Batch Biosorption Process Research Articles

A BIOSORBENT MATERIAL FROM BRAHEA EDULIS PALM LEAVES – APPLICATION TO AMOXICILLIN ADSORPTION

In this study, fibers from the leaves of Brahea edulis palm (BEF) have been successfully used as a cheap, sustainable and eco-friendly biosorbent to remove the antibiotic Amoxicillin (AMX) from an aqueous solution using a batch process. This pharmaceutical product is present in domestic and industrial waste water. The characterization of BEF was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results of XRD showed that BEF has a semicrystalline structure. SEM images revealed its morphology, surface structure and porous nature. FTIR results showed the presence of different functional groups (hydroxyls, carboxyls, amines, etc.). Several physicochemical parameters, such as porosity, ash content, moisture content, and isoelectronic point (pHpzc), were analyzed. The batch biosorption process of Amoxicillin by BEF was monitored with a UV-visible spectrophotometer at λ = 228 nm. Different operating parameters, such as contact time, biosorbent mass, pH, temperature and adsorbate concentration, were evaluated to find the maximum level of biosorption. The contact time of 90 minutes, 50 mg/L initial Amoxicillin concentration, 1.5 g biosorbent mass and 313 K temperature were found to be the optimum conditions that led to a percentage removal of AMX of 58% at pH 6.5. The maximum adsorption at high temperature indicates that this biosorption process is spontaneous and endothermic.

Sustainable ecofriendly recruitment of bioethanol fermentation lignocellulosic spent waste biomass for the safe reuse and discharge of petroleum production produced water via biosorption and solid biofuel production

Sustainable lignocellulosic spent waste rice straw (SWRS) from bioethanol production inventively applied in this study to valorize petroleum production produced water (PPPW). SWRS expressed efficient pollutant removal over a wide range of petroleum concentration, temperature, pH, salinity, and mixing rate reaching approximately 217 mg/g, within four hours contact time. Kinetic studies revealed a pseudo-second-order chemisorption process with a boundary layer control and 16.97 kJ/mol activation energy where the intra-particle diffusion was not the only rate regulatory step. Thermodynamic studies revealed spontaneous, favorable, and endothermic adsorption, with a strong affinity between the SWRS and oil molecules. Biosorption mechanism studies proved the enrollment of SWRS components’ lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose in the oil uptake with the predominance of chemisorption over physisorption onto the rough and highly porous SWRS surface. A single-stage batch biosorption process was designed based on the best fitted Langmuir adsorption isotherm and applied on a real PPPW sample. The Egyptian standard limits for safe industrial effluents discharge into marine environment with a concomitant decrease in scale formation precursors were achieved recommending its safe reuse for enhanced oil recovery. Finally, for accomplishing zero-waste, SWRS disposed of PPPW treatment substantiated valorized solid biofuel with a sufficient calorific value 38.56 MJ/kg.

Bone meal and chitosan biocomposite: a new biosorbent for the removal of Victoria Blue R from wastewater

Chitosan immobilized bone meal (CIBM) was prepared as a biosorbent and Victoria Blue R (VBR) textile dyestuff was removed from wastewater using CIBM via biosorption. For this purpose; the effect of pH, contact time, ionic strength, temperature, biosorbent amount, and initial sorbate concentration were studied in the batch system. The specific surface area, surface morphology and functional groups of CIBM were characterized using BET, SEM and FTIR techniques. In the preliminary biosorption studies with pure bone meal, the removal yield of VBR from solutions of 25 mg/L VBR prepared in pure water was found to be 40.32%, while after modification with chitosan, a removal yield of 98.69% was achieved. As a result, it was observed that the biosorption efficiency increased significantly via modification. The biosorption equilibrium was set at the original pH of the dye with a biosorbent amount of 3.00 g/L in 15 min., which are the optimum adsorption parameters of the batch biosorption process. The removal of VBR from real wastewater was investigated, and the efficiency was found to be 90.40%. Biosorption-desorption cycle was investigated for 11 cycles, and CIBM almost maintained its biosorption capacity until the ninth cycle. Kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic models were used to analyze the data obtained from the experiments. As kinetic models, pseudo-first-order (PFO) and pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic models were used along with the intraparticle diffusion model. For isotherm models, Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R) models were employed. It was determined that the experimental biosorption data obey the second-order kinetic model.

