passed solution to 1% breakthrough for the Fersal sorbent is 127 bed volumes (b.v.). The puri cation resource of the other studied sorbents is 3-4 times less. Desorption of cesium from the Fersal sorbent can be carried out by passing 9-10 b.v. 7.5 mol/dm3 HNO3, however, in this case, the sorbent granules are destroyed, which does not allow it to be reused. It is concluded that the Fersal sorbent is the most promising for the treatment of alkaline HLW.

Membrane bioreactor assisted volatile fatty acids production from agro-industrial residues for ruminant feed application

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) supplementation in ruminants’ diet as a source of energy and chemical precursors and their effect on animal’s physiology and well-being has long been of scientific interest. Production of VFAs through anaerobic digestion of agro-industrial residues not only creates value but also presents an alternative sustainable approach for ruminant feed supplementation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the bioconversion of agro-industrial residues produced in large quantities such as apple pomace (AP), thin stillage (Ts), and potato protein liquor (PPL) to VFAs, fully complying to regulations set for ruminant feed supplement production. In this regard, batch acidogenic fermentation assays (pH 6–10) and semi-continuous immersed membrane bioreactor (iMBR) were applied. In batch assays, at pH 10 the co-digestion of Ts and PPL produced the highest VFAs concentration (14.2 g/L), indicating a yield of 0.85 g CODVFAs/g volatile solids (VS)added. The optimum batch condition was then applied in the iMBR for in situ fermentation and recovery of VFAs at different organic loading rates (OLR). With increasing the OLR to 3.7 gVS/L.day, the highest VFAs concentration of 28.6 g/L (1,2 g CODVFAs /gVSadded) was achieved. Successful long-term (114 days) membrane filtration was conducted in a media with a maximum of 40 g/L of total solids (TS), facing irreversible membrane fouling in the final stages. Acidogenic fermentation using an iMBR has the potential to play an important role in the future of feed additive provision through the biorefining of agro-industrial wastes via the carboxylate platform, given the role of VFAs production from organic residues.

Adsorption of toxic dye using red seaweeds from synthetic aqueous solution and its application to industrial wastewater effluents

This study investigated the potential application of dried powder from red seaweed Pterocladia capillacea as an eco-friendly adsorbent for removing Crystal Violet Dye (CV dye) from a synthetic solution. The adsorption conditions for the adsorbent were determined, in batch conditions, by changing different experimental parameters such as initial CV dye concentrations (5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg L–1), contact time (15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min.), adsorbent doses (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 g), temperature (25, 35, 45, and 55°C), and pH (3, 5, 7, 9, and 11). The adsorption mechanisms of CV dye onto the P. capillacea biomass were examined using various analytical techniques such as FTIR, BET, UV–Visible, and SEM. These characterizations suggest the average BET surface area of P. capillacea was 87.17 m2 g–1 and a pore volume of 0.10368 cc g−1. Moreover, according to the FTIR study, the dye has been deposited inside the adsorbent’s pores after adsorption. The adsorption behavior of the adsorbent was investigated by performing both kinetic and equilibrium isothermal studies in batch conditions at 25°C. Also, the thermodynamic factors showed the exothermic nature and physisorption of the adsorption process, which tends to be spontaneous at lower temperatures. In addition, Langmuir, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Freundlich, and Tempkin isotherm models were selected to evaluate the adsorption of CV dye on P. capillacea. The equilibrium adsorption data were best represented by the Freundlich, indicating multilayer adsorption on the heterogeneous surface. The qe experiment and calculation values for the Pseudo-Second-Order and interparticle diffusion kinetic models were determined. The results showed that, under optimum conditions P. capillacea exhibited 98% removal of CV dye from synthetic wastewater. Moreover, it will help to regenerate the adsorbents that can be reused to adsorb CV dye ions and develop a successful adsorption process. Finally, this study concluded that the dried powdered form of P. capillacea is an attractive source for adsorbing CV dye from aqueous solution.

