Legislative Basis Research Articles

UY QAMOGʻI TARZIDAGI EHTIYOT CHORASI TANLANGAN SHAXSGA NISBATAN OʻRNATILISHI MUMKIN BOʻLGAN TAQIQ (CHEKLOV)LARNING ILMIY-NAZARIY JIHATLARI

According to the criminal procedural law, house arrest should be taken into account when there are grounds for choosing a preventive measure in the form of detention against a suspect, accused, or defendant, taking into account his age, state of health, family situation, and other circumstances. applied in cases of non-conformity, and certain prohibitions (restrictions) provided for by the law are established against the person. In this article, the concept of prohibitions (restrictions) that can be imposed by the author on a person selected as a criminal-procedural precaution, their types, application procedure, and scientific-theoretical aspects of their content are presented by foreign experts and local It is covered in detail through a comparative analysis of researchers’ opinions. Moreover, in the article, on the basis of foreign and national legislation and legal norms, the prohibitions (restrictions) applied to the person who was placed under house arrest, which arose in the practice of law enforcement and caused controversy among practicing lawyers possible problems are discussed, and conclusions and suggestions for their elimination are given.

Legal support of the organization of the movement of unmanned trains on the railways of the Russian Federation

This article discusses the legal support of unmanned trains on the railways of the Russian Federation. The technical equipment of trains with the maximum level of automation, the principle of organization and control of the movement of such trains, the role of drivers in driving the train are presented. The chronology of the development of automated trains in Russia is clearly shown. The levels of automation are given. Difficulties in testing and using unmanned trains are highlighted.The legislative base of unmanned trains in Russia is analyzed, the “gaps” in legal regulation are shown. The possible problems that may arise in the future when unmanned trains are put into operation are highlighted.For comparison, the legal aspect of the organization of self-driving cars is considered, it is reflected how much they are ahead of automated railway transport in regulating their operation.The prospects of development and the reasons for the need for unmanned trains on railways are described.In the current geopolitical situation, the digitalization of the transport and logistics complex is one of the main drivers of its development. The introduction of unmanned technologies plays an important role in the formation of technological sovereignty within Industry 4.0, and also acts as a significant competitive advantage in the development of the industry. Unmanned vehicles are the future of both the railway and other modes of transport.

A Critical Analysis of the Rights and Obligations of the Manager of a Limited Liability Company: Managerial Legislative Basis

The rights and obligations of an executive as a top manager of a limited liability company seem to be a long-settled question. However, the opposite is true. We were particularly interested in the question of the rights and obligations of the manager as a statutory body of the most widespread type of business company. A very important issue is the definition of the relationship between the limited liability company and the manager. The reason for this is the fact that it is a business–legal relationship and the protection provided to the executive in relation to the business company is based only on their mutual contractual basis. In addition to the examination of managerial knowledge and skills, we focused primarily on a critical analysis of the legal definition of the rights and obligations of an executive and their responsibility towards a limited liability company. As part of our research, we analyzed extensive jurisprudence, which completed our understanding of the concept of an executive and also defined the framework of not only their actions, but especially their rights and obligations. To achieve our goal, we used several scientific methods designed for the study of law, such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, deduction, and description. We critically evaluated the results of our research and compared the development of Slovak and Czech jurisprudence in the context of its influence on the investigated issue. At the same time, we answered the research question of whether legislative intervention is necessary for the already existing rights and obligations of a manager in relation to their limited liability company. This analysis of the rights and obligations of the manager of a limited liability company has several implications for both managers and companies as a whole, such as managerial autonomy, accountability, responsibility, and the balance of power. The research findings highlighted the significant decision making authority granted to managers. The obligations identified in the analysis emphasized the need for managers to act responsibly and be accountable for their actions. The rights and obligations of managers need to be balanced with the interests of other stakeholders, particularly the company’s members. In conclusion, the critical analysis of the rights and obligations of the manager of a limited liability company, based on the managerial legislative basis, revealed that managers possess decision making authority, profit distribution rights, limited liability protection, and entitlement to compensation. However, they are also obligated to fulfill fiduciary duties, comply with laws and regulations, maintain proper records, and exercise due care. The research underscored the significance of managerial autonomy, accountability, and a balanced exercise of power in a limited liability company. By understanding and adhering to their rights and obligations, managers can effectively navigate their roles while contributing to the success and sustainability of the company