Comparative study of adsorptive removal of oxyanion (Cr2O4 -2) from aqueous media over unmodified and magnetically modified Melia azedarach

In the present study, unmodified Melia azedarach (UMA) and magnetically modified Melia azedarach (MMA) were used as a low cost biosorbent for the adsorptive removal of oxyanion (chromate ion Cr2O4 2-) from aqueous solution. The UMA and MMA were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Batch biosorption process was used to check the effect of well-known process parameters including biosorbent dose, contact time and pH of solution. Experimental results revealed that MMA has more adsorption capacity as compared to UMA. Maximum % age removal (60.49%) was observed under acidic condition (pH=2) using MMA. The obtained experimental data was evaluated using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms as well as pseudo 1st and 2nd order reaction kinetic models. Results showed that equilibrium mechanism can satisfactorily be explained by Langmuir model as depicted by the correlation factor (close to unity) and follows 2nd order reaction kinetic models.

Removal of lead from aqueous solution using chemically modified green algae as biosorbent: optimization and kinetics study

In the present study, biosorption of lead using green algae as biosorbent from aqueous solution was studied with one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method. The batch biosorption process is a function of agitation time, biomass loading, initial concentration of lead and solution pH. Further, face-centered central composite design under RSM application was applied to optimize the process parameters to get more percentage biosorption of lead. The percentage removal of lead was found to be 71% in batch experiment by OFAT method, whereas in RSM study the maximum biosorption rate 75% was reached at optimum conditions of agitation time 40 min., dosage 3 g, initial ion concentration 15 mg/L and pH 3.35. The adsorbent was characterized by FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer–Emmett Teller (BET) analysis. The kinetic models were also analyzed to determine the biosorption mechanism. It was found that the data best followed to pseudo second order mechanism. Biosorption isotherms were successfully fitted by Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.974) and d) Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.983) models.

The use of a wetland plant as a new biosorbent for treatment of water contaminated with heavy metals: Nonlinear analyses, modification, competitive effects

Abstract The aimof this study was to evaluate the biosorption capacity of a wetland plant Juncus effusus for elimination of toxic heavy metals such as Cd 2 + and Cu 2 + from aqueous solutions. The effects of pH, biosorbent amount, biosorption time, heavy metal concentration, ionic strength, humic acid (HA), modification and competitive metal ions such as cadmium, lead, copper and zinc on biosorption efficiency were investigated in a batch biosorption process. J. effusus biomass was characterized by using SEM analysis and FT-IR spectra. The Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin isotherm models were used to describe the biosorption equilibrium of Cd 2 + and Cu 2 + for J. effusus. The isotherms of biosorption of Cu 2 + and Cd 2 + ions were best described by the Freundlich and Langmuir models, respectively. The kinetic data of biosorption were modeled with the Elovich, the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion model equations. The kinetic data were successfully described by the pseudo-first-order model. The biosorption processes, which used sodium hydroxide as the chemical modification material, exhibited the best performance in a wide pH range (4–7). The results confirmed that the biosorbent, which was prepared out of a wetland plant, could be used as an inexpensive and abundant biosorbent for removing metal ions from waters contaminated with heavy metals.

Dynamics of mercury solid phase extraction using Barbula lambarenensis

Abstract Water pollution and the attendant difficulty in developing viable local treatment techniques are major challenges in most countries. To address this, recent studies have focused on utilization of available low-cost adsorbents. However, a major limitation is their low adsorption capacities. Hence, we evaluated the effectiveness of naturally ubiquitous Barbula lambarenensis (RBL) for removal of aqueous Hg(II) ions via batch biosorption process. Biosorption was carried out at different temperatures (293–313 K), time (5–180 min), pH (3–7) and concentrations (20–60 mg/L), and data generated were explained using various kinetic and adsorption isotherm models. Results showed that equilibrium was attained in 120 min at 313 K and lower temperatures but faster at higher temperatures. However increase in temperature does not correspondingly lead to higher biosorption: 303 ≥ 293 > 313 K. Optimum pH of adsorption was observed at 5.5. Modeling of the experimental data suggested that the biosorption process was majorly a monolayer surface phenomenon which occurred via sharing or exchange of valance electrons, and the RBL maximum adsorption capacity is 4.5 mg/g. The process was exothermic and spontaneous. Hydroxyl, carboxyl, thioesters and amide functional groups were implicated in the biosorption process. Overall, the study suggest that RBL may be useful for Hg(II) biosorption from aqueous solutions.

