Raw Material Base Research Articles

КОМПЛЕКСНАЯ ЗАЩИТА ДЕРЕВЯННЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ АНТИПЕРИНОМ

The article shows the possibility of obtaining a new polyfunctional oligomer based on sulfur and nitrogen-containing compounds for the fight against termites, synthesized on the basis of local raw materials, which increases the amount of antiseptic efficiency and provides bioprotective properties. In addition to studying the physicochemical properties of the oligomers obtained, the use of aqueous solutions of organic nitrogen and sulfur oligomers prepared from local raw materials in order to increase the resistance of wood materials to termites led to positive results by 87%.

PROSPECTS OF USING SOME SPECIES OF CHRYSANTHEMUMS AS A SOURCE FOR OBTAINING BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES

Chrysanthemums are widely known all over the world as ornamental plants. However, in Asian countries since ancient times they are considered as dual-purpose crops and along with floristic use have a long history of use as food and medicinal plants. Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. and Chry-santhemum indicum L. are the most studied species of the genus Chrysanthemum L., included in the pharmacopoeias of China, Japan and the USA. At the same time, garland (Glebionis coronaria L. (Cass. ex Spach.)) is cultivated in Russia as a food plant, which is also a potential source of plant raw materials for obtaining therapeutic and prophylactic agents. In this connection, the purpose of the present work was to analyze the literature data on the chemical composition and pharmacological properties of G. coronaria in comparison with C. indicum and C. morifolium to assess the prospects of its use in domestic medical practice. According to literature data, all three species of chrysanthemums have similar chemical composition and contain flavonoids (aglycones of luteolin, apigenin, acacetin, quercetin, kaempferol, isoramnetin, hesperitin, diosmetin, their mono- and diglycosides, as well as malonyl and acetyl derivatives of glycosides); phenolic acids (isomers of caffeoyl- and dicaffeoylquinic acids and their methylated derivatives); sesquiterpenoids. Carotenoids were found in flowers; in the above-ground part - fatty acids and their derivatives, sterols and polyacetylenes; in stems, roots and leaves - anthraquinones. Among the mineral elements, the predominant content of potassium is noted. The results of published pharmacological studies indicate that these chrysanthemum species exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, nephro-, hepato-, cardio- and neuroprotective effects. Thus, G. coronaria has a similar set of metabolites to C. indicum and C. morifolium, but is characterized by a smaller diversity of identified substances, which opens the prospect of its further phytochemical study. Taking into account the closeness of chemical composition, G. coronaria may exhibit the same types of biological activity, which are identified for other species of chrysanthemums. Analysis of literature data has shown that along with more studied species, G. coronaria can also serve as a source of biologically active substances. The availability of registered varieties and agrotechnologies has the potential to create a stable raw material base for obtaining domestic medicines and prophylactic products.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ МЕДИЦИНСКОГО ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ АДАПТОГЕНОВ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОГО ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЯ

Relevance. Currently, scientists are paying increasing attention to the search and in-depth study of the pharmacological activity of representatives of the adaptogen class. At the same time, special preference is given to substances obtained from medicinal plant raw materials. They are, from the point of view of economic and therapeutic effectiveness, sometimes very profitable. The advantages of medicinal plants are their relatively low toxicity, rare side effects and, accordingly, the possibility of long-term use. In addition, one should not forget about the natural, natural origin of the raw material base, which, even with special cultivation, still requires less material and financial costs than in chemical production. Phytoadaptogens are a unique group of drugs. It is characterized by multifaceted pharmacodynamic effects. Thanks to such properties, wide prospects for their practical application in various fields of medicine open up. But, of course, the key direction of the biological action of phytoadaptogens is their stress-protective and geroprotective activity. Over the last century, the mechanisms of action of adaptogens have been very actively studied. Knowing them opens even wider possibilities for using them. The article analyzes modern scientific publications characterizing the pharmacodynamics of phytoadaptogens. More than 1000 publications have been analyzed, of which the most significant ones have been identified. Special attention is paid to important aspects of the combined use of adaptogens of plant origin with other classes (using the example of antidepressants) in the aspect of drug interaction. So, despite the numerous positive qualities, adaptogens can provoke undesirable phenomena in a certain number of cases. An attempt to reveal the mechanism of action of phytoadaptogens, a description of the organ effects of this class, opens real prospects for non-trivial approaches to the medical use of adaptogens of plant origin.