Biochar impacts on soil nitrogen and carbon dynamics in a Spodosol amended with biosolids and inorganic fertilizer.

Despite evidence suggesting that biochar can retain nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N), and reduce the risks of transport, research on the co-application of biochar with organic and inorganic fertilizer sources is limited. Three laboratory studies (herein referred to as static incubation, column leaching, and batch sorption) were conducted to evaluate the impacts of two biochar materials [pine and grass biochar generated at temperatures of 800 and 400°C, respectively] on N and carbon (C) dynamics in soils amended with different N sources (ammonium nitrate, Class B, and Class AA biosolids). Nitrogen sources were applied at an equivalent rate of 180 kg N ha-1 while biochar was applied at a 1% (w/w) rate. Biochar effects on soil N and C dynamics were variable and dependent on biochar and N source. Negligible but significant effect of pine biochar in reducing NH4 leaching was observed; however, both biochar materials were ineffective in reducing NO3 or inorganic N leaching. Reductions in leachate NH4 by pine biochar were attributed to relative greater ability of this material to retain NH4 than grass biochar. Both biochar materials exhibited no ability to sorb NO3. Similarly, biochars had no effect on soil N2O emissions. Class B biosolids resulted in greater N leaching and soil N2O emission compared to other fertilizers. This response was likely due to inherently high levels of inorganic N and moisture, which possibly favored denitrification. Further research is warranted to better understand the underlying mechanisms controlling soil N and C dynamics responses to co-application with fertilizer sources. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Adsorptive Removal of Rhodamine B Dye from Aqueous Solutions Using Mineral Materials as Low-Cost Adsorbents

In this work, the potential adsorption abilities of mineral materials such as zeolite (Ze), halloysite (Ha), chalcedonite (Ch), and Devonian sand (DS) used as low-cost resources for the removal of Rhodamine B (RhB) from aqueous solutions were investigated in batch conditions. Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium and the effect of solution reaction (pH) were studied. Adsorption kinetic data were analyzed using two kinetic models: pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. Adsorption kinetics was better represented by the pseudo-second-order model. Equilibrium data were analyzed by the Freundlich, Langmuir, and Sips isotherms. The results show that equilibrium data fit well with the Freundlich equilibrium. Monolayer maximum adsorption capacities of RhB were assumed at 6.964, 4.252, 2.701, and 0.349 mg/g for Ze, Ha, Ch, and DS, respectively. Adsorption was strongly pH-dependent. The maximum RhB adsorption on all tested materials was observed at pH = 2.2 and decreased with further pH increase. The results of these investigations suggest that natural materials represented by certain minerals have a good potential for the removal of Rhodamine B from aqueous solutions.Graphical

Antiviral capacity of sanitizers against infectious viruses in process water from the produce industry under batch and continuous conditions

Antiviral capacity of sanitizers against infectious viruses in process water from the produce industry under batch and continuous conditions

Valorization of Peanut and Walnut Shells through Utilisation as Biosorbents for the Removal of Textile Dyes from Water

The present research focuses on the application of peanut and walnut shells, in their natural state, for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from water solutions in batch and dynamic (flow-through) conditions. Under batch conditions, at a 100 mg/L MB concentration of aqueous solution, the optimum dose of the studied biosorbents was determined to be 2.5 g/L, reaching about 95–97% efficiency of MB removal for both materials. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to model and evaluate the experimental data under different initial concentrations of MB (25 to 100 mg/L). The determined maximum adsorption capacities are 41.50 mg/g for walnut shells and 46.80 mg/g for peanut shells. Under flow-through conditions, breakthrough curves are determined for three sizes of fractions (<0.25 mm, 0.315–0.5 mm, and 0.8–1.6 mm). For peanut shells, the smaller the particle size, the higher the adsorption capacity and the column breakthrough time. For walnut shells, however, the particle size seems to have a more complex influence on the adsorption process parameters, and this phenomenon deserves future investigation. The adsorption capacity for one and the same fraction size of 0.315–0.5 mm and initial MB concentration of 50 mg/L is higher under dynamic flow conditions, i.e., 51 mg/g compared to 20 mg/g for walnut shells and 46 mg/g compared to 17.5 mg/g for peanut shells.