Evaluating Surface Water Nitrogen Pollution via Visual Clustering in Megacity Chengdu

The current standards used for nitrogen pollution evaluation are lacking, and scientific classification methods are needed for nitrogen pollution to improve water quality management capabilities. This study addresses the important issue of assessing surface water nitrogen pollution by utilizing two advanced multivariate statistical techniques: self-organizing maps (SOMs) obtained using the K-means algorithm and the Hasse diagram technique (HDT). The research targets of this study are the rivers of the megacity Chengdu, China. Samples were collected on a monthly basis in 2017–2020 from different sites along the rivers, and their nitrogen pollution parameters were determined. The grouping of nitrogen pollution parameters and the clustering of sampling events using SOMs facilitate the preprocessing required for the HDT, wherein clusters are ordered according to the pre-clustered water sampling events. The results indicate that nitrogen pollution in the Chengdu River Basin, which is prominent and mainly driven by nitrate nitrogen, can be categorized into five levels. The nitrogen pollution in Tuo River is serious. Although the degree of ammonia nitrogen pollution in Jin River is higher, the pollution range is smaller. Furthermore, these results were evaluated by the SOMs and HDT to be clear and reliable. Overall, these findings can provide a basis for local environmental legislation.

The influence of dangerous geological and technogenic processes during engineering and geological research and environmental safety for construction in the modern period

Problems Statement and Purpose. Reliability of construction, protection of the territory from dangerous geological and technogenic processes, assessment of impact of construction and reconstruction objects on the environmental safety of the territory should be based on high-quality materials of engineering investigations. Today in Ukraine, the conditions of construction and reconstruction have significantly increased the requirements for the quality and composition of engineering research. At the same time, there are a number of natural and social factors that increase the degree of geotechnical and environmental risks during construction, there is no system that ensures the mandatory implementation of state regulations, which has an extremely negative effect on the quality of research materials. These questions are of particular importance given the volume of work that awaits us in the reconstruction of our country. The purpose of article is to once again draw attention to the problems in the field of engineering and geological investigations for construction, which largely depend on the safety and comfort of our living, to formulate proposals for improving the state of affairs in anticipation of the large-scale recovery of our country and the possibility of entering the regulatory field of the EU. Data & Methods. The legislative framework of Ukraine in the field of engineering and geological investigations for construction has been analyzed. Results. The article provides an analysis of the state with the legislative base in Ukraine regarding engineering surveys, the system that ensures mandatory compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents, factors that increase man-made and environmental risks in construction, proposed measures aimed at improving the quality of survey materials. 4 factors have been established that systematically affect the quality of engineering and geological investigations and the safety of construction: 1) most accidents and deformations of buildings and structures are associated with processes in the "base - foundation" system; 2) about 80% of the territory of Ukraine is characterized by complex engineering and geological conditions, with manifestations of almost all dangerous geological processes: seismicity, karst, landslides, reworking of banks, subsidence, soil swelling, etc.; 3) a significant increase in the specific weight of construction in conditions of dense urban construction and reconstruction of existing buildings in the total volume of construction; 4) social and economic conditions. An example of a change in the qualitative characteristics of underground hydrosphere (chemical composition and increase in the aggressiveness of groundwater), which had an impact on the reliability of construction and the ecological component at the studied area, has been considered.

