Methodological Basis Research Articles

Risk assessment for autonomous navigation system based on knowledge graph

This paper presents a knowledge graph construction framework based on the Adversarial Interpretive Structure Model (AISM), aiming to reveal the failure interdependencies of autonomous navigation assemblies. The autonomous navigation system is divided into 6 systems with 43 failure modes. The hierarchical correlations between multiple systems are quantified by establishing the distance matrix and adjacency matrix, which are defined as triples to serve the entities and attributes for the knowledge graph. The centrality metrics are applied to evaluate the importance of nodes and to assess the stability of the knowledge graph. The coordination relationships between autonomous navigation systems and the impact associations of failure modes are discussed to validate the reasonability of the proposed framework. The results indicate that The NAVTEX operation panel and The installation base of the temperature sensor are the most essential components in the hierarchical results. The positioning system has a high degree centrality and betweenness centrality, while the server system has the highest closeness centrality. The propagation path from Decrease in positioning accuracy to The installation base of the temperature sensor is investigated, providing the methodological and data basis for decision-making.

ЕСТЕТИЗАЦІЯ ОСВІТНЬО-ВИХОВНОГО ПРОЦЕСУ В ЗАКЛАДАХ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ

The aim of the study is to study and analyse the possibilities and prospects of aestheticizing the educational process in higher education institutions. In order to achieve this goal, several tasks were set: to analyse the peculiarities of the emotional and evaluative, general cultural, personal and volitional qualities of the student; to consider the categorical and terminological apparatus of the study; to develop methodological bases for the aestheticization of the educational process in higher education institutions. In the course of the scientific research, a series of methods were used: bibliographic, analytical and synthesis to study the psychological and pedagogical (theoretical) literature. The monographic method was used for the logical presentation of the results. Results. The aestheticization of the educational process in higher education institutions is a crucial aspect that ensures the comprehensive development of students, the formation of their creative potential and aesthetic competence. The role of aesthetic principles, which contribute not only to a deeper understanding of cultural phenomena but also to the development of social and communicative skills, is established. The aestheticization of the educational environment includes the integration of artistic practices, cultural and artistic events that enrich the academic experience of students and increase their motivation to learn. The importance of aesthetic competence is analysed, which includes the ability of students to perceive and evaluate aesthetic values, as well as their participation in cultural projects and creative initiatives. It is found that students’ aesthetic social activities help them to integrate better into the social environment, developing creativity and critical thinking. It is emphasised that the successful implementation of the aestheticization of the educational process requires an integrated approach, including the adaptation of curricula, the active participation of teachers and students, and the involvement of parents. Key words: aesthetic education, aesthetic competence, aesthetic culture, institution of higher education, student, teacher.

The Essence of Commercial Bank, principles and functions

The paper describes the relevance of the topic, sets the goal and objectives, specifies the theoretical and methodological foundations, specifies that the banking system guides the country's payments and settlements system, defines the essence, principles and functions of a commercial bank. The banking system is a wide range of diverse services, starting from traditional savings-loan and settlement-cash operations, ending with modern monetary credit and financial instruments. The bank is an intermediary link that attracts the temporarily free resources of economic subjects and supplies them to those subjects of the economy who experience a temporary shortage of these resources. The bank assumes the risk of non-return of resources. The effective operation of the payment system in any country requires the improvement of settlement operations and their technologies. Banks are the centers through which the majority of settlement and payment transactions are carried out. Settlements and payments of an individual or a legal entity, as well as of the entire economy, are carried out through banks. The theoretical and methodological basis of the work is - the researches of Georgian and foreign scientists on the regulation of the banking sector, the analytical works of various authors, the information-statistical and analytical materials of the National Bank of Georgia. Key words: Banking system, active bank transactions, passive operations.

Information Basis to Assess Russian Technological Security: Problems and Solutions

In this study we continue the research on the main indicators of Russia’s technological security assessment. In previous study we identified and outlined the main vulnerabilities in the information base for assessing technological development. In this article we will consider the ways to address the problems identified earlier in order to improve the information base and minimise threats to technological security. The methodological basis of the study comprises the normative documents defining the technological development of the Russian Federation, as well as the information base of its indicators. The authors analysed the main strategic documents to determine whether there is a methodological basis for calculating the indicators contained in them, the relevance of their target values and the consistency of planned values with the nature of their dynamics at the present time — to identify the possibility of achieving them. The authors assess the relationship between the level of depreciation of fixed assets in the regions of Russia and the degree of reconstruction and modernization of fixed assets. The article suggests directions of improvement of the information base of indicators, necessary for their improvement and updating.

