Basic Terminology Research Articles

Caring for Transgender and Gender Diverse Prehospital Patients: a NAEMSP Position Statement and Resource Document

ABSTRACT Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people have long faced significant barriers to safely accessing medical care–especially gender-affirming care, which has been shown to strikingly improve health outcomes like suicidality and depression. In the prehospital setting, gender-affirming care amounts to showing respect for the TGD patient’s identified gender and maintaining a safe environment that fosters a positive therapeutic relationship throughout the encounter. This represents a challenge for many Emergency Medical Services (EMS) systems due to the lack of TGD-specific training for EMS clinicians, a paucity of TGD-specific research to inform EMS education and clinical care, and in some cases the resistance of EMS clinicians to such training. Transgender and gender diverse people are facing a regression in legal access to essential medical care. With this position statement, NAEMSP joins other professional medical societies in providing recommendations to improve care for TGD patients, thereby affirming TGD individuals’ right to exist as their authentic selves, as well as their entitlement to the same high-quality prehospital medical care as their cisgender peers. NAEMSP Recommends: EMS clinicians should maintain basic cultural competency regarding TGD populations, including familiarity with TGD-related health and health care disparities, consideration of TGD populations as underserved, and understanding the centrality of stigma and transphobia in creating disparities and other challenges which complicate daily life for TGD people. EMS clinicians should demonstrate cultural humility towards the TGD community, which includes self-assessment of knowledge gaps, as well as openness to new or unfamiliar ideas, information, and advice from those with different lived experiences. EMS clinicians should understand basic TGD-specific terminology and use appropriate language–including patient-identified name and pronouns–during direct patient care, in handoffs, and in documentation. EMS clinicians should treat a patient’s TGD status as sensitive health information and take care not to inadvertently disclose this information without the patient’s express permission. EMS clinicians should have a basic understanding of social transitioning and of gender-affirming medical and surgical treatments. EMS clinicians should employ a trauma-informed approach when caring for TGD patients. EMS education and training should incorporate learning domains that address comprehensive care for TGD patients, with educational content providing the specific knowledge and skills required to promote equitable care. EMS workplaces should implement policies to improve recruitment and retention of TGD personnel, covering harassment protection, non-discrimination practices, inclusive working environments, equal advancement opportunity and tailored employee benefits. Future EMS research should focus on elucidating the disparities in and barriers to prehospital care of the TGD patient population with emphasis on patient experience and education of prehospital clinicians.

Do Generative Artificial Intelligence Company Strategies of ‘Moving Fast and Breaking Things’ in Civil Society Cancel Their Social Licence to Operate? A Nurse’s Evaluation of Chatbot Impacts

A rapid expansion of the computer technology industry, particularly in the field of artificial intelligence, has ignited a global concern that warrants our immediate action. As nurses, our professional values frameworks compel us to protect public health and address national and global health issues. When industry activities adversely affect the social wellbeing of civil society and social institutions, it is important to evaluate them against their industry’s ‘social license to operate, which is a measure of public trust, credibility, and the legitimacy of their industrial and corporate citizenship status. The central question is, do computer technology companies continue to have a social license to operate in civil society? Nurses are encouraged to evaluate the computer technology industry’s recent ‘generative artificial intelligence’ chatbot activities against its tacit undertaking to be good corporate citizens in return for social acceptance of their operations and behaviour. An evidence-based overview of chatbot impacts on societies, environmental sustainability and human rights provide a basis for evaluation. Basic computer technology terminology and relevant concepts are explained. This article is a direct call to action for clinical nurses and those involved in research, education, management, and policy. We have a duty to critically assess the claims made by chatbot technology vendors in both practice and social contexts. If these vendors integrate chatbot technologies with existing machine learning used in nursing and healthcare technologies it could result in detrimental effects beyond user control. By influencing decisions on technology adoption, we can ensure the implementation of safeguards, protect patient safety and social well-being, and uphold the integrity of nursing values. A closing discussion of impacts of computer industry trust deficits on healthcare and research reflects the author’s concerns and conclusions about the central question. Readers may draw other conclusions and perhaps use the issues and evidence presented here to stimulate further investigations.