Thermodynamic description of CO2 hydrates production in aqueous systems containing NH4Cl; evaluation of NH4+ removal from water via spectrophotometric analysis

Similar to ice, the crystalline structure of hydrates does not involve contaminants diffused in the aqueous phase. In this study, carbon dioxide hydrates were formed in demineralised water mixed with ammonium chloride, at concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 14.9 wt%. The experiments aimed to establish if the formation of hydrates could be considered a suitable option for NH4+ removal from water. Hydrates were formed in excess of water and into a small – scale reactor, in batch conditions. The effect of electrolytes on the process thermodynamics was defined and compared with the ideal trend for CO2 hydrates.Finally, hydrate samples were processed via spectrophotometric analyses to detect the lowering of NH4+ concentration in the hydrate phase, thus proving the selectivity of the process and definitively establish its viability for NH4+ removal from water.

Assessing the potential of ultraviolet irradiation for inactivating waterborne fungal spores: kinetics and photoreactivation studies

Ultraviolet disinfection has been extensively studied in recent years, especially in bacteria; however, there are still insufficient studies in fungal spores. Moreover, most studies use static batch reactors instead of continuous flow reactors, which are used mainly at the industrial scale. In the present work, the inactivation and reactivation characteristics of two species of filamentous fungi were studied using a single-pass flow-through UV-C reactor (FTR). For this purpose, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. spores were suspended in water and circulated through the reactor at different UV-C doses. The effects on inactivation and reactivation after 24 in either light or dark conditions were studied. The two fungal strains studied show different UV-C treatment resistance and damage repair capacity. With the experimented FTR system, an inactivation efficiency of up to 2 log units (99% removal) was achieved with doses of 220.1 ± 24.3 mJ cm−2 in the case of Aspergillus niger and 123.8 ± 6.3 mJ cm−2 in the case of Penicillium sp. The effect of dark repair is negligible, while the photoreactivation process is relevant in the case of Penicillium sp., since D2 increased by 53.8% just after UV-C exposure due to photoreactivation. In general, A. niger is more UV-C resistant than Penicillium sp.; however, the latter has a greater capacity to photoreactivate.

Static adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin using titanium dioxide/hydroxyapatite nanoparticles based on sea scallop shells.

The objective of this study is to investigate the efficiency of two processes for the amoxicillin removal through static (batch) adsorption and photocatalytic degradation onto the prepared samples. Three solid materials as photocatalyst and/or adsorbent were synthesized viz. nanotitanium dioxide (NT) prepared by the sol-gel method, scallop shells-based nanohydroxyapatite (NP), and nanotitanium dioxide/nanohydroxyapatite composite (NTP). The physicochemical and morphological properties of the prepared samples were tested by TGA, XRD, DRS, ATR-FTIR, nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm, zeta potential, SEM, and TEM. The major operational conditions were optimized for catalyst or adsorbent mass, pH, shaking time, initial amoxicillin (AMX) concentration, power of UV lamp, and temperature. The results illuminated that NTP achieved the highest adsorption capacity (88.46mg/g) at 20 ℃ and AMX adsorption onto all the solid materials was well applied by Langmuir, Temkin, pseudo-second order, and Elovich models. The maximum desorption percent (98%) was attained by acetone. The degradation percent of AMX reached 85.3 and 99.5% for NT and NTP, respectively, using 0.9g/L of catalyst dosage through 90min. AMX photodegradation onto the catalysts' surface was well fitted by Langmuir-Hinshelwood, Arrhenius, and Eyring-Polanyi models with endothermic, physical, and nonspontaneous nature of photocatalysis process. NTP acts as a promising adsorbent and photocatalyst for the antibiotics' removal in wastewater.

