Basis Of Treaty Research Articles

Parliamentary diplomacy in the European and Asian regions: international legal framework and comparative analysis

The article is dedicated to the study of the peculiarities of parliamentary diplomacy in the European and Asian regions. It is clear that it is important for the theoretical, constitutional, legal and international legal studies to pay attention to the essential characteristics of this phenomenon, the current parliamentary diplomacy with the participation of the European powers, their parliaments, as opposite of the Institute of Parliamentary Diplomacy in Asia and other regions. This form of international cooperation in the sphere of parliamentarism is based on an international treaty basis (Statute for the sake of Europe, Statute of the PS OIC) and internal organizational acts (Rules of Procedure of the PA OSCE) etc. Institutional mechanisms for the implementation of parliamentary diplomacy include in Europe - PACE, PA OSCE, PABSEC, PA GUAM, Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean, independent parliamentary organizations (Interparliamentary Union) etc.; in Asia – APA, Asian Forum of Parliamentarians on Population and Development, Association of Regional Health Sciences of New Asia, Along with mutual relations and changes in trust in Asia, PS OIC, Turkic Rada, Shanghai Organization of Social Development and etc. Ukraine, in particular parliamentary delegations, takes an active part in parliamentary diplomacy in the European region, especially in connection with the large-scale invasions of the russian federation and the need for international support. At the same time, there is an obvious need for coordination and interaction between the various parliamentary assemblies and parliamentary unions of different regions of the world, in the context of globalization and integration, the value of democracy, international security and law and order

The CJEU’s Unintelligible Impairment of the Financial Health of EU Performers: Ever-Increasing Suspense in Neighbouring Rights

Abstract With the RAAP ruling in 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) delivered a judgment with a far-reaching impact, both on the autonomy of Member States within the making of reservations under international treaties, and on revenues for collecting societies and neighbouring rightsholders in the EU. The controversial part of the judgment states that entering reservations on the granting of equitable remuneration for neighbouring rights on the basis of international treaties should only take place at EU level. This effectively leaves no autonomy to Member States within the principle of reciprocity, contrary to former popular belief by many Member States and scholars. The US has entered reservations with regard to EU countries under Art. 15(3) WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT), thus no remuneration is disbursed for performances by EU artists in the US. Due to the US repertoire’s large presence in the EU, the latter’s performers will be left with a considerably smaller share of the revenues to be distributed by EU collecting societies. The European Commission must urgently finish the ongoing research and consultation on RAAP. Right now, too many requests by interest groups remain unanswered. The recommended (and hoped for) route is for the EU to invoke the principle of reciprocity and enter reservations for other WPPT parties that have entered such reservations with regard to EU countries. An extensive arrangement regarding reservations is necessary, also regarding situations where the relationship between fundamental rights and reciprocity provisions is currently unknown.

Rewriting Internal Relocation from a Refugee Perspective - The Lived Experience of Refugees in Afghanistan

ABSTRACT This article is part of a broader project aimed at rewriting refugee law jurisprudence from a lived refugee perspective. The co-authors, one of whom is a refugee from Afghanistan, have chosen internal relocation as the subject of this project as it is a problematic and controversial principle of international refugee law which we believe is frequently applied without due consideration of the practical experience of refugees. Internal relocation provides that a refugee may be returned to their country of origin if they can relocate to a “safe” part of that state where they would not have a well-founded fear of persecution. This principle is somewhat tempered by the application of a “reasonableness” test in most jurisdictions. That test aims to reflect that, in some cases, it may not be possible to require a refugee to relocate to another part of their country of origin to avoid persecution. However, a “reasonableness” factor is not always considered as part of relocation. Moreover, it aims to bring an “objective” standard of reasonableness, which can be critiqued on a number of bases. In this article, the authors rewrite an Australian Refugee Review Tribunal decision dealing with an applicant from Afghanistan to reflect the lived experience of refugees better and to encourage readers to think about whether some of the assumptions made in internal relocation jurisprudence have been fully interrogated. Much of internal relocation scholarship focuses on conceptual legal issues, for instance, whether relocation is grounded in the text, context or object of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and whether relocation fits within the “well-founded fear” or “state protection” limb of the refugee definition. While these are important conceptual debates about the treaty basis for internal relocation, we believe these have been well-analysed in the existing literature. Our article seeks to add to these core debates by reconceptualising the application of relocation to authentic refugee experiences and, through this, to highlight some of the weaknesses in the current approach to this complex question.