'Embarrasing and Even Ridiculous'

This paper examines the brief lifespan (1907–20) of ‘Two Act’ entrenchment, a curious constitutional law idea which emerged in Queensland in the early 1900s. Its origins lay in an argument formulated by Queensland’s then Chief Justice, Pope Cooper, qua defendant in criminal proceedings arising from his refusal to pay income tax on his judicial salary. That argument was that the Constitution Act 1867 (Qld) was a form of ‘fundamental’ or ‘organic’ law which could not be altered by legislation passed in the ordinary way, but which could be changed only by a Two Act legislative process in which the Legislature in Act 1 expressly empowered itself to alter the relevant provision and then in Act 2, again expressly, enacted the relevant alteration. The article considers how it was that an idea which had no textual basis in either Imperial or colonial legislation, for which there was no supportive judicial authority, and which had no precedent in Queensland’s legislative practice, was repeatedly upheld by Queensland’s Supreme Court and Australia’s High Court before being dismissed as wholly without merit by the Privy Council in McCawley v The King; but dismissed in terms which laid the foundation for the Privy Council’s subsequent approval of the proposition (in Trethowan v Attorney-General of New South Wales) that Australia’s State legislatures did indeed possess the legislative competence to enact judicially enforceable entrenchment devices to prevent certain laws being enacted through the ordinary lawmaking process.

The Protection for Citizen During Outbreaks: The Emergency Status During Covid-19 in the Perspective of Indonesian Constitutional Law

The purpose of this study is to offer novelty regarding the emergency status issued by the Indonesian government appropriately. Using normative research with an orientation that is not based on conceptual. The initial beginnings that occurred in Indonesia resulted in changes in the application of the law, especially state administration law where an emergency had two components, namely the legal framework consisting of the constitution and the legislative basis for emergencies and the operational framework involving organizational structures and strategic plans for dealing with emergencies. In this case the government must immediately lockdown because in the principle of emergency state administration law is an absolute thing that must be done. To carry out lockdown, it requires firmness and a combined security of all parties. Lockdown must also be limited by legal norms such as a presidential decree to avoid arbitrariness by the government. Such understanding is important so that the country can run well.

Experience with NORM waste disposal in different European countries.

Industrial processes generate various quantities of waste that can be contaminated with radionuclides of natural origin (naturally occurring radioactive material ('NORM waste')). The efficient management of this waste is essential for any industries affected by NORM waste generation. To obtain an overview of current practices and approaches in Europe, the IRPA Task Group on NORM conducted a survey among task group members and other experts from European countries. The results revealed significant differences in methods and approaches in the European countries. In many countries, landfills are used to dispose of small- and medium-sized quantities of NORM waste with limited activity concentration. But our survey indicated that despite a uniform reference basis for national legislation in Europe, there are different framework conditions for the disposal of NORM waste in practice. In some countries, the disposal is hampered because the interface between the radiation protection system and the waste regime is not yet clearly regulated. Particular practical problems include the lack of acceptance of waste because of the 'radioactivity' stigma and only vague specifications by the legislators on acceptance obligations of the waste management sector.

THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN THE FIELD OF GUARDIANSHIP AND CONSERVATORSHIP OF ADULTS IN UKRAINE

Based on the content of Article 55 of the Civil Code of Ukraine, the task of guardianship and conservatorship of adult incapacitated persons and persons with limited legal capacity – is to ensure the personal non-property and property rights and interests of such persons, and as practice shows, there are currently a significant number of problems. The relevant problems are, inter alia, of a social and economic nature and affect a large number of subjects, with a special role being assigned to local self-government bodies, whose executive bodies, according to the definition of Ukrainian legislation, are guardianship and conservatorship bodies. This problem has a significant negative impact on the quality of life of adults in need of care and assistance, as well as on the exercise of relevant powers by local authorities. The above testifies to the usefulness of the study of the socio-economic role of local self-government bodies in the field of guardianship and conservatorship of adult incapacitated persons and persons with limited legal capacity. In this regard, an attempt was made to characterize the legislative basis and practical organization of the activities of local self-government bodies during their performance and powers of guardianship and conservatorship of adults, to determine and analyze the relevant duties, which, according to the results of the study, are proposed to be classified into three main groups (ensuring, protecting and defending the rights and legitimate interests of adults in need of guardianship and conservatorship; controlling and supervising the activities of guardianship and conservatorship entities (guardians, conservators and special institutions); controlling and supervising the preservation and management of property of persons under guardianship and conservatorship).