Biosorption performance evaluation of heavy metal onto aerobic granular sludge-derived biochar in the presence of effluent organic matter via batch and fluorescence approaches

In present study, the biosorption process of Cu(II) onto aerobic granular sludge-derived biochar was evaluated in the absence and presence of effluent organic matter (EfOM) by using batch and fluorescence approaches. It was found that EfOM gave rise to enhancement of Cu(II) removal efficiency onto biochar, and the sorption data were better fitted with pseudo-second order model and Freundlich equation, in despite of the absence and presence of EfOM. According to excitation-emission matrix (EEM), EfOM was mainly comprised by humic-like substances and fulvic-like substances and their intensities were reduced in the addition of biochar and Cu(II) from batch biosorption process. Synchronous fluorescence spectra coupled to two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) further implied that a successive fluorescence quenching was observed in various EfOM fractions with the increasing Cu(II) concentration. Moreover, fulvic-like fraction was more susceptibility than other fractions for fluorescence quenching of EfOM.

Biosorption characteristics of methylene blue and malachite green from simulated wastewater onto Carica papaya wood biosorbent

The present study reports the sequestration of the cationic dyes, methylene blue (MB) and malachite green (MG) from aqueous solutions using natural Carica papaya wood (CPW) in a batch biosorption process. Characterizations of CPW were achieved by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray Diffractometer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The influence of various parameters such as solution pH, biosorbent dose, contact time, initial dye concentration and temperature were examined and optimal experimental conditions were determined. The biosorption isotherm models and kinetics characteristic of dye biosorption onto CPW were investigated. The equilibrium data followed the Langmuir isotherm model, predicted the maximum biosorption capacities of 32.25 and 52.63 mg dye per gram of CPW for MB and MG, respectively. The biosorption kinetics of MB and MG removal using CPW was better described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. The experimental data obtained at different temperature of 303, 313 and 323 K for the biosorption of each dyestuff using CPW were analyzed through the thermodynamic parameters of ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° respectively. Experiments on the regeneration studies indicated that the biosorption capacity of CPW was consistent towards MB and MG removal upto 5 recycles by subjecting 0.1 M HCl as the desorbing agent. The current investigation revealed that the simulated wastewater showed better removal of MB and MG under the studied experimental conditions. Hence, the biomass from Carica papaya wood could be employed as an efficient, eco-friendly and economical biosorbent for the removal of MB and MG from industrial wastewater.

Optimization of process parameters for the removal of chromium(VI) and nickel(II) from aqueous solutions by mixed biosorbents (custard apple seeds and Aspergillus niger) using response surface methodology

The mixture of custard apple seeds and Aspergillus niger was used as biosorbents for the removal of chromium(VI) and nickel(II) from the contaminated water. The batch biosorption process was carried out and it was influenced by the different operating parameters such as initial metal ion concentration, pH, temperature, and biomass loading. The essential process variables were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design (CCD) experiments. The ANOVA data obtained from the RSM studies were analyzed using a second-degree polynomial equation and the study of the determination of contour plots showed the interactions among the variables of the biosorption system. The optimum conditions for the removal of chromium(VI) was found to be: initial chromium(VI) concentration = 100 mg/L; pH 3.0; temperature = 36°C, and biosorbent loading = 10 g/L. At these optimized conditions, the maximum removal of chromium(VI) was found to be of 95.7%. The optimum conditions for the removal of nickel(II) was found to be: initial nickel(II) concentration = 100 mg/L; pH 5.6; temperature = 30°C, and biosorbent loading = 10 g/L. At these optimized conditions, the maximum removal of nickel(II) was found to be of 96.41%. The mixed biosorbents showed better adsorption properties towards the removal of chromium(VI) and nickel(II) ions from the aqueous solutions. These low-cost biosorption methods can be effectively adopted for the removal of metal ions from the industrial effluents.

Treatment design and characteristics of a biosorptive decolourization process by a green type sorbent

Contamination of water sources by synthetic dyes is a problem of global concern given their potential toxicities and environmental impacts. A significant increase has been noted in the studies related to developing alternative and efficient systems for the treatment of coloured effluents. This study focused on the development of an environmentally friendly process for the treatment of dye contaminated aqueous media. A natural biosorbent prepared from spent biomass of Pisum sativum was characterized and employed for the removal of a reactive dye for the first time in the literature. Experimental design, modelling and optimization techniques were applied to the batch biosorption process. Process variables were screened using response surface methodology coupled with a Box-Behnken design matrix. Solution pH, biosorbent dosage, reaction time and temperature were considered as key factors. The interactive effects of factor variables on the biosorption, characteristics of the biosorbent and possible dye–biosorbent interactions were discussed. The maximum decolourization yield of biomaterial was 83.2% at an initial concentration of 100 mg L−1. The best operating conditions were as follows: pH: 2.0, biosorbent amount: 0.6 g (in 25 mL dye solution), reaction time: 56.9 min and temperature 27.3 °C. The Langmuir isotherm model satisfactorily described the equilibrium biosorption data. IR spectra of unloaded and dye-loaded biosorbent indicated the functional groups on the biosorbent, such as a carbonyl that interacted with Reactive Violet 1 dye molecules. SEM micrographs indicated that microprecipitation can also play a role in the decolourization process. This study demonstrates that developed waste biosorbent could be successfully employed as an effective and eco-friendly alternative cleaner to remove reactive dyes from wastewaters.