Enhancing deforestation monitoring in the Brazilian Amazon: A semi-automatic approach leveraging uncertainty estimation

Official governmental monitoring of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon relies on human experts conducting visual analyzes of remote sensing images, an approach that is very expensive and time-consuming due to the enormous geographic extent to be inspected. The main obstacle to the adoption of fully automatic methods is the requirement for the highest possible deforestation detection accuracy, which arises from the official nature of the deforestation reports, used as a basis for deforestation prevention policies and international treaties. This work addresses such a high accuracy constraint by introducing a semi-automatic method that aims at limiting visual analysis to areas where automatic classification is characterized by high uncertainty. We hypothesize that classification uncertainty is correlated with classification error. Therefore, by trusting automatic detections with low uncertainty and subjecting areas of high uncertainty to visual audit, the amount of human intervention in the whole process could be limited to a small fraction of the forest area, while very high accuracies would be achieved. In this work we investigate various uncertainty estimation strategies, including multiple and single inference approaches, and evaluate different uncertainty metrics. Additionally, we conducted a comprehensive analysis to identify the natural factors and deforestation practices that contribute to high uncertainty in automatic classification. We draw interesting conclusions from the analysis of selected regions of two distinct target sites, which exemplify common causes of uncertainty and indicate how uncertainty may be related with ongoing forest degradation processes. Through experimental evaluation at those sites, we demonstrate that the proposed semi-automatic methodology can achieve impressive accuracies in terms of F1-score values, exceeding 97%, while reducing the total human audit workload to just 3% of the target area.

The Issue of Georgia’s Borders in the Main and Additional Agreements of Bret-Litovsk

This article concerns The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which was signedon March 3, 1918 between the Soviet Russia (the Russian SovietFederated Socialist Republic) and the powers of the QuadrupleAlliance (the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, theOttoman Empire, the Kingdom of Bulgaria) and significantly determinedrelations between Georgia and the Ottoman Empire inthe period 1918-1921.We are interested in the fourth article of the basic treaty and thesecond article of the supplementary treaty between Russia and Turkey,both of which deal with Georgia, especially its borders. Accordingto the basic treaty the question of the political orientationof Kars, Ardahan and Batumi should be discussed based on thereferendum. Thereport stressed that referendum was formal. In ouropinion this is confirmed by the supplementary treaty. Accordingto this, the border between Turkey and Russia (1877-1878) whereArdahan, Batumi, and Kars belonged to Turkey must be restored.According to these materials we conclude, that the result of referendumwas pre-determined and formal.

Current Problems of the Interaction Between International Law and the European Union Law

The objective of this article is to analyze the problems of the interaction between International Law and the Law of the European Union. In particular, attention is paid to the study of "traditionalist" and "autonomist" approaches to the relationship between International Law and EU Law, the place of EU Law in the international legal order and the international legal aspects of the interaction of EU law and the law of the EU Member States. In the investigation, dialectical, legal-comparative, historical and logical-formal methods were used. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that the relationship between EU Law and International Law is difficult to fit into any of the traditional models. On the one hand, EU Law was formed as a component of International Law. On the other hand, although the EU legal order was created on the basis of international treaties, in the process of its development it acquired certain characteristics that are, to a certain extent, characteristic of national legal orders.

From the Basic Treaty to the Peaceful. Revolution: Inner-German Relations 1972-1989