Classification of taxes and fees as a method of systematization of environmental taxation in the russian federation

Environmental taxation is an instrument of the state’s tax policy, remaining today one of the vectors of socio-economic development. However, the structural understanding of this mechanism in tax theory has not yet been formed. In this connection, the purpose of this work is to identify, on the basis of the current tax legislation of the Russian Federation, tax tools involved in the regulation of environmental processes. To solve one of the main tasks, namely, to form the theoretical foundations of the algorithm for monitoring and evaluating empirical data within the framework of the state’s tax policy, it is necessary to analyze scientific publications and synthesize knowledge of Russian and foreign practices in the field of environmental taxation. The next task is to formulate conclusions on the further greening of the tax legislation of the Russian Federation. As a result of the conducted research, the author’s approach to the typologization of taxes and fees within the framework of Russian tax legislation is proposed from the position of using the ecological element of fiscal instruments. In the article the ecological element is understood as the socio-economic essence of a particular tax or fee, as well as the presence of an element or a tax mechanism of interaction of an ecological orientation in the payment structure. As a result, it was the elementary analysis of payments that made it possible to identify the range of hypothetically acceptable tax regulators.

SOCIAL AND PEDAGOGICAL SUPPORT OF CERTAIN CATEGORIES OF CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS IN THE CONDITIONS OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION

The article deals with the theoretical foundations of socio-pedagogical support of children with limited functional capabilities in the conditions of inclusive education. The concept of inclusive education, support, social support, socio-pedagogical support is analyzed. The main categories of children with special needs who need socio-pedagogical support in the conditions of inclusive educational institutions are highlighted. It has been proven that inclusive education as a modern educational system requires the creation of appropriate conditions and the development of a system of socio-pedagogical support for children with special educational needs.
 The rules of socio-pedagogical support of children with limited functional capabilities in the conditions of inclusive education have been formulated. Special attention is paid to the description of the features of socio-pedagogical support of educational activities of children with intellectual disabilities, with autism, cerebral palsy, visual and hearing impairments. It was noted that the forced stay in the institutions of the special educational system violates basic human rights and freedoms, however, with improper organization of inclusive education, the inability of children with special educational needs to adapt successfully to the existing conditions of educational institutions leads to their social exclusion and marginalization. They do not even receive the help and services that they would receive in the special educational system.
 The need to take into account the educational difficulties of the main categories of children enrolled in inclusive education and determine the level of their support is emphasized. The main difficulties of certain categories of children with different nosologies in the conditions of inclusive education are described, the consideration of which will contribute to increasing the effectiveness of the organization of education in the inclusive class. The legislative basis for the organization of inclusive education and the creation of a socio-pedagogical support team has been analyzed. It was concluded that the effectiveness of the educational process in an inclusive educational institution depends on the productive interaction of the teacher, the teacher's assistant, and the child's assistant.
 Further research into the problem of socio-pedagogical support of certain categories of children with special needs in the conditions of inclusive education will be aimed at identifying an effective interaction mechanism of all members of the socio-pedagogical support team. There is a need to specify the description of interaction mechanisms and the distribution of functional responsibilities for different nosologies, special educational difficulties and different levels of socio-pedagogical support.