Evaluation of new biosorbents prepared from immobilized biomass of Candida sp. for the removal of nickel ions

Batch biosorption process for nickel removal was evaluated using three newly developed biosorbents. These three biosorbents were prepared by immobilizing the biomass of Candida lipolytica, Candida tropicalis, and Candida utilis with the help of calcium alginate. Optimum conditions for initial pH, biosorbent dose, contact time, temperature, and initial concentration of nickel ions were determined using batch studies. The equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were determined for batch biosorption process. The maximum biosorption capacity (mg g−1) under optimum experimental conditions and temperature of 45°C was 197.68, 178.06, and 123.43 for immobilized Candida tropicalis beads (ICTB), immobilized Candida utilis beads, and immobilized Candida lipolytica beads, respectively. Hydrochloric acid solution exhibits excellent desorbing efficiency and recovered 98% of adsorbed nickel ions from ICTB. The biosorbent was successfully used for five consecutive biosorption desorption cycles without significant loss in its biosorption capacity. ICTB appeared to be an efficient biosorbent to accumulate and recover nickel ions due to higher biosorption capacity and outstanding regeneration results.

Hybrid central composite design optimization for removal of Methylene blue by Acer tree leaves: characterization of adsorption

Statistical experimental design was utilized to optimize the removal of Methylene blue (MB) by Acer tree leaves through a batch biosorption process. Acer tree leaves were introduced as a novel and low-cost biosorbent for removing MB from aqueous solutions. The influence of various factors, such as initial pH, initial concentration of dye, and sorbent mass on the MB biosorption was investigated. A regression model was derived using a response surface methodology through performing the hybrid central composite design. The proposed quadratic model resulted from the hybrid design approach, which fitted very well to the experimental data. Model adequacy was checked through diagnostic tests, namely analysis of variance; a lack of fit test; and residuals distribution. The optimized condition for MB biosorption was calculated to be pH 2.7; m = 0.05 g; and C = 928 mg L−1. Furthermore, the isotherms and kinetics of biosorption were also explored.

Optimization of methyl orange bioremoval by Prunus amygdalus L. (almond) shell waste: Taguchi methodology approach and biosorption system design

This study presents a systematic procedure to define optimal operational conditions for optimizing methyl orange biosorption by almond shell waste using the Taguchi method. Several biosorption experiments were conducted using the L9 orthogonal array with four factors in three levels. The optimum set of parameters was obtained as reaction time of 80 min, initial dye concentration of 100 mg L−1, pH of 3, and temperature of 20°C, considering the larger is better pattern. Analysis of variance displayed that the initial dye concentration was the dominant factor affecting the dye biosorption. Verification experiments were performed to confirm the optimized results. Further, a regression model was developed as a function of the process parameters mentioned. Finally, a single-stage batch biosorption process design was presented based on the Langmuir isotherm. Thus, the Taguchi statistical approach provided a pleasing success in specifying the optimum conditions for the dye removal process.

Biosorption of reactive dye from aqueous media using Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass. Equilibrium and kinetic study

Abstract The biosorption Brilliant Red HE-3B reactive dye by nonliving biomass, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in batch procedure was investigated. Equilibrium experimental data were analyzed using Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin — Radushkevich isotherm models and obtained capacity about 104.167 mg g−1 at 20°C. The batch biosorption process followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The multi-linearity of the Weber-Morris plot suggests the presence of two main steps influencing the biosorption process: the intraparticle diffusion (pore diffusion), and the external mass transfer (film diffusion). The results obtained in batch experiments revealed that the biosorption of reactive dye by biomass is an endothermic physical-chemical process occurring mainly by electrostatic interaction between the positive charged surface of the biomass and the anionic dye molecules. The biosorption mechanism was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy and microscopy analysis

Kinetic, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies of the Biosorption of Heay Metals by <i>Ceratonia </i><i>Si</i><i>liqua</i> Bark

Biosorption of Zn(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions onto Ceratonia siliqua (Carob tree) bark has been investigated in a batch biosorption process. The biosorption process was found to be dependent on pH of solution, initial metal ion concentration, biosorbent dose, contact time and temperature. The experimental equilibrium biosorption data were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevic isotherm models. The Langmuir model gave a better fit than the other three models by higher correlation coefficient, R 2 . The maximum biosorption capacity calculated from the Langmuir isotherm was 42.19 mg/g, 31.35 mg/g, 21.65 mg/g and 14.27 mg/g for Ni(II), Zn(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II), respectively at optimum conditions. The kinetic studies indicated that the biosorption process of the metal ions followed well pseudo-second-order model. The negative values of ∆G o and the positive ∆H o revealed that the biosorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. According to the biosorption capacity, Ceratonia siliqua bark considered as an effective, low cost, and environmentally friendly biosorbent for the removal of metal ions ions from aqueous solutions.