Batch and Continuous Column Adsorption of p-Nitrophenol onto Activated Carbons with Different Particle Sizes

The study focused on investigating the solvent adsorption of p-Nitrophenol (PNP) onto activated carbons for wastewater treatment. It explored the influence of adsorbate concentration and adsorbent size on equilibrium isotherms and removal rates to develop efficient adsorption processes. The study examined adsorption isotherms under equilibrium conditions utilizing both the Langmuir and Double-Langmuir models and the Dubinin–Radushkevich equation. Remarkably, all the models demonstrated equally excellent fitting to the experimental data. Kinetics of PNP adsorption were investigated using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models. This provided insights into the dominant adsorption mechanism and mass transfer phenomena, aiding the design of efficient wastewater treatment processes. Strong correlations (correlation coefficients > 0.9) were found between the models and experimental data for three types of activated carbons under batch conditions. This validation enhances the reliability and applicability of the models, supporting their practical use. The study also observed a slight increase in maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) with decreasing particle size, although there is not a significant difference: 340, 350, and 365 mg·g−1, for CB-L, CB-M, and CB-S, respectively. This insight helps in selecting appropriate activated carbon for effective PNP removal, considering both adsorption capacity and particle size. Furthermore, the analysis of PNP adsorption under dynamic conditions in fixed-bed columns highlighted the significance of inlet velocity and carbon mass in determining breakthrough time, with particle size playing a secondary role. This information aids in optimizing the design and operation of fixed-bed adsorption systems for efficient PNP removal. In summary, this study’s significant contributions lie in enhancing our understanding of PNP adsorption in wastewater treatment. By investigating equilibrium isotherms, kinetics, and mass transfer phenomena, it provides validated models, insights into adsorption capacity and particle size, and practical guidance for dynamic adsorption systems. These findings contribute to the development of efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment methods.

Chemoselective Nitro Reduction Using Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon‐Encapsulated Ni Catalyst and Y‐Type Packed Bed Column for Continuous Flow Reaction

AbstractSelective reduction of nitro‐containing arenes and heteroarenes was achieved in 5 minutes at room temperature utilizing inexpensive NaBH4 as a hydrogen source and a newly developed Ni@N−C catalyst, obtained via a simple carbon coating process without the need for an external carbon source. A wide variety of nitro derivatives, including pharmaceutical molecules, was successfully reduced to the corresponding amines in yields ranging from 45% to 99% using the Ni@N−C catalyst under general batch conditions. The reactivity and selectivity of the nitro reduction were further enhanced by a continuous flow reaction system, especially when a newly designed Y‐type column was used, and the Osimertinib intermediate was produced on gram scale after 24 hours without any nickel metal contamination or silica gel chromatography purification.

Investigation of the Main Parameters Influencing the Kinetics of an Ammonia Stripping Plant Treating Swine Digestate

Ammonia stripping is a consolidated technology that can be adopted to reduce the excessive content of nitrogen in the digestate, thus allowing its reuse as fertilizer within the maximum nitrogen loads set by regulations. In this work, the role of the main operational parameters (airflow and temperature) was assessed on a pilot bubble reactor treating a swine-based digestate, under batch conditions. A kinetic model was developed to correlate temperature, airflow and the ammonia removal yield. Varying the temperature from 60 to 70 °C and the airflow rate from 30 to 60 m3air h−1 m−3digestate, the performance of the plant was measured at different reaction times. The process was favored by the spontaneous pH increase over 10, without basifying agent addition. The lowest removal efficiency (50%) was recorded at 60 °C and 30 m3air h−1 m−3digestate. A removal efficiency higher than 80% was reached running the process at 70 °C and 45 or 60 m3air h−1 m−3digestate. Performance curves were than developed as a practical tool to identify the operating conditions leading to a desired nitrogen removal rate: for instance, under the most severe conditions, up to 80% ammoniacal nitrogen could be removed in about 10 h. Though the obtained results are valid for the treated digestate, the experimental methodology as well as the mathematical model could be replicated in other case studies, thus allowing the amelioration of the process operation.