Domestic Violence: Modern Challenges and Areas of Counteraction In Ukraine

Objective: The purpose of the article is to determine the role and significance of the interaction between the police and society as the main factor in combating crime, taking into account Ukrainian and foreign legislation, different opinions of scholars and empirical data. Theoretical Framework: The theoretical basis for this study is the scientific studies dedicated to fundamental issues of human interaction in modern conditions, the essence and general social significance of the institution of the family, as well as have thoroughly studied the problems of domestic violence. Method: The methodological basis of the research is systemic, comparative and legal analysis, formal and legal method, interpretive method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. Results and Discussion: A number of problematic aspects of the essence of combating domestic violence has been analyzed, which made it possible to form an understanding of this phenomenon as an extremely complex and multifaceted category that depends on a number of factors both at the individual and public levels. Contributions: It has been concluded that it is important to distinguish the areas of combating domestic violence for a more complete understanding of this process, especially in terms of large-scale armed aggression and new digital challenges. In particular, it has been emphasized on such areas as the prevention of domestic violence by servicemen and veterans, as well as the active use of digital technologies in fighting against domestic violence.

ONTOLOGY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESEARCH

Introduction. The ontology of socio-economic research contributes to a deeper understanding of the foundations of social and economic phenomena, which helps in the development of effective policies and strategies for solving problems at different levels of methodological knowledge. The development of modern science requires a detailed study of the ontological aspects of socio-economic processes for the analysis and forecasting of socio-economic phenomena. Research hypothesis: socio-economic processes can be more effectively analysed and predicted through the development of a formalized ontological system that describes the main concepts, methods and principles of ontological research. Purpose. Systematize the latest knowledge about the basic elements of socio-economic phenomena and develop the concept of the ontology of socio-economic research to improve the interpretation of the relationships between the elements of the knowledge system. Methodology. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is based on philosophical, sociological and economic concepts. In the course of the research, the following methods were used: historical and logical approaches, systematization, comparative analysis (when studying the genesis of ontological principles), theoretical generalization, abstract-logical (when arguing the research concept), classification, decomposition, modelling (when formation of the conceptual foundations of the ontology of socio-economic research). Results. The conceptual foundations of the ontology of socio-economic research have been formed. It is defined that ontology investigates the nature of being and reality, including various approaches such as traditional, formal, applied and social ontologies. An algorithm of the ontology of socio-economic research has been formed for the purpose of in-depth understanding and practical implication of theoretical knowledge in economic activity, which contribute to a more efficient organization of the research process and help to determine the most adequate methods and approaches for solving specific problems. The main aspects of the ontology of socio-economic research include: conceptual foundations, research methodology, relationships, empirical research, ontological principles. Based on the study of the genesis of principled approaches to socio-economic processes, the ontological principles of socio-economic research are systematized. Originality. The theoretical framework of social ontology, which studies the structure of social reality, and the framework of economic ontology, which focuses on the systematization of economic knowledge and the structuring of the research concept and interpretation of results, are defined. Taking into account the interdisciplinary approach, we improved and specified the interpretation of the term ontology of socio-economic research, by which we understand the philosophical approach of systematic study of the nature and structure of socio-economic phenomena and processes based on the formation of conceptual foundations, methodology and research principles. The modern ontological principles of socio-economic research (structurality, realism, taking into account the context, multi-level analysis, interdisciplinary, impartiality, interaction and mutual influence, dynamism) were formed and meaningfully revealed, the observance of which contributes to the objectivity and accuracy of research, allows taking into account complex and interdisciplinary approaches. Conclusion. The ontology of socio-economic research is aimed at creating a coherent and comprehensible picture of socio-economic reality, which helps researchers better understand and explain complex processes and phenomena, as well as develop effective strategies for their management and improvement. Ontological approaches to socio-economic research provide a structured and systematic approach to the analysis and development of effective policies and strategies, which contributes to a deeper understanding of complex socio-economic phenomena. The development of ontologies of socio-economic research includes the concept, methodology, principles and practical recommendations regarding the research algorithm.

