Basin modeling has been recognized as a useful tool for helping evaluate the petroleum potential of a basin or a prospect, as it is a unique way to integrate various geological and geochemical phenomena involved in petroleum formation and occurrence. However, the authors knowledge of the various phenomena remains partial, and simplifications must still be made when undertaking a basin study. A typical basin modeling study will encompass the reconstruction of the structural evolution of the basin, the simulation of the petroleum generation, and its subsequent expulsion and migration from the source rocks toward traps. These various phenomena will have to be quantified, involving various equations and their corresponding computer solutions. A major challenge that remains is the description of petroleum fate in tectonically complex zones including salt diapirs. This will require the understanding of fluid movements within faults or fluid movements induced by intense sediment deformation, and permeability changes due to stress related rock fractures. Another challenge includes a satisfactory prediction of diagenetic phenomena and petroleum evolution due to thermodynamic changes or biochemical degradation.