CO2 adsorption-desorption in batch and continuous conditions by using a nano-fibrous polyacrylonitrile radiation grafted adsorbent under response surface methodology

This research presents a comprehensive study on the modification of polymer nanofibers. Polyacrylonitrile nanofibers were prepared from industrial polyacrylonitrile (PAN) material using electrospinning. Then, the grafting of glycidyl methacrylate monomer on the PAN surface was successfully performed using the radiation grafting method. Also, the modification procedure was carried out using the amination approach with ethanolamine (EA). The influence of essential parameters for adsorbent synthesis, including radiation dose (10–50 kGy), monomer concentration (0–50 %), and ethanolamine concentration (0–100 %), was examined using the response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design (CCD) approach. The synthesis results showed that the optimal adsorbent (NF-PAN/Rad/GMA/EA) showed a maximum bond degree (DG %) equal to 323.45 %, and a degree of amination (DA %) equal to 170.88 %. The highest adsorption capacity with NF-PAN/Rad/GMA/EA adsorbent equal to 3.23 mmol/g was obtained under ambient conditions, a flow rate of 100 ml/min, and a concentration of 5 % CO2. The highest fit was obtained with the Pseudo-second-order model in evaluating the traditional adsorption model. The Langmuir isotherm showed that the adsorption process is performed as a monolayer on the adsorbent surface. The recovery of NF-PAN/Rad/GMA/EA adsorbent at 80 °C and a low time of 15 min confirm the applicability of this novel adsorbent.

Age dating of liquid 90Sr–90Y sources

In the context of age dating of 90Sr, the selective adsorption of zirconium ions from the mixture with strontium and yttrium by adsorbents based on TiO2 with a chemically modified surface was investigated. The general features of the separation process of strontium, yttrium, and zirconium in batch conditions were determined. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to analyze the initial and residual concentrations of the studied cations. Separation of 90Zr and 90Sr from a liquid source containing 90Sr–90Y using adsorbents based on TiO2 was performed for the first time. The ratio of 90Zr/90Sr was measured, and the age of liquid 90Sr–90Y sources was determined. In addition, we studied the age dating of 90Sr–90Y sources using a combination of liquid-scintillation counting of 90Sr and ICP-MS measurement. The results of both methods – the method of age-dating with the chemical separation of isotopes and the combination of LSC and ICP-MS analysis – agree very well and thus serve for cross-validation. Moreover, the combination of the two methods increases the confidence in the age-dating results of 90Sr–90Y sources.

Biosynthesis and properties of polyhydroxyalkanoates synthesized from mixed C5 and C6 sugars obtained from hardwood hydrolysis

Glucose and xylose are fermentable sugars readily available from lignocellulosic biomass, and are a sustainable carbon substrate supporting industrial biotechnology. Three strains were assessed in this work – Paraburkholderia sacchari, Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava, and Bacillus megaterium – for their ability to uptake both C5 and C6 sugars contained in a hardwood hydrolysate produced via a thermomechanical pulping-based process with concomitant production of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) biopolymers. In batch conditions, B. megaterium showed poor growth after 12 h, minimal uptake of xylose throughout the cultivation, and accumulated a maximum of only 25 % of the dry biomass as PHA. The other strains simultaneously utilized both sugars, although glucose uptake was faster than xylose. From hardwood hydrolysate, P. sacchari accumulated 57 % of its biomass as PHA within 24 h, whereas H. pseudoflava achieved an intracellular PHA content of 84 % by 72 h. The molecular weight of the PHA synthesized by H. pseudoflava (520.2 kDa) was higher than that of P. sacchari (265.5 kDa). When the medium was supplemented with propionic acid, the latter was rapidly consumed by both strains and incorporated as 3-hydroxyvalerate subunits into the polymer, demonstrating the potential for production of polymers with improved properties and value. H. pseudoflava incorporated 3-hydroxyvalerate subunits with at least a 3-fold higher yield, and produced polymers with higher 3-hydroxyvalerate content than P. sacchari. Overall, this work has shown that H. pseudoflava can be an excellent candidate for bioconversion of lignocellulosic sugars to PHA polymers or copolymers as part of an integrated biorefinery.