The article gives an overview over the relations between West and East Ger- many between the signing of the Basic Treaty in 1972 and the demise of the German Democratic Republic (Gdr) in the peaceful revolution of 1989. In 1972, the Federal Republic had consented to a de facto recognition of the Gdr but adhered to its constitutional obligation to reunification while the Gdr aimed at recogni- tion by international law from its West German rival. The Federal Government's short-term policy was to make the inner-German border more permeable. To contrast this, the East German leadership tried to delimitate the Gdr from the West by raising the compulsory exchange for visitors in 1973. But the Gdr had objective di?culties to uphold its policy of delimitation. On the one hand, West German economic and political conditions remained points of reference for the East Germans, especially after East-West contacts were enhanced during the Détente. On the other hand, the Gdr became increasingly economically depen- dent on the Federal Republic, especially after the Soviet Union substantially reduced the support in 1981. In the Eighties, it permitted many more inner-Ger- man human contacts than it would have liked. Moreover, the East German le- adership under Erich Honecker in 1983 did not yield to Soviet pressure to in- crease delimitation vis à vis the Federal Republic after the German Bundestag in November 1983 had decided to deploy Inf weapons. Honecker took his visit to West Germany in September 1987 as the final recognition the Gdr. But his triumph was short-lived. From 1987, relations between Moscow and the Frg became more important than those between Moscow and East Berlin. The Gdr was threatened by isolation. In the end it was the Gdr's weakness with regard to economic power, its unwanted political system and the unsolved German question, which led to its defeat in the contest with the Federal Republic.

International treaties on assistance in civil matters and their applicability to recognition of foreign judgments on the opening of insolvency proceedings (reflections regarding the Russian national and international experience)

The article examines the question of admissibility of recognition of foreign judgments on commencement of bankruptcy proceedings on the basis of international treaties on legal assistance. It examines the background of these international treaties, as well as the practice of their application in respect of this category of foreign judgments. The authors conclude that foreign court decisions on opening of insolvency (bankruptcy) proceedings should be regarded as “judgments in civil matters” for the purpose of the international treaties on legal assistance. This category of foreign judgments should be recognised on the basis of international treaties in the Russian Federation, despite the existing approach of Russian courts (including the Judgment of the Arbitrazh (Commercial) Court of the Ural District of 09.10.2019 in case No. A60-29115/2019).

The Franco-German Proposal to Normalise Relations between Serbia and Kosovo. A Historic Opportunity to Unblock the EU Accession Perspective for the Entire Western Balkans

Serbia’s non-recognition of Kosovo is at the core of many problems in the region. Not only does it prevent progress towards EU accession, which both countries explicitly seek, it also hinders important regional economic cooperation and repeatedly destabilises the entire region. The Franco-German proposal is yet another attempt to normalize relations between the two countries. The proposal envisages a normalisation of relations between Serbia and Kosovo along the lines of the historic Basic Treaty signed in 1972 between the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the German Democratic Republic (GDR). This more active Western Balkans policy on the part of Berlin is also an expression of the “Zeitenwende” announced by Chancellor Scholz. Despite the support of all 27 EU members and the US, the normalisation process is proceeding very slowly, which shows the limited ability of the EU and the US to pressure the two counterparts.

Diplomacy in the Times of Transition: Evolution of Romania’s Foreign Policy (From December 1989 to 1992)

The article deals with the evolution of Romania’s foreign policy during the period of transition (from December 1989 to 1992). This period has played an important role in the history of Romanian diplomacy because it has laid the foundation of the political course that was implemented in the following decades. But Romania did not choose this course from the beginning and for a certain time maintained her typical multivector diplomacy, balancing between Moscow and the West. Only when her initial calculations turned out to be a mistake, course was abruptly changed. This paper analyzes the reasons for Romania’s actions and with the usage of historical sources reveals the details of the events. In particular, the article analyzes the signing of the Soviet-Romanian basic treaty in 1991, which was the only example of how the so-called «Kvitsinsky doctrine» was put in practice in the relations between the USSR and East European countries.