INFLUENCE OF MICROWAVE ACTIVATION OF COAL ON ITS PETROGRAPH-IC PROPERTIES

Despite the development of renewable sources, coal occupies an important place in the energy balance of many countries, especially those with large reserves. One of the ways to influence the characteristics of coal and add specified properties to it is its preliminary microwave activation. As a result of the studies, it was found that with microwave activation with an electromagnetic field power of 750 W for 240 s, an ambiguous effect on the characteristics of coal samples is observed, namely, coal with R0 greater than 1.16 before activation, microwave activation occurs faster, while the vitrinite reflectivity increases to 1.58 %, the yield of volatile substances and the thickness of the plastic layer decrease. Coals of a high stage of metamorphism are activated faster due to a denser structure. The presence of a more ordered structure than less metamorphosed coals, during the activation process, the condensed carbon layers come closer together, which ultimately increases their metamorphism stage. On the contrary, for coal with R0 less than 1.03 before activation, microwave activation is slower, while the vitrinite reflectance index decreases to 0.75 %, the yield of volatile substances and the thickness of the plastic layer increase. Obviously, this is due to the fact that coal of a low metamorphism stage is characterized by a less dense structure and more time is needed for its activation. Also, to increase the metamorphism stage, it is necessary to apply more energy so that the formed radicals and structural units connect with each other and form an ordered aromatic structure. Therefore, for coals of a low metamorphism stage, the activation time should be longer. The research results indicate the possibility of changing the coal metamorphism stage, which will increase the efficiency of coal processing processes, reduce energy costs and minimize harmful emissions due to the use of microwave technologies. In addition, the use of microwave activation can expand the raw material base for various coal technologies, especially in conditions of fuel shortage.

A review of the main trends in the development of the raw material base of hard-to-recover reserves of Oligocene deposits of the Khadum Formation of the Eastern Pre-Caucasus region

A review of the main trends in the development of the raw material base of hard-to-recover reserves of Oligocene deposits of the Khadum Formation of the Eastern Pre-Caucasus region

Research on the Forecasting of Electricity Demand in India State Maharashtra

This study centers on forecasting the electricity demand in the Indian state of Maharashtra. In the context of rapid technological and economic development, the demand for basic raw materials and energy is on the rise. Moreover, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine has imposed supply constraints, making the prediction of electricity demand of utmost importance. Various approaches have been utilized in this field; however, existing studies often lack specificity and tend to be overly general. This research employs time series analysis, sourcing data from POSOCO. The ARIMA model is selected, and its parameters are determined through multiple rounds of testing. The results demonstrate that the ARIMA (1,0,1) model effectively fits the data, offering valuable insights. Overall, this study presents short-term forecasting and emphasizes the necessity of conducting specific and comprehensive analysis for the Intelligent Power System. Such analysis is crucial for optimizing power generation, distribution, and consumption, ensuring the stability and reliability of the power supply in Maharashtra. It also provides a foundation for decision-making in power system planning and management, enabling stakeholders to make informed choices regarding infrastructure investment and resource allocation. Additionally, the study's findings can contribute to the development of more efficient energy policies and strategies, promoting sustainable economic growth and social development in the region.

Алгоритм извлечения металлов из растворов природного выщелачивания потерянных руд

The article discusses a solution to the problem of extracting metals from natural leaching solutions of the offgrade ores and their mill tailings to obtain ecological and economic efficiency, the relevance of which is steadily increasing. The methodology of studying the samples includes the methods of polarographic analysis, spectrometry, chromatography, titration and complexometry, etc. Sulfate-chloride waters were studied using industrial electrodialyzers with the solution circulation through brine chambers and without it with metal extraction by sorbents. Details are provided of the scheme of the electromembrane technology of combined metal extraction with the process regulation. The concept of natural leaching of the ores lost in the worked-out space by mine effluents has been clarified. An algorithm is proposed to purify the ore effluents with the production of a group of metals, including the rare earth metals, which combines the functions of metal deposition and purification of the mine effluents. The aggregate model combines the technological, environmental and economic aspects of mining within the framework of the natural and man-made systems. A conclusion is made that it is advisable to implement the recommendations of the study to solve the environmental problem and strengthen the raw material base by reducing the loss of valuable components. Implementation of the recommendations provided in the article contributes to the solution of the main tasks of mining, i.e. increasing a complete utilization of the subsoil resources and reducing the burden on the environment while ensuring the safety of operations.