Emotional distress of adolescents from dysfunctional families as a subject of scientific research

The article provides a scientific justification for the relevance of studying emotional distress of adolescents from dysfunctional families. The social significance of the topic is noted: the emotional distress of adolescent children not only makes unhappy themselves, but also reduces the level of social health of the family and the whole society, affecting social security. The purpose of the research is a theoretical analysis of sources of scientific information which, presumably, can form a methodological basis for studying family predictors of the adolescent emotional distress. The material in the article is presented in accordance with four research questions concerning the formulation of this scientific problem, its current state in domestic and foreign social psychology, and its poorly studied aspects. The definition of the concept of the emotional distress is clarified, its similarity to the concept of emotional modality is shown; the already established features of the emotional sphere of adolescent children are noted. It is concluded that by now there are prerequisites for studying families with adolescents simultaneously from the standpoint of socio-psychological and systemic approaches. A model of empirical research of the family predictors of the emotional distress of adolescents from dysfunctional families is proposed. The prospects of practical application of the study results are outlined.

Primary basic criminal law categories: crime, punishment

The subject of the study: criminal law categories. The issue of criteria for classifying a certain criminal law term into a category remains problematic and debatable. The purpose of the study: to identify the primary basic criminal law categories, to substantiate their features. Research methods: due to the specifics of the study, the methods of system-structural and functional analysis are used as the main ones. as a methodological basis for the study. The dialectical method of cognition of socio-legal phenomena is used, as well as general scientific methods of cognition (analysis, synthesis), private scientific (formal logical, epistemological). The main results of the study: the primary basic criminal law categories are crime and punishment. The category of criminal liability is a secondary criminal law category, since it is derived from the primary legal category of legal liability. The author formulates the signs that characterize the criminal law category.

Directions for the development of socially oriented taxation of income of Russians

Personal income tax (hereinafter referred to as PIT), in interaction with other instruments, can have a significant impact on the implementation of social goals aimed at improving the quality of life of Russians, reducing poverty, overcoming monetary inequality, and supporting low-income citizens, including families with children. The article is aimed at studying the theoretical and practical aspects of taxation of personal income regulated by Chapter 23 of the Russian Tax Code. It reveals the significant role of the PIT due to its revenue potential for the budget system of the Russian Federation and its regulatory impact on socio-economic processes in conditions of geopolitical tension, describes the current system of tax deductions, the need and directions for its improvement. The methodological basis of the study is founded on the analysis of scientific publications and open data of public authorities posted on their official websites. The analysis has been conducted using comparison methods, systemic logical and semantic analysis, synthesis of theoretical and practical material. The purpose of the study is to propose a gradual improvement of the mechanisms for providing standard and social tax deductions by increasing their sizes, introducing a subsistence minimum as a non-taxable income for all categories of payers, expanding the scope of application with consideration to the results of the ongoing socio-economic policy. The conclusions and generalisations of the study can be used when legislative and executive authorities and the scientific community develop proposals for improving the provisions of Chapter 23 of the Russian Tax Code, which will create a socially oriented domestic tax system.

Newsmaking Criminology in the 21st Century: Forming the Public Opinion under the New Reality

Objective: to study the concept of newsmaking criminology and its relevance in the current conditions of mass media development.Methods: the methodological basis of the work consists of general scientific, social, and special-legal methods of cognition. The conducted research is based on the dialectical method (in determining the general direction of the study), methods of formal logic (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy), system method (in comparing and generalizing the information collected for the research).Results: the functions of newsmaking criminology in its classical manifestation, as well as its additional functions in the study of mass media in the Internet, were revealed. It is suggested that with the emergence of the World Wide Web, the relevance of newsmaking criminology has increased: social networks, blogs and video hosting as alternative media have a strong influence on public opinion, while an unlimited number of people have access to content generation, contrary to traditional media. Many states understand the importance of interaction between mass media and law enforcement agencies and are actively implementing their methods of promoting newsmaking criminology online. This article points out the risks that arise in media coverage of law enforcement and crime. One of such risks is the cancel culture, which is spontaneous, unpredictable in nature, and may jeopardize the quality of life of the victim or business reputation and activity of organizations.Scientific novelty: the functions performed by newsmaking criminology in the study of traditional and alternative media were identified. So far, such doctrine has not been sufficiently researched taking into account modern forms of mass communication. Examples of interaction between law enforcement agencies of different states and the media were analyzed.Practical significance: the study contributes to understanding the correlation between criminological phenomena and modern media platforms. The Internet and social networks provide new channels of information exchange that differ significantly from traditional media such as printed media or television.