일본의 총력전 체제와 조선에 대한 방공(防共)정책

This research examines Japan's total war system during the war from the aspect of anti-communist policy. Among them, Japan judged that the threat of the Communist Party was more serious in Korea than in Japan, and analyzed that it implemented an anti-communist policy in Korea that combined the judicial Peace Preservation Law and the cultural Korean Anti-Communist Association. The Soviet Revolution of 1917 had a great impact on the Western nations, and in 1920, it became a fashion in Europe and the United States to enact security legislation in order to prevent forces that would cooperate with the Soviet Union and promote domestic revolutionary movements. Japan enacted the Radical Social Movement Control Law in the early 1920s, and in 1925 it enacted the Peace Preservation Law. And Japan tried to deal with communism not only with the Soviet-Japanese Basic Treaty. This Peace Preservation Law was applied to suppress nationalist and socialist-affiliated independence movements in Korea. In Korea, not only communism, but also national and independence movements had to be suppressed and cracked down, so the Peace Preservation Law was applied to all cases.
 Also, in the 1930s, Japan began to feel the effects of the Great Depression, and as a result, the labor movement and the peasant movement grew to an unprecedented scale. Then, in 1936, he submitted a bill to revise the Peace Preservation Law and passed the ‘Thought Criminal Probation Law’. In 1938, Japan began to advocate the need for a complete revision of the Peace Preservation Law, mainly through on-site ideological examinations. This is because Japan recognized that maintaining security in the rear was the most important issue in the process of developing a total war system following the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War. Such demands resulted in a complete revision of the Peace Preservation Law in 1941. At that time, Japan had an overwhelming number of cases of applying the Peace Preservation Law in Korea compared to other colonies. This was due to the perception of the Japanese authorities that the geographical and social conditions of Korea were more influenced by communism than Japan. In addition to this, on August 15, 1938, the Korean Anti-Communist Association was established to thoroughly eradicate communist ideology, and carried out anti-communist education through various projects. In this way, Japan tried to prevent the spread of communism to Korea under the total war system during the war through the Peace Preservation Law and the Korean Anti-Communist Association.

Ascertaining the Juridical Basis of International Law by Analyzing the Move-structures of Treaties: A Possible Linguistics-oriented Exploration?

Treaties (conventions), international custom and the general principles of law generally constitute the formal sources of international law. The present linguistics-oriented study of exploring the juridical basis of international law specifically focuses on analyzing that of treaties. An empirical study of the linguistic expressions and forms of the treaties is supposed to probe into what the contracting parties really think when adopting the treaty texts. It applies the move structure approach of English linguistics for the purpose of ascertaining the juridical basis of treaties. After the generalization of a prototypical six-move-structure existing in treaties, this article specially makes a focal study on the second and third moves of the treaties, managing to find out the linguistic evidence of ascertaining the juridical basis of the treaties. “The Contracting Parties’ Shared Conviction in Common Good as opinio juris” in Step 1 of “Move 2 Establishing Contextual Foundations for the Present Legislation” is ascertained as the juridical basis of international law from the linguistics-oriented perspective.

Ukraine in the Integration Security System

The process of the security system formation in the integrated European space has been continuing for more than seven decades, but its final objective has not been attained yet. The relevance of this topic is the need to study the process of destruction of the established world, the collapse of the system of international relations, lack of understanding and complete disregard by the aggressor of all humanitarian levers in a situation of war and armed confrontation. Every subsequent turn in development of international relations in 20th and 21st centuries and new emerging threats seem to bring countries closer to unity and addressing the security problem, but…
 In 2014 Russia, ignoring the principles of the international law, basic treaties with Ukraine, commitments to respect the territorial integrity and inviolability of Ukraine, started a war. On 24 February 2022, a new escalation took place when Russia attacked Ukraine without declaring the state of war. What was the reason? The answer could be found in the Ukrainian history that is not a simple one. Russian rulers want to rebuild the Russian empire returning to the borders of the 19th century. This is a threat to Ukraine that is a sovereign European state founded on the bases of European values, peace and international cooperation.
 Russia has been trying to eliminate Ukrainian statehood, language, and culture starting from the Kozak times of the 16th century. Thus, this process is at least 500-year old. In the 21st century, Russia attempted to occupy Ukraine by means of the anti-Ukrainian government, but the attempt failed. As a consequence, the Russian president decided to eliminate Ukraine by military means. When the aggression started in 2014, the EU deeply dependent on Russian energy sources, did not react fully to the Russian intervention. Ukraine could not defend its territorial integrity because of the lack of military capacities in the absence of the international military support. But in 2022, the situation is radically different: at the time of Russian invasion, Ukrainian people raise to the defense of their country, and the Ukrainian army thanks to the strong international military and political support continues to defend the existence of the Ukrainian state despite the dominance of the Russian military machine.