Опытно-промышленная линия производства гранулированной асфальтобетонной смеси

The paper presents the results of calculation of a pilot production line for granulated asphalt concrete mixture with inclusion of phosphogypsum and secondary polyethylene terephthalate. The authors propose a method of mixing asphalt mixture components by pelletising. The authors selected the production units of the pilot line, gave recommendations on the minimum permissible technical and operational characteristics of the equipment. The authors have developed a brief technological regulation of production, energy and resource intensity of production was determined. In addition, it allowed them to calculate the need for human resources, means of mechanisation and determine the cost characteristics of the target material. The presented data are quite complete for drawing up the terms of reference for designing a pilot production line and determining its cost parameters. This makes it possible to comprehensively characterise the developed road material both from the point of view of the level of technical and operational indicators and from the economic point of view. The paper expands the understanding of the methods of production of asphalt concrete mixtures and the raw material base of road construction.

Construction materials obtained by valorising mineral waste of red mud and mining tailings - performance and impact

The actions undertaken by Romania, as an active participant in the sustainable policies of the European Union in the field of waste management, aim to permanently minimize the amount of waste generated, recycling, reuse and higher valorisation to ensure a sustainable management of resources and environmental protection. Increasing the degree of valorisation and obtaining secondary raw materials through the management of waste resulting from mining and metallurgical activities, recognized by very large quantities generated and stored, is the objective of extensive research activities. This paper presents the results of the research carried out in order to valorise red mud and mine tailings wastes by incorporation into construction materials with the main aim of reducing the polluting effect of the waste but also the partial substitution of the basic raw materials from the classic construction materials (cement, clay). The new construction materials (mortars, respectively ceramic materials), by substituting the silico-aluminous component from the basic raw material of the classic construction materials were obtained. The properties of the new construction materials are similarly to the classic materials. The specific pollutants presents in the wastes was retained, which leads to the reduction of the impact on the environment. The impact generated by the implementation of the optimal technological solution was analysed, compared to the impact on the environment due to the storage of the two wastes and the impact produced during the manufacture of classic materials.

Application of laminated and cross-laminated timber in reconstruction and new construction

The article is devoted to the actual problem of restoration of construction objects of Ukraine destroyed as a result of military actions. The issue of manufacturing and effective application of cross-laminated timber panels and other products made of laminated timber for use in recon-struction, restoration of damaged construction objects and new construction is considered. Why can the availability of the raw material base, its renewability and ease of extraction and processing contribute. Cross-laminated timber is a relatively new building material based on timber, which is an array of boards laminated in layers in a mutually perpendicular direction. The layers of lumber are laminated together under pressure, forming a virtually monolithic slab. The production of cross-laminated timber solves one of the important problems, namely the use of small and medium-sized cross-sections of boards to create large arrays, which allows you to signifi-cantly save commercial timber. The main advantages of laminated and cross-laminated timber as building materials are given and the feasibility of their application for buildings and structures of various functional purposes is proven. Examples of modern high-rise buildings con-structed using cross-laminated timber panels around the world are presented. Due to the elimination of some of the defects of whole timber and the preservation of one of the main advantages, namely, low weight with relatively high strength values, laminated and cross-laminated timber can become one of the main materials for the development of new areas and the restoration or reconstruction of damaged ones as a re-sult of military actions, buildings and structures of various purposes. The low weight of structures made of laminated and cross-laminated timber will reduce the cost of strengthening existing structures and the cost of ma-terials for new foundations in the case of new con-struction by at least 30% in comparison with houses erected using more traditional methods - these materials.

Aggregated Inflation in Poland: Examining Impact of the Energy Commodity Global Prices

The relationship between energy commodity prices and inflation has important implications for fiscal policy and economic stability. The nature of energy commodities is multi‑dimensional, serving both as basic raw materials in production processes and as critical consumer goods. This study focuses on estimating the impact of oil, natural gas and coal prices on inflation in Poland. Through the adoption of multiple regression models using quarterly data from Q2 2000 to Q3 2023, the study aims to estimate the impact of energy commodity prices, particularly oil, coal, and natural gas, on inflation in Poland and to answer the research question: What role do energy commodity prices play in shaping inflation in Poland? The empirical analysis revealed that oil and coal prices significantly influence inflation, reflecting Poland’s energy dependency. Natural gas prices showed a limited impact due to lower consumption and mitigation policy measures. The significant impact of energy prices suggests that energy market developments should be closely monitored for their inflationary potential. The study offers valuable insights for policymakers in their efforts to effectively manage inflationary pressure. The article contributes to the literature by presenting the short‑run relationship between inflation and energy commodity prices, covering long period of time with both financial, COVID‑19 crisis and the Russian aggression in Ukraine.