“POLITICALLY MATURE AND EXPERIENCED ONE...”: SOME MODELS OF ROTATION OF THE FIRST SECRETARIES OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY REGIONAL COMMITTEE IN THE 2ND HALF OF THE 1940S TO THE 50S (based on the materials of the Upper Volga regions)

The article analyses the models of rotation of regional leadership in the Upper Volga regions at the end of Stalin’s period and in the beginning of Khrushchev’s one. The focus is on the 3 first secretaries of the Communist Party regional committee in the 1940–50s - Pavel Alfyorov, Vladimir Luk’yanov, Fyodor Titov, who at different times were Party leaders of Vladimir, Ivanovo, and Yaroslavl regions. Attention is paid to quantitative and institutional characteristics associated with personnel rotations of late Stalinism and Khrushchev Thaw. The methodological basis of the study was the principles of historicism and systematicity, the prosopographic method, a combination of analysis of archival documents and sources of personal origin. The theoretical basis of the article is based on the ideas of Yelena Zubkova, Aleksandr Konovalov, Aleksey Fyodorov, Oleg Khlevniuk, Yoram Gorlizki. The source base is represented by documents from the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History, materials from documentary publications and reference publications, and personal sources (memoirs, interviews). The article concludes, that the biographies of the first secretaries of the regional committees of the Upper Volga regions (Pavel Alfyorov, Vladimir Luk’yanov, Fyodor Titov) demonstrate 3 different models of rotation of regional leadership personnel of Stalin and Khrushchev periods, but do not exhaust the diversity of personnel movements in the post-war USSR. It is noted that the first rotation model “From region to region”, inherent in Vladimir Luk’yanov, can be considered typical of the group of successful Stalinist promoters of the late 1930s. It is emphasised that the second model “Region-centre-region”, inherent in Pavel Alfyorov, reflects a move across the regions with a short-term return to the central apparatus of an experienced but not quite successful Party functionary. It is stated that the third model “Second-First-Second”, inherent in Fyodor Titov, was more rare, characterised by alternating the position of first secretary of the regional committee in the regions of the Russian Soviet Republic and second secretary in the republican communist parties of the USSR. The significance for career growth in the 1940-50s is noted considering the positions of second secretary of the regional committee, chairman of the regional executive committee, inspector of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, structures of the central apparatus. As the finishing point in the nomenclature career of Party functionaries of the 1950–60s, the Party Control Committee is indicated. The publication is an invitation to discussion for representatives of the scientific community regarding the typification and classification of regional Party leaders of the Soviet era.

State and trends in the development of the microfinance market in Russia

The relevance of the article is due to the insignificant contribution of microfinance to the development of the Russian economic system, especially in the context of supporting small and medium-sized businesses. However, the regulator sees it as a promising sector of the financial market and considers its progressive development necessary. The purpose of the work is to study the current state and identify trends in the development of the microfinance market in Russia. The methodological basis of the study includes empirical observation and analysis. During the work, official statistical data and scientific publications on the topic of microfinance have been used. The article provides a review of current legislative documents regulating the microfinance sector, and analyses the state of the market based on statistical data. It is substantiated that some elements of the monetary and financial policies pursued in the Russian Federation can be applied for the successful development of the microfinance sector, contribute to its effective and balanced work, and improve accessibility and sustainability. In the course of the work, key directions for the development of the microfinance market are formed: improving regulation and supervision; promoting financial literacy of the population; application of digital technologies; expansion and diversification of the product portfolio, development of partnerships, social entrepreneurship, which contribute to the sustainable development of this segment of the financial market. Particular attention is paid to a detailed analysis of improving the regulatory framework for microfinance in Russia from the point of view of legislation on bankruptcy of individuals, stimulating innovation and digitalisation, and supporting social entrepreneurship.

AXIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL MECHANISM FOR THE CONVERGENCE OF EU ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF HEALTH POLICY

Abstract. The article addresses the issues of developing and implementing a unified strategy in the field of health policy and medical law in the European Union. The main focus is on analyzing differences between national legislations, assessing the institutional capacity of member states to adapt European standards, and studying the impact of a unified strategy on pan-European health effectiveness. Particular attention is given to the role of the European Parliament in shaping health policy and the potential of technological innovations to improve the quality of medical services. The purpose of the research. The purpose of the research is to determine and summarize the axiological aspects of the convergence of the European Union's activities in the field of health policy. Methodology. The methodological basis of the research includes an axiological analysis of national and European legislative acts, a comparative analysis of national approaches to medical standards, and an assessment of the institutional capacity of EU member states to adapt European standards. Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the comprehensive analysis of the convergence of health policy in the EU and the study of the impact of a unified strategy on pan-European health effectiveness, with a focus on the harmonization of medical standards and regulations. Conclusions. The effective implementation of the EU's convergence strategy in health policy is a key factor in improving public health, preventing diseases, and eliminating threats to physical and mental health at the pan-European level.

Факторная модель личностного выбора соучастия в экстремальном добровольчестве и его диагностика

The article is devoted to improving psychological support for volunteering in extreme conditions. The emphasis is placed on the establishment of predictors of personal choice of participation in volunteerism, the development of an integrative model and diagnostic tools for assessing readiness for participating activities. The subject of the study is a model of personal choice of participation in extreme volunteerism. The aim is to substantiate an integrative model of personal choice of participation in extreme volunteerism, to develop an appropriate diagnostic methodology based on it. The methodological basis is based on axiological, holistic, activity-based and subjective approaches. Semantic analysis of diagnostic constructs, as well as expert assessment and psychological testing were used (questionnaire «Scale of dispositional egoism» (K. Muzdybaev); questionnaire «Motivation for help» (S.K. Nartova-Bochaver); questionnaire of value orientations (adaptation of M. Rokich's methodology); indicative questionnaire «Personality orientation» (V. Smekal, M. Kucera adaptation by N.M. Peisakhov); questionnaire on motivation of volunteer activity (K.V. Gil); methodology for diagnosing achievement motivation (A. Mehrabian); methods of diagnosing personal maturity (V.A. Ruzhenkov); test of resilience (S. Muddy, adaptation by D.A. Leontiev, E.I. Rasskazova); questionnaire «Coping behavior» (R. Lazurus, S. Folkman, adaptation by S. Hobfall); value questionnaire (Sh. Schwartz); original author's methods – a questionnaire for assessing the propensity to extreme volunteering, an assessment of manifestations of professional personality deformation, a questionnaire for evaluating the choice of participation in extreme volunteerism). The sample size is 218 people. Applied: descriptive statistics, factor analysis, meta-analysis of data. According to the results of the study, the 16 factor structure of the choice of complicity is justified, which includes: «Prosocial value orientations», «Ideality», «Integrity of worldview», «Voluntary sense orientation», «Motivation», «Interest in volunteerism», «Propensity to extreme activity», «Dedication», «Critical thinking», «Extreme perceptual congruence», «Emotional stenicity», «Self-control», «Activity in extreme conditions», «Extreme vitality», «Self-organization», «Reliability». The novelty lies in the development of an integrative model and a questionnaire for evaluating the choice of participation in volunteerism. The results can be applied by psychologists of law enforcement agencies and volunteer organizations in conducting psychological selection and training of volunteers.

Hybrid diagnosis-related groups-The challenge

The introduction of hybrid diagnosis-related groups (DRG) presents new challenges for healthcare providers and health insurances. The same applied in 2023 to the institute designated by the Federal Ministry of Health (BMG) to extract medical procedures and calculate remuneration levels for the first hybrid DRGs. Aresponsible calculation methodology and arealistic data basis are required as the result of the calculation can lead to controversy, even to a splitting among specialist groups and constructs. There is also the threat of mismanagement with subsequent supply problems. In this context, aloss of quality can occur due to the use of simple surgical procedures that are less complex and not expensive with respect to material costs and are economical but not state of the art and thus directly worsen the medical care of patients in the statutory health insurance (GKV). Furthermore, it is already becoming apparent that procedures that are uneconomical due to the miscalculation are partially no longer being comprehensively rendered by healthcare providers due to adjustment of the service portfolio. An appropriate compensation of procedures is only possible based on a remuneration that adequately covers the costs. In this respect, this article is not intended to be understood as a"solution to the problem of the internal distribution of the remuneration in hybrid DRGs" but more to offer suggestions for solutions for the required further development of the hybrid DRG compensation level calculation to prevent a threat to the treatment of GKV patients due to mismanagement. As required in §115fof the SozialgesetzbuchV (SGBV), the recalculation of an economic remuneration must be carried out urgently and promptly using an empirical calculation basis and methodology and this must be regularly adapted.