3D crowdsourced parametric cadastral mapping: Pathways integrating BIM/IFC, crowdsourced data and LADM

This paper is part of a doctoral dissertation (PhD) research aligned with global trends aiming to develop practical technical tools for the collection, management and visualization of three-dimensional (3D) property rights in urban areas. Recently, the Building Information Models (BIMs) claim a prominent position in the field of 3D cadastres and the digital twins of the cities. In addition to all other building information, the BIM can also provide data about the exact boundaries of all kind of legal spaces (e.g., property ownership rights as well as land use restrictions), under the support of Industry Foundation Classes (IFCs). However, the utilization of BIMs for 3D cadastral surveys is still accompanied with two main drawbacks. The first refers to BIMs limited availability, as till now they mainly encounter in new large constructions. The second refers to the complexity in defining the exact geometric location of the legal boundaries regarding the exterior/interior partitions of the construction and of the common spaces. The latter parameter is formed on the basis of the current legal legislation in each country. Through in-depth investigation of the current legal framework of each country it may be possible to visualize the various 3D legal spaces within complex constructions and thus to facilitate the integration of existing BIMs in the development of 3D cadasters that will enable a better understanding and communication of all involved parties in the operation of cross-boundary real estate markets. In parallel, crowdsourcing has already been proved to be a powerful data collection method for the initial participatory implementation of fast, reliable and affordable 3D cadastral surveys, utilizing all capabilities provided by the latest low-cost devices, mobile services (m-services), open-source software (OSS) and the international standard of Land Administration Domain Model (LADM ISO 19152). If no precise 3D building models are already available, the currently available 2D architectural plans combined with the additional geometric and descriptive cadastral information may be utilized for a participatory crowdsourced cadastral survey of the 3D property units. In this paper a ‘two-route’ crowdsourced approach is described. This approach suggests both the use of existing BIMs – those available – to proceed with 3D crowdsourced cadastral surveys of those constructions, as well as the use of 2D georeferenced basemaps (e.g., orthophotos for the compilation of 2D crowdsourced cadastral surveys, and all existing architectural floor plans of the constructions) to proceed with 3D crowdsourced cadastral surveys of all other constructions. A database schema describing the linkage between LADM standard, BIM/IFC and 3D crowdsourced geometric and descriptive cadastral information is developed and presented. A hybrid mobile application enabling the manipulation of BIM/IFC descriptive data – if existing; the collection of 3D crowdsourced geometric and descriptive information by property owners/users/non-professionals; the registration of the cadastral data and their relationships within a LADM-based cadastral geodatabase; the automated generation of 3D property unit models as block models (LoD1), using Model-driven approach; and the objects visualization in real-time, are developed. An investigation regarding the legally correct representation of the location of property unit boundaries, focusing mainly in the Greek territory is conducted. A practical experiment for each one of the cases of the ‘two-route’ crowdsourced approach is implemented, for two multi-storey buildings in the city of Athens, Greece. The potentials of the proposed crowdsourced solution as well as the achieved geometric accuracy – in the absence of BIM – are discussed and assessed. The results show that integrating BIM data with cadastral information derived from crowdsourcing, may significantly contribute to the implementation of 3D Cadastres, providing also a better visual understanding of 3D property rights. Nonetheless, even in the absence of a BIM the achieved accuracy seems to satisfy the cadastral specifications of the Greek cadaster enhancing the potential of exploiting crowdsourced data in the initial phases of the cadastral formal procedures.

JINOYAT-PROTSESSUAL EHTIYOT CHORASI SIFATIDA UY QAMOG‘I TUSHUNCHASI VA HUQUQIY MOHIYATI

According to our national legislation, house arrest is considered a new legal institution compared to other criminal procedural precautionary measures. Taking this into account, in this article, the author provides a general description of criminal procedural precautionary measures, the concept of house arrest as a preventive measure; its legal elements and the scientific-theoretical aspects of its content are detailed through a comparative analysis of the opinions of foreign experts and local researchers. Also, the article describes the problems that have arisen in the practice of applying the law on the basis of foreign and national legislation and legal norms that determine the procedure for the appointment of house arrest, as well as conclusions and suggestions for their elimination. Although there are legal grounds for choosing a preventive measure in the form of detention during the preliminary investigation or trial against a person who has committed a crime or is suspected of committing it, from the point of view of humanity, taking into account his age, state of health, family situation and other circumstances, house arrest is used as a preventive measure only if it is deemed inappropriate to incarcerate him. However, if a person abuses the relief given to him without following the established order, a preventive measure in the form of imprisonment will be applied to him. Therefore, first of all, when choosing house arrest instead of detention as a preventive measure, the law enforcer should clearly distinguish the grounds for using detention as a preventive measure and the circumstances that are taken into account when choosing it.