Prediction of Performance and Emission of Gasoline Engine Fueled with a Gasoline-Ethanol-Methanol Mixture Using One Dimensional Engine Modelling Based on Engine Test Results

The depletion of petroleum reserves as the basic raw material for gasoline production has driven studies into alternative fuels. One of the alternative fuels is alcohol, both ethanol and methanol. Due to their liquid form and physical-chemical properties similar to gasoline, small modifications to the engine are required. This paper will explain the effect of using a mixture of gasoline (in this case, RON 98 gasoline with methanol or methanol on engine performance and emissions. The fuel mixtures are as follows: G100, E10, E20, E30, M10, M20, M30. AVL Boost simulation software was used as a tool for 1-dimensional engine modelling, where the modeling is based on engine testing with G100 fuel. The results show that with increasing ethanol-methanol composition, torque and power decrease, and SFC increases. On the emission side, CO, CO2, and HC were decreased and NOx increased.

Methods for studying the raw material of pottery of antiquity (on the example of material from Olbia)

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the methodology of researching the potential pottery raw materials of excavated material from the antique polis using the example of Olbia in the North Western Black Sea region. The historiography of the issue is considered and the main methods are defined. It includes fieldwork, laboratory analyses and their interpretation, as well as an experimental component. The discussion is based on the description of the stages of fieldwork, the study of the macromorphological structure of the clay deposits, micromorphological and granulometric analysis of ancient ceramics and experimental products made of potential pottery raw materials. According to the obtained results, it can be said that the population of Olbia used local materials in pottery making, although their characteristics are specific for the preparation of the clay mass. A comprehensive study confirmed the ability to find out the raw material base of the ancient polis and the possibility of its application at other sites.

К вопросу достижения рациональных норм потребления молочной продукции в Центральном федеральном округе

The article describes the production and intake of dairy products in the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation. The authors studied the local raw material base, processing infrastructure, and production volumes for the most popular types of dairy products from the perspectives of rational consumption standards and food security. A correlation analysis of the main performance indicators revealed the regional features and associated problems. The Central Federal District is experiencing active urbanization. As a result, the processing infrastructure has increased to meet the local needs while the raw material base lags behind the processing capacities. The current deficit of raw milk production is as high as 37%. Raw materials from neighboring regions may reduce the quality of final products. Milk production could be increased by raising the milk yield; however, this reserve has almost been exhausted, its mean value going by 3% over the average European level. The problem may be resolved by raising the dairy herd by 300,000 cows, preferably on dairy farms with milk yield of ≥8,000 kg, i.e., those with the best European indicators.

Materials engineering-technological principles of creation of ceramic refractory profile specialties for chemical and thermal processes of extraction of precious metals from man-made sludge (Message 1)

A multi-stage temperature-time schematic diagram of step-by-step chemical and thermal processes (CTP) for the separation of precious metals from man-made sludge through melts of oxide-alkaline slags has been analyzed; on the basis of aluminosilicate and magnesite-periclase manmade raw materials, (import-substituting) technologies have been developed for the creation of thermocorrosion-erosionresistant ceramic-refractory materials‒products (crucibles, sherbers, fonts) for the CTP of extracting precious metals from man-made sludge.

Light-weight high strength porous thermal insulation materials based on dolomite-granite waste

The first choice for the treatment of solid waste is its industrial utilization. Therefore, in the present study, dolomite tailings and granite waste are used as the basic raw materials, along with silicon carbide as a high-temperature foaming agent, to prepare a light-weight, high-closed porosity thermal insulation material. The effects of (i) the chemical compositions of the main raw materials and (ii) the relationship between the sintering process and the properties, microstructure and crystalline phase of the samples are systematically investigated. At the same time, the formation mechanism of high closed porosity of the thermal insulation material is analyzed. The results showed that when sintering temperature, time, and heating rate are 1200 °C, 30 min, and 3 °C/min, respectly, the sample density, compressive strength, true porosity, and closed porosity are 0.7 g/cm3, 6.62 MPa, 74.21%, and 66.36%, respectively. In addition, due to the high closed porosity, relative to traditional inorganic thermal insulation materials, the water absorption and thermal conductivity are significantly reduced to as little as 1.5%, and 0.30 W/(m·K), respectly. This research not only realizes the recovery and utilization of granite waste and dolomite tailings, but also provides a new prospect for energy saving and consumption reduction in the construction industry.