Integration of flexible corporate demographic policy tools into the personnel management system

Amid staff shortages and rising labour costs, many Russian enterprises are looking for non-material methods to man age personnel. Organizational, labour and socio-psychological aspects of employee incentives are closely linked to the corporate demographic policy tools. The article aims to analyse the demand for flexible working arrangements for employees with family responsibilities, as well as to determine the opportunities for integrating flexible organizational and labour tools of corporate de mographic policy into the personnel management system. Flexibilization theory in the context of corporate demographic policy constitutes the methodological basis of the study. The standard methods of structured personal interviews, frequency analysis with equality of proportions hypothesis test using a chi-square statistic, and comparison of mean values based on the Kruskal Wallis test were applied. The empirical evidence includes collective agreements and local regulations of the largest employers in the Russian Federation, as well as results of a sociological survey conducted in June–September, 2023 (the analyzed sample cov ered 2,804 respondents). The study statistically proves that employees working flexible hours are more satisfied with their job and life compared to those with rigid schedules. It also shows that flexible working arrangements are in demand among employees with parental commitments. The paper presents a model and an algorithm for integrating flexible organizational and labour tools of corporate demographic policy into the personnel management system. We develop a list of HR metrics and identify potential positive implications of this integration through strengthening the HR brand, increasing employee loyalty and engagement, and reducing staff turnover.

О практике развития некоторых элементов конвергентного образования в технологическом вузе

The article examines the experience of the Faculty of Humanities and its Center for Cognitive Psychology at the University of Technology in involving students in research and applied scientific projects through cooperation and integration of the humanities and technology departments of the University. The ideas of the transformation of the country's educational system and the change of its methodological, pedagogical and technological guidelines in response to modern challenges and risks are analyzed, primarily for the younger generation in need of social adaptation and deeper natural science and humanitarian training for professional and personal growth. The attempts to substantiate the definition of "convergent education" are analyzed. All of them are based on an understanding, to one degree or another, of an interdisciplinary methodological approach to the formation of educational programs, in order to overcome the highly professional training of specialists and avoid formalizing the content of educational material, taking into account the productive interaction of the fundamental component of humanitarian and professional knowledge, the use of modern methods of automation of various types of information activities using information and computer technologies (algorithmization of learning, information modeling). In general, the convergence of education is defined as a process of learning and upbringing, which is a consequence of the implementation of the modern educational paradigm aimed at understanding, rather than memorizing, education for change, the ability to withstand stress, live in a digital world, preserving humanity, sociability and collectivism, ensuring teamwork, preservation and development of the humanitarian and intellectual component "in the context of the interpenetration of sciences and technologies in the implementation of the convergence of real and virtual communications. The scientific and methodological basis for the development of convergent education at the first stage was the development of scientific and pedagogical practices. This can include the management of students' research activities (R&D), involving them in the development and implementation of various projects of scientific laboratories and centers of departments and faculties. The article summarizes some of the experience of the Center for Cognitive Psychology of the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities - SGT (until 2022 – ISGT– Institute) of the Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Education "K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State Technical University (PKU)", which was actively involved in the process of cluster formation in the conditions of the university's transformation into an innovative expert–analytical platform, the formation of an expert-educational cluster of excellence "NBICS-technologies of the food industry".