Mamsarajju: A Comprehensive Review of Ayurvedic and Modern Medical Perspectives

Rachana Sharir is a branch of Ayurveda that focuses mainly on the embryological and structural arrangement of the human body. Within this field, Paribhasha Sharir plays a key role by defining specific bodily structures such as Kandara, Jala, and Kurcha etc using different terminology for specific structures of the body. It's important to understand these basic terminologies for the better understanding of Ayurveda, especially when comparing Ayurvedic and modern anatomical terms. This review examines the term "Mamsarajju," which in Ayurveda refers to rope-like structures associated with muscles. By analyzing Ayurvedic texts such as Sushrut Sharir Sthan and comparing them with modern anatomical references, this study establishes a correlation between "Mamsarajju" and the Deep back muscles of human body. The review compares classical Ayurvedic Samhita, modern anatomical texts, and Sanskrit dictionaries to identify correlations. The analysis shows that the Ayurvedic concept of Mamsarajju aligns well with modern anatomical descriptions of specific deep back muscles like splenius , Erector spinae etc. This correlation demonstrates the accuracy of ancient Ayurvedic scholars and their relevance to contemporary anatomy.The interdisciplinary approach of this study not only validates Ayurvedic terminologies but also improves our understanding of human anatomy, contributing to both medical science and therapeutic practices.

An Introduction to Cosmological Models in General Relativity in Self Creation Theory of Gravitation

We have presented an introduction to Cosmological Models in General Relativity in Self Creation theory of Gravitation various definitions of basic terminology is given. Many principles used in General Relativity are also explained.

Sustainable Investment Factors Getting Prominent in India (Mechanism of ESG Funds)

Despite the escalating concerns about the environmental, social & governance (ESG) factors in the corporate world, limited academic studies & researches have been conducted on this subject. ESG theory & practices are highly unexplored in growing economies like India. Major proportion of capital market investors do not even have adequate knowledge about the ESG funds as a sustainable investment option. Direct or indirect cause of this scenario is lack of clear dissemination of ESG related information & various ESG fund alternatives available in the market. This informative article / research report aims to cover the conceptual base of ESG theme & it’s prominence in the Indian market. It also highlights various categorical parameters used by SEBI to judge the ESG performance of the companies. Over & above this, the basic terminologies associated with ESG like ESG rating, ERPs, ESG Indices & ESG funds are also discussed in this article.

Evolution in Linguistics – Conceptual Innovation, Metonymy, and Miscommunication

Abstract Conceptual innovations in science (‘paradigm shifts’ in the sense of Kuhn) come with changes in the meaning of basic terminology in that field. Linguistics is no exception. But linguistics is in the peculiar position that it comprises the study of the meaning of linguistic items, and the way these meanings change. Some basic ideas of cognitive semantics, especially the concept of metonymy, shed light on the risk of miscommunication in a scientific field in a period of innovation. Paradoxically, these risks are instantiated in a controversy in the field of linguistics itself that was triggered by the then new, Darwinian understanding of evolution. The paper ends by exploring a recent theoretical innovation (the ‘usage-based’ approach, especially its most recent variants) that holds a promise for overcoming the controversies, provided theoretical linguists accept that terminology also in their own field is to be semantically more precise than in everyday language use.

Terminologiearbeit für das Gerichtsdolmetschen:

Knowing and collecting specialised terminology is part of legal translators and interpreters (LITs) daily work and professional competences. It is also an important quality aspect. In 2021, about 100 Austrian LITs participated in a survey aimed at collecting data on their knowledge of basic terminology principles and standards as well as their attitudes towards terminology work. Results show that terminology work is generally done under time pressure, rarely employing state-of-the-art tools, often disregarding terminological principles and without considering advantages related to data maintenance and exchange. The answers collected suggest that many LITs would benefit from hands-on training on tools and methods for sound and adequate terminology work targeted specifically at their professional group and activities.

Standardisation of a terminology for blockchains

Blockchain technology is a revolutionary approach in the context of decentralised data systems. Starting with the introduction of the cryptocurrency Bitcoin, it has seen rapid growth in importance and investment. The clarification of basic terminology is particularly relevant for this young field of technology. To this end, the BlockOne project is developing a terminology specification based on the accelerated DIN-SPEC process. This article presents the method developed to prepare the terminology and the current status of the standardisation work.