Integrating Short Supply Chains and Smart Village Initiatives: Strategies for Sustainable Rural Development

A profound transformation of the entire food system is necessary to achieve sustainable development in the agricultural sector. This pertains to the production, distribution, and consumption of food. In the case of distribution, this transformation involves changes both at the beginning of the chain, namely, in the agricultural structure, and at the final stage, in consumer behaviour. By analysing the existing literature, we identify key areas where the principles of short supply chains can be harmonised with smart village initiatives. The concept of smart villages itself is based on using modern technologies and innovative practices to improve the quality of life in rural areas and support sustainable development. Consequently, as mentioned, one of the critical elements of this concept is the cooperation of farmers for sustainable short supply chain management. This study analysed statistical data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland and unpublished data from the General Veterinary Inspectorate, complemented by desk research on relevant reports, scientific literature, and legal documents concerning local food systems. The study investigates local food systems in the Mazowieckie region, where 9% of Polish entities operating within local food systems are registered. Activity within this framework is characterised by significant spatial diversity across the region. The spatial distribution is mainly related to the location of the raw material base, e.g., the concentration of specialised agricultural production, distance to the sales market (proximity to consumers), and other broadly understood conditions for conducting business activity. The paper highlights the need to transform food systems to support sustainable agricultural development, focusing on short supply chains and smart village initiatives. By examining local food systems in Poland’s Mazowieckie region, it identifies how spatial and resource factors impact local food distribution and rural sustainability.

A methodical approach to the grounding of the raw material base for biogas plants

A methodical approach to the grounding of the raw material base for biogas plants

Development of composition of fine-grained concrete based on ash-and-slag wastes for additive technology of manufacturing small architectural forms

Developing a fine-grained concrete composition for additive technologies is an important scientific and practical task, since traditional building mixtures are unsuitable for 3D printers, and special solutions are practically absent in mass production. This study aims to develop a composition of fine-grained concrete for additive technologies using local resources and ash and slag waste of the Ust-Kamenogorsk thermal power plant, which contributes to the expansion of the raw material base used in this area. The work was carried out taking into account the analysis of the literature review, which made it possible to identify key aspects and directions in the development of concrete mixtures for additive technologies. This article discusses the possibility of using ash and slag waste in concrete as a filler. Ash has a grain size comparable to river sand, so it can be used as a new material to replace fine filler. To obtain the mixture, 5 experimental mixtures and one reference sample were prepared. The optimal composition is considered to include 30% of M500 Portland cement, 40% of sand, and 30% of ash and slag. The physical and mechanical characteristics of this composition are as follows: the mobility of the mixture is 5.81 cm, and the setting completion time is 4 hours 19 minutes. The results of the sample tests confirmed that the created fine-grained concrete compositions are suitable for extrusion on construction 3D printers. The possibility of creating a composition based on local ash and slag waste for additive technologies used in producing small architectural forms was experimentally confirmed.

Choice of an environmentally friendly method of producing cellulose from flax biomass (<i>Linum usitatissimum linaceae</i>) grown in different regions of the Volga region

The experimental assessment of prospects of receiving cellulose material on the basis of use of vegetable raw materials – straw of a flax-dolgunetc is carried out. Results of researches showed a possibility of application for extraction of cellulose of the water solutions containing hydrogen peroxide, hydroxide and sodium bisulfite in the conditions of high-temperature influence within 2 hours with receiving the technical cellulose suitable for production of cardboard and packaging materials. For purification of technical cellulose, it was carried out additional processing by solution of hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid in similar parametrical conditions that allowed to receive a target product with high extent of maintenance of the main substance, at insignificant amount of the accompanying impurity. The presented results show a possibility of the solution of questions of environmental safety at the organization of process of receiving cellulose on the basis of renewable vegetable raw materials with use of the chemical reagents which are not containing compounds of sulfur.