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ІНТЕРАКТИВНИХ ГІС-МАП ПРИ ВИКЛАДАННІ ДИСЦИПЛІН ЕКОЛОГІЧНОГО СПРЯМУВАННЯ

The authors propose a selection of interactive GIS-applications, oriented to be used in the educational process in the training of environmental specialists. Most of the web-resources presented in the text of the publication have been developed by environmental organizations and communities of scientists on the basis of legislative norms, international treaties and conventions; their key objective is to generalize approaches and methods of environmental data processing. Products of remote sensing of the Earth's surface allow a teacher to visualize the global nature and technogenic processes and phenomena, to determine local pollution hotspots and parameters of environmental changes, to model possible ecological risks and consequences of their influence on natural ecosystems. The use of interactive maps has a number of advantages over the presentation of data in classical form, the main ones being the systematic perception of many environmental problems, visualization of analytical information, awareness of the interdependence of connections between different components of the biosphere. The analysis of each GIS-map makes it possible to assess the scale and duration of the process/phenomenon, which is often impossible in mathematical processing of statistical data and their graphical representation (for example, comparison of the percentage of afforestation of different regions of Ukraine and comparison of the same indicators with the data of forest cover for European countries). In this way, the traditional inductive method of perception of information is fully replaced by the teacher with a deductive one. In contrast to traditional teaching methods, the use of this interactive approach allows to combine or compare at once such general scientific methods of scientific knowledge as analysis and synthesis, from empirical methods of scientific research – comparison and generalization. It should also be noted that when creating cases on the basis of GIS-maps, higher education applicants can work with actual data in real time, and when working with information apply the knowledge previously obtained during the study of other disciplines, which is essential when implementing the cross-disciplinary approach laid down in the structure of links between the educational components of BP 101 Ecology. Interactive GIS-technologies can be used as methodological support when teaching lecture material, conducting practical classes, carrying out independent work, conducting research work. Key words: GIS-maps, interactive teaching methods, data search, analysis and synthesis, information visualization.

Agreements concluded in the 1920s with Czechoslovakia, Austria and Hungary and the multilateral Miskolc Agreement of 1977 as the basic treaties binding upon Poland to prevent double taxation of immovable and movable deceased’s estate

Agreements eliminating double taxation of immovable and movable property included in the deceased’s estate are rare in terms of practical application of treaties in the Republic of Poland. These are agreements dating back to the interwar period, and the scope of their influence on the domestic practice seemed modest so far. Moreover, Poland is theoretically bound by one multilateral agreement regulating, amongst others, this issue. Due to the passage of time and developments in the international environment, serious concerns have arisen as to their validity and mutual relations. The purpose of this text is to determine the scope of subjective application of these agreements. Attention is also given to the material scope of application of the treaties and intertemporal issues. It is not excluded that due to the increasing influence of EU law on succession, these agreements will be gaining a greater application in the coming years.

The Court of Justice of the European Union: A Human Rights Institution?

Abstract While the original basic treaties establishing the European Communities were more or less silent on the need to respect human rights or fundamental rights, the Court of Justice of the European Communities (now the European Court of Justice) gradually came to the understanding that the principle of primacy of Community law could not in the long run be imposed against national constitutional bills of rights unless Community law itself provided some guarantees for the protection of fundamental rights. Today, fundamental rights have become part and parcel of the day-to-day work of the Court and there are even people who seem to think that the Court takes fundamental rights all too seriously. Recapitulating the general development of fundamental rights in EU law and the EU’s accession to the European Convention on Human Rights, as well as comparing Luxembourg’s and the European Court of Human Rights’ case law and legal regimes, this article argues that the European Court of Justice is not a human rights court. It is but a judicial body charged with the task of ensuring that the law—which includes a vast and heterogeneous set of rules adopted and applied within a constitutional order which is quite different from the ECHR system—is observed, as required by Article 19(1) TEU.

CHALLENGES AND DILEMMAS OF CROSS-BORDER COOPERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF NATIONAL IDENTITY

The world community of states is built on a territorial basis. In international law, the territory of a State is recognized as one of its main features. The peculiarity of the state territory is that it is under the sovereignty of the state, the manifestation of state sovereignty is the jurisdiction of the state. Borders are of great importance for determining the limits of the territory, ensuring the security of the state. On the basis of international treaties and domestic national legislation, the State establishes the legal regime of the Territory. The purpose of the article is to consider the key aspects of the legal registration of the Kazakh-Russian border. The article discusses the main milestones of legal support for the delimitation and demarcation of the borders of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation.