Biosorption Studies of Cr(VI) Ions from Electroplating Wastewater by Walnut Shell Powder

Biosorption of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions and electroplating wastewater by walnut shell powder has been investigated in a batch biosorption process. The biosorption of Cr(VI) ions was found to be dependent pH, initial chromiu m ion concentrations, biosorbent dose, contact time and temperature. The experimental equilib riu m biosorption data were analy zed by Lang muir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models. The Lang muir model gave a better fit than the Freundlich and Temkin models. The maximu m biosorption capacity calculated from the Langmu ir isotherm was 138.89 mg/g at optimu m conditions. The kinetic studies indicated that the biosorption process of the chromiu m ions fo llo wed well pseudo-second-order model. The negative values of ∆G o (-3.51 kJ/ mo l) and positive value of ∆H o (12.95 kJ/ mol) revealed that the biosorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. Biosorption process was successfully applied to the treatment of an electroplating wastewater sample, where the concentration of chro miu m (VI) ions, organic materials and COD were effectively reduced. According to the sorption capacity, walnut shell powder considered as an effective, low cost, and environmentally friendly biosorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) ions fro m aqueous solution and electroplating wastewater.

Biosorption properties of Morus alba L. for Cd (II) ions removal from aqueous solutions

The abundantly available industrial waste product Morus alba L. pomace (MAP) is one of the cost-effective biosorbent for removal of metal ions from aqueous solutions. Hence, in the present study, we aimed to test the ability of MAP to remove Cd(II) ions through batch biosorption process. Firstly, MAP was characterized using several techniques, and then the influence of various experimental parameters such as initial pH of the aqueous solution, initial Cd(II) concentration, contact time, MAP concentration, and temperature were evaluated upon the biosorption process. It was found that the maximum uptake of Cd(II) ions occurred at initial pH6.0 and optimum contact time was observed as 60min. Cd(II) ions adsorption on MAP analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and the maximum monolayer biosorption capacity of MAP was found to be 21.69mg g(-1) by using the Langmuir isotherm model. The pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion models were employed to describe the biosorption kinetics. In order to investigate the thermodynamic properties of the biosorption process, the changes in the Gibbs free energy (∆G), enthalpy (∆H), and entropy (∆S) were also evaluated and it has been concluded that the process was feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic in the temperature range of 5-40°C.

Biosorption of Ni(II) from electroplating wastewater by modified (Eriobotrya japonica) loquat bark

Biosorption of nickel ions from aqueous solutions by modified loquat bark waste (MLB) has been investigated in a batch biosorption process. The biosorbent MLB was characterized by FTIR analysis. The extent of biosorption of Ni(II) ions was found to be dependent on solution pH, initial nickel ions concentration, biosorbent dose, contact time, and temperature. The experimental equilibrium biosorption data were analyzed by three widely used two-parameters Langmuir, Temkin and Freundlich isotherm models. Langmuir and Temkin isotherm models provided a better fit with the experimental data than Freundlich isotherm model by high correlation coefficients R2. The maximum adsorption capacity was 27.548mg/g of Ni(II) ions onto MLB. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the biosorption behavior of nickel ions onto MLB biosorbent was an endothermic process, resulting in higher biosorption capacities at higher temperatures. The negative values of ΔG° (−5.84kJ/mol) and positive values of ΔH° (13.33kJ/mol) revealed that the biosorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. Kinetic studies showed that pseudo-second order described well the biosorption experimental data. The modified loquat bark (MLB) was successfully used for the biosorption of nickel ions from synthetic and industrial electroplating effluents.

Characterization of Sorption Isotherms, Kinetic Models, and Multivariate Approach for Optimization of Hg(II) Adsorption onto Fraxinus Tree Leaves

Statistical experimental design was utilized to optimize removal of aqueous Hg(II) by Fraxinus tree leaves through a batch biosorption process. Sorbent−sorbate behavior was evaluated by fitting equ...