Нормативное регулирование уголовной ответственности и тюремного заключения несовершеннолетних в Финляндии

The article deals with issues related to the legal regulation of criminal liability and imprisonment of minors in Finland, both on the basis of the domestic legislation of this state and international legal acts. The main regulatory and legal stages of the formation of the phenomenon under study in the history and legislation of Finland are outlined, including on the basis of the evolution of the Criminal Code of 1889, the penitentiary and social systems of this country.

Особенности рассмотрения судебной практики по вопросам ответственности, возникающей по договорам железнодорожных перевозок

The article is devoted to the consideration of the specifics of the carrier’s liability for the nonpreservation of cargo during its transportation by rail, transported under a contract of carriage. The grounds and nature of the carrier’s liability for loss, damage, and damage to cargo are analyzed. The reasons for which the carrier’s responsibility for the non-preservation of cargo during its transportation by rail is removed are investigated. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation in modern economic conditions is fundamental in the issues of cargo transportation when using railway rolling stock. Contracts for the carriage of goods by rail take into account a number of basic rights and obligations. One of the features of this type of contract is that it is confirmed by the issuance of a bill of lading. The conclusion of such contracts takes place between the shipper and the carrier. A unified approach to explaining the legal nature of such documents has not yet been defined. Articles 36 and 37 of the Customs Code of the Russian Federation contradict clause 3 of the Article on the obligation of the consignee to accept and pay for the goods (308 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). The solution to this problem is to consolidate the obligation to receive the goods and pay to the shipper.. The article discusses in detail a number of problems that may arise when signing agreements between the carrier and the shipper. Among them, such as those that relate to the prolongation of the delivery period of cargo by rail. Therefore, it is noted that the norm of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is contrary to the Customs Code of the Russian Federation, which at the moment allows the conclusion of an agreement on increasing the delivery time of cargo. Consideration of issues related to liability, issues related to the regulation of railway transportation of goods on the basis of current legislation, and a thorough analysis of judicial practice are important, since they are used not only to improve and increase the efficiency of transportation itself, but also to ensure high-quality and reliable operation of railway transport.

On the Creation of Technology Parks in Order to Develop Innovative Production of the Countries: The Experience of China

In the new post-industrial, innovative economy, an indisputable fact is that only a subject actively engaged in R&D can claim the position of leader. Only competitive advantages created based on scientific research contribute to stimulating the development of domestic innovative production, and their generators receive the maximum amount of useful substances. The last most active way is not so much the growth of scientific research, but search for empirical and practical steps towards new forms of cooperation between economic entities from a scientific point of view. One of the consequences of the collaboration of the state, science and business was the emergence at the end of the twentieth century. such sites as technoparks, in the functioning of which business incubators and startups have played and continue to play a huge role. Appearing on the wave of practical implementation, based in fact only on theories of innovative economy, human and intellectual capital, a huge number of technology parks, including in Russia, could not achieve high performance indicators. The policy towards them turned out to be inconsistent, the legislative base for their activities was not worked out. The article considers the importance of scientific research, which should precede the implementation of practical steps, using the example of the area under consideration. In particular, the universality of the assumption that the micro-level of the economy should be primary in cooperation between the state, science and business is called into question. Based on the experience of creating technoparks in China, which managed to take the first place in the world in terms of the number of relevant structures and achieve high performance of their activities, the study attempted to determine the "core" of the technopark. It can depend on the level of economic development of the country, the adopted macroeconomic model, the established scientific schools adopted by the education system, and the involvement of domestic manufacturers in the processes of MRI. The experience of China can be useful in creating technology parks in Russia.