Removal of lead and copper ions from geothermal brine at various temperatures and salinities using chemically crosslinked chitosan

The control of mineral precipitation is a major challenge in several industry segments such as geothermal energy. In this study, the focus was on the prevention of lead and copper containing precipitations from geothermal fluids as frequently found at geothermal sites exploiting sedimentary basins such as from Rotliegend formations. A filter-material was applied to remove scale-forming heavy metal ions from the fluid and thus lowering the concentration of respective minerals below saturation. The filter-material was based on the cheap and abundant biopolymer chitosan and as such is easily available and environmentally harmless. The adsorption performance of lead and copper was investigated under various temperature and salinity conditions. The used synthetic solutions of the heavy metals contained also NaCl or CaCl2 as matrix electrolyte to take into account the salinity of geothermal fluids from sedimentary reservoirs. The obtained results from adsorption experiments showed that the concentration of lead and copper in the fluid could be lowered considerably in static batch tests as well as in dynamic flow-through tests over an extended time period. The adsorption rate increased towards higher temperatures when varied between 25 °C and 70 °C. However, despite chemical crosslinking the chitosan adsorption material exhibits a limited thermal stability with the adsorption performance deteriorating at elevated temperatures.

Fibrous TiO2 Alternatives for Semiconductor-Based Catalysts for Photocatalytic Water Remediation Involving Organic Contaminants.

Water decontamination remains a challenge in several developed and developing countries. Affordable and efficient approaches are needed urgently. In this scenario, heterogeneous photocatalysts appear as one of the most promising alternatives. This justifies the extensive attention that semiconductors, such as TiO2, have gained over the last decades. Several studies have evaluated their efficiency for environmental applications; however, most of these tests rely on the use of powder materials that have minimal to no applicability for large-scale applications. In this work, we investigated three fibrous TiO2 photocatalysts, TiO2 nanofibers (TNF), TiO2 on glass wool (TGW), and TiO2 in glass fiber filters (TGF). All materials have macroscopic structures that can be easily separated from solutions or that can work as fixed beds under flow conditions. We evaluated and compared their ability to bleach a surrogate dye molecule, crocin, under batch and flow conditions. Using black light (UVA/visible), our catalysts were able to bleach a minimum of 80% of the dye in batch experiments. Under continuous flow experiments, all catalysts could decrease dye absorption under shorter irradiation times: TGF, TNF, and TGW could, respectively, bleach 15, 18, and 43% of the dye with irradiation times as short as 35 s. Catalyst comparison was based on the selection of physical and chemical criteria relevant for application on water remediation. Their relative performance was ranked and applied in a radar plot. The features evaluated here had two distinct groups, chemical performance, which related to the dye degradation, and mechanical properties, which described their applicability in different systems. This comparative analysis gives insights into the selection of the right flow-compatible photocatalyst for water remediation.

Ion-exchange resin-supported palladium catalysts for hydrodehalogenation of aryl halides under batch and continuous flow conditions

Anion-exchange resin-supported palladium catalysts for dehalogenation of aromatic halides have been prepared by immobilizing Pd(II) on anion-exchange resins followed by reduction in hydrogen atmosphere. These catalysts showed high catalytic activity and selectivity in the hydrodehalogenation of various aryl halides both by hydrogen transfer from aqueous sodium formate in water–ionic liquid mixtures under batch conditions, and by hydrogenation in ethanol under moderate pressure of H2 in a continuous flow microreactor.