Perception of commercial advertising by generations Y and Z

Generations Y and Z make up a significant share of consumers, so businesses need to adapt their advertising strategies and communication methods to the characteristics of each generation. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the differences in the perception of commercial advertising by generations Y and Z. The methodological basis of the study is marketing theory and the theory of generations. Comparison of means tests, linear regression, and Lasso regression were used as research methods. The data set of the study is represented by data from a survey of 308 respondents conducted in February 2023 and designed us ing the semantic differential method. Our findings show statistically significant differences in the perception by generations Y and Z of the colour temperature of a commercial, the dynamism and volume of the music, and friendliness of the actors. Among the factors affecting the probability of purchase by both generations are the need for product, colour temperature, and high-quality commercial editing, while generation Z is influenced by the semantic component and friendliness of the actors, and generation Y – by the emotional component. Generation Y consumers are more prone to impulse buying behaviour. The factors influencing the likelihood to purchase are ranked in descending order of importance: for generation Z, these are the need for product, inter est in the plot of the commercial, attractiveness of the actors, and exclusivity of the offer; for generation Y, these are the need for product, inspiration after watching, depth of meaning of the advertisement, and exclusivity of the offer. The results of the study may be useful to representatives of the marketing and advertising industry.

Comparison of dry and wet electroencephalography for the assessment of cognitive evoked potentials and sensor-level connectivity

BackgroundMultipin dry electrodes (dry EEG) provide faster and more convenient application than wet EEG, enabling extensive data collection. This study aims to compare task-related time-frequency representations and resting-state connectivity between wet and dry EEG methods to establish a foundation for using dry EEG in investigations of brain activity in neuropsychiatric disorders.MethodsIn this counterbalanced cross-over study, we acquired wet and dry EEG in 33 healthy participants [n = 22 females, mean age (SD) = 24.3 (± 3.4) years] during resting-state and an auditory oddball paradigm. We computed mismatch negativity (MMN), theta power in task EEG, and connectivity measures from resting-state EEG using phase lag index (PLI) and minimum spanning tree (MST). Agreement between wet and dry EEG was assessed using Bland–Altman bias.ResultsMMN was detectable with both systems in time and frequency domains, but dry EEG underestimated MMN mean amplitude, peak latency, and theta power compared to wet EEG. Resting-state connectivity was reliably estimated with dry EEG using MST diameter in all except the very low frequencies (0.5–4 Hz). PLI showed larger differences between wet and dry EEG in all frequencies except theta.ConclusionDry EEG reliably detected MMN and resting-state connectivity despite a lower signal-to-noise ratio. This study provides the methodological basis for using dry EEG in studies investigating the neural processes underlying psychiatric and neurological conditions.

Роль банків у процесах тінізації економіки України

Introduction. The relevance of the article is due to the growing role of banking institutions in the process of shadowing the Ukrainian economy, which negatively affects the financial stability of the state. Problem Statement. The shadow economy has been identified as one of the main threats to the economic stability and security of the state. The study of the role of banking institutions in illegal transactions by entities whose purpose is money laundering, using various schemes and methods of financial fraud, is considered from the standpoint of substantiating directions and effective tools for countering shadowing of the economy. The implementation of such measures at the national and corporate level in accordance with international norms will make it possible to strengthen control over banking transactions, increase stability of the banking and financial systems and, ultimately, improve the level of economic security of the country. Purpose. Analysis of the role of banking institutions in the shadow economy, justification of directions and tools for counteracting the participation of banks in the shadow economy. Methods. The methodological basis of the study is the fundamental provisions of economic theory, theories of management and state regulation of the economy, economic and mathematical modeling, the theory of money, finance and credit, scientific achievements on the shadow economy and measures to counteract its manifestations. Results. The study identifies the role of banking institutions and proposes a typology of forms of their participation in the shadow economy, including: legalization of proceeds of crime; use of correspondent accounts; use of fictitious companies and front persons; offshore accounts; lending and deposit operations of banks; securities manipulation; and other financial fraud. The impact of these mechanisms on the economic stability of the state and the banking system is analyzed. A comparative analysis of international experience in combating money laundering is carried out, and effective tools for preventing shadow operations are identified. The trends and factors of shadowing the Ukrainian economy are analyzed. To assess the impact of banking institutions on the spread of the shadow economy, it is proposed to use the Simpson distribution for shadow cash flows and discount rates with the participation of banking institutions. The instruments of counteracting the participation of banks in the processes of shadowing the Ukrainian economy are substantiated. Conclusions. Further research is planned to focus on the impact of modern digital technologies, such as blockchain and cryptocurrencies, on money laundering through banking institutions. A promising area is the development of innovative methods of financial monitoring and identification of suspicious transactions, in particular with the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning. It is also important to study the effectiveness of international cooperation and develop recommendations for improving the legislative framework for combating money laundering through banking institutions.