The Western Edge of the Russian Empire and the Polish Uprising of 1830–1831: A Variant of Practice of “Russificationˮ of the Region

Some initial positions in the study of ethnopolitics in a particular region of the Russian Empire – the western region – are determined, while the interrelation of such categories as empire, multiculturalism, Russification, unification, state unity in the context of the Polish Uprising of 1830–1831 is established. On the basis of legislation and archival materials, the conditions, ideas, directions, stages and means of including the territories returned from Poland into the unified political and legal space of the imperial state are consistently considered. The author asserts the idea and creates the belief that the state unity of the Russian Empire was determined by the historically established conditions of the civilizational order both in the center and in the regions.

The Essence of Transfer Pricing Mechanism and Risks of International Companies Arising with its Use

Today companies, including international ones function in harsh conditions of external instability, thus they try to optimize their financial results in different ways. One of them is mechanism of transfer pricing, which gives an opportunity to redistribute cash flows inside the company and thus to minimize taxes to state and to optimize final finance result. The article discusses the essence of the mechanism of transfer pricing used by international companies and identifies external and internal goals of its use. The author studies legislative base of transfer pricing, analyzes the current methods applied to control deals between interdependent persons, finds their key characteristics and possibility of use. It was found out that transfer pricing is subject to strict control on the part of tax bodies and it can lead to serious finance risks of companies. They are risks arising directly in case mechanism of transfer pricing is used and risks of insufficient, ‘thin’ capitalization. Taking these indicators into account can help forecast and later minimize potential finance risks of the company.

Legislative base for regulation of the number of hunting resources on the example of the Leningrad Region

Federal Law No. 209-FZ of July 24, 2009 “On hunting and on the conservation of hunting resources and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation” establishes the basis for regulating the number of hunting resources, which are specified by subordinate regulatory legal acts and norms of veterinary legislation.The article discusses the requirements that determine the procedure for organizing and conducting activities to regulate the number of hunting resources, explains the essence and necessity of this activity, provides materials and research methods. Particular attention is paid to the condition of the hunting resources of the Leningrad Region and the justification for the need to regulate their numbers in accordance with regional environmental and economic needs.

Regulatory Mechanisms for the Conservation of Endangered Plant Species, Chlorophytum tuberosum—Potential Medicinal Plant Species

The present review paper is an attempt to examine and provide an overview of the various conservation strategies and regulatory framework to protect endangered plants, including Chlorophytum tuberosum, popularly known as Safed Musli in the local language. C. tuberosum belongs to the family Liliaceae and is being used in the indigenous systems of medicine as a galactagogue, aphrodisiac, antitumor, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, anti-ageing, antimicrobial, etc. This plant has great medicinal and commercial value and is part of the Biological Diversity Act, but due to a lack of effective conservation, it is on the verge of extinction because of natural and manmade reasons, such as loss of habitat, climate change, pollution, excessive harvesting, etc. The most valuable medicinal plants have great importance; hence, many conservation techniques are being employed to protect them. In furtherance to the conservation of such plant species, strategic efforts, in the form of laws and policies, are laid; however, existing legislative mechanisms and policy parameters are not sufficient to overcome the challenges of conservation of such plant species, including Safed Musli, hence, this plant has been considered as a critically endangered plant in India. It is pertinent to note that we do not have specific legislation enacted for the protection of plant species; however, efforts are being made to conserve it under various laws, such as the Forest Conservation Act, Biological Diversity Act 2002, and many other allied legislations. This basic legislation of the Biological Diversity Act also lacks focal attention on the conservation of endangered plant species. Moreover, decentralization of power and actual community participation in conservation practices are also missing. A cumulative effect of both scientific measures and legal mechanisms supported by community participation may produce better results in the conservation of plant species, including Safed Musli. The protection of rich sources and biological diversity is not being taken as seriously as it ought to be, hence, it is necessary to improve awareness and public participation in conservation techniques with effective legislation for the conservation of highly endangered plant species.