THE APPLICATION OF MEDIATION INTO ISDS: FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CHINA

A crucial change in the recent reform of international investment agreements and investment laws is the introduction of mediation into ISDS de novo. It is found that mediation in the international investment dispute settlement mechanism has preliminary treaty basis and has unique practical value and good application space. Under the background of the increasing acceptance of the Singapore Convention on Mediation, the foundation has been laid for the reconstruction and development of the international investment mediation mechanism. Facing the development trend of the application of investor-state dispute settlement mechanism, China should create external conditions, accelerate internal supporting, improve the practical basis, increase the treaty norms and participate in multilateral reform.

Interoperacyjność unijnych systemów informacyjnych – narzędzie wykorzystywane w zwalczaniu terroryzmu i poważnej przestępczości transgranicznej (część I)

Terrorism and cross-border crimes are complex and diversified problems. They are one of the most se rious threats to the modern world, both nationally and internationally. The Act on the Police contains the major tasks of this formation, namely: “To cooperate with foreign police forces and their international or ganisations, as well as European Union bodies and institutions, on the basis of international agreements and treaties and separate regulations” and “The Police also carry out tasks resulting from the legislation of European Union as well as international agreements and arrangements on the rules and within the scope specified therein”. In order to carry out statutory tasks, police officers at home and in the world work on the basis of information which is collected and processed in various types of files, registers, collections or databases. This information is exchanged among authorised authorities at home and in the world. This cooperation is aimed at preventing, detecting and combating the most dangerous crime, in particular, terrorism and organised cross-border crime. The latter became very real when controls at the internal borders of the European Union were abolished, through the creation of the Schengen area. From the beginning of the launch of the Schengen area, it has been realised that security within the area and external border management would require a need to create and implement IT systems whose task would be to support the above-mentioned activities. The abolition of border controls and increased migration flows in Europe are conducive to developing cross-border and terrorist crime. Awareness and experi ence related to the materialisation of the above-mentioned threats initiated strengthening of cooperation among the individual countries of the globe. Strengthening of cooperation became possible following the creation and launch of large-scale information systems, namely: Schengen Information System (SIS), Eurodac, Visa Information System (VIS), Entry/Exit System (EES) and European criminal records infor mation system - third country nationals (ECRIS-TCN). In this part of the publication, in view of the exten sive nature of the issue, only SIS and VIS systems have been described, however, I encourage you to enhance your knowledge about other large-scale systems, i.e. Eurodac, Entry/Exit, ECRIS-TCN and the issue related to their interoperability.

Interoperacyjność unijnych systemów informacyjnych – narzędzie wykorzystywane w zwalczaniu terroryzmu i poważnej przestępczości transgranicznej (część I)

Terrorism and cross-border crimes are complex and diversified problems. They are one of the most serious threats to the modern world, both nationally and internationally. The Act on the Police contains the major tasks of this formation, namely: “To cooperate with foreign police forces and their international organisations, as well as European Union bodies and institutions, on the basis of international agreements and treaties and separate regulations” and “The Police also carry out tasks resulting from the legislation of European Union as well as international agreements and arrangements on the rules and within the scope specified therein”. In order to carry out statutory tasks, police officers at home and in the world work on the basis of information which is collected and processed in various types of files, registers, collections or databases. This information is exchanged among authorised authorities at home and in the world. This cooperation is aimed at preventing, detecting and combating the most dangerous crime, in particular, terrorism and organised cross-border crime. The latter became very real when controls at the internal borders of the European Union were abolished, through the creation of the Schengen area. From the beginning of the launch of the Schengen area, it has been realised that security within the area and external border management would require a need to create and implement IT systems whose task would be to support the above-mentioned activities. The abolition of border controls and increased migration flows in Europe are conducive to developing cross-border and terrorist crime. Awareness and experience related to the materialisation of the above-mentioned threats initiated strengthening of cooperation among the individual countries of the globe. Strengthening of cooperation became possible following the creation and launch of large-scale information systems, namely: Schengen Information System (SIS), Eurodac, Visa Information System (VIS), Entry/Exit System (EES) and European criminal records information system - third country nationals (ECRIS-TCN). In this part of the publication, in view of the extensive nature of the issue, only SIS and VIS systems have been described, however, I encourage you to enhance your knowledge about other large-scale systems, i.e. Eurodac, Entry/Exit, ECRIS-TCN and the issue related to their interoperability.