Artificial Intelligence as A Complementary Tool for Clincal Decision-Making in Stroke and Epilepsy.

Neurology is a quickly evolving specialty that requires clinicians to make precise and prompt diagnoses and clinical decisions based on the latest evidence-based medicine practices. In all Neurology subspecialties-Stroke and Epilepsy in particular-clinical decisions affecting patient outcomes depend on neurologists accurately assessing patient disability. Artificial intelligence [AI] can predict the expected neurological impairment from an AIS [Acute Ischemic Stroke], the possibility of ICH [IntraCranial Hemorrhage] expansion, and the clinical outcomes of comatose patients. This review article informs readers of artificial intelligence principles and methods. The article introduces the basic terminology of artificial intelligence before reviewing current and developing AI applications in neurology practice. AI holds promise as a tool to ease a neurologist's daily workflow and supply unique diagnostic insights by analyzing data simultaneously from several sources, including neurological history and examination, blood and CSF laboratory testing, CNS electrophysiologic evaluations, and CNS imaging studies. AI-based methods are poised to complement the other tools neurologists use to make prompt and precise decisions that lead to favorable patient outcomes.

Describing carbons

Carbon materials are unique materials for their diversity, owing to three possible hybridisation states (sp, sp2, sp3), their ability to switch from one phase to another upon various external stresses (thermal, mechanical, pressure…), and the tolerance of graphene (sp2C) to defects of many kinds. This makes their description difficult, due to the lack of standardised vocabulary and misuses or ignorance of the existing ones. A common language is needed so that every word has the same meaning to everyone and that carbon scientists understand each other as accurately as possible. This paper aims to clarify the basic terminology to be used on this matter, by reminding some important definitions or terms, e.g. allotrope, polymorphism, molecular form, crystallite, graphitic, graphene, graphene layer, graphenic, graphitisation, graphitisation treatment..., based on authoritative publications when available. In addition, as sp2C-based carbon materials exhibit the largest variability, a four-term description scheme (namely: morphology, texture, nanotexture, structure) is proposed and argued, which is believed to be sufficient (and necessary) to describe any kind of carbons, but molecular forms. Applying the recommendations proposed is expected to bring more consistency, clarity, and understandability to the forthcoming literature dealing with carbon materials.

Implementasi Pembelajaran Literasi Finansial di Sekolah Dasar

Financial literacy is considered a type of literacy that is expected to improve students' thinking skills in managing finances. However, financial literacy learning has not been fully integrated into intracurricular learning activities and is still implicitly. Therefore the aim of this research is to provide a comprehensive picture of the implementation of financial literacy learning in elementary schools. This research used a case study method involving 3 teachers and 90 students from 3 elementary schools, including SDN Cipayung 04 Pagi Jakarta City, SDN Perwira 01 Bekasi City, and SDN Pisangan 02 Banten City. The research results show that the implementation of financial literacy learning is implicit, although the results of the independent curriculum analysis show the existence of financial literacy learning in natural and social sciences subjects. In practice, the learning process has not been carried out explicitly and systematically in the context of intracurricular learning, whereas in extracurricular learning, financial literacy learning is implemented through the Cha-Ching program. The implementation of this program is still partial and has not been implemented in various elementary schools. Based on the results of the perception survey from class teachers, it can be seen that students are not yet able to understand the differences between wants and needs; students are also not able to classify spending priorities; and students are deemed unable to identify basic terminology related to money. Therefore, it is hoped that the results of this research will encourage teachers to develop more innovative financial literacy.

POLITICALLY EXPOSED PERSONS IN TERMS OF STATE FINANCIAL MONITORING: ARE THE MODELS OF THEIR REGULATORY DEFINITION SUCCESSFUL?

Given the recognition of the priority of the European integration and North Atlantic vectors of modern state-building and law-making processes in most countries of the world, the issue of "high terminological quality", "terminological purity", with the implementation of relevant international and European legal standards for the formation of "basic terminology", the basis for combating the legalisation of "dirty money" is not only relevant, but also of paramount importance, as it plays the role of "key provisions" of the entire regulatory framework. The purpose of the study is to analyse the existing international legal and European standards and national regulatory models for defining "politically exposed persons", with the aim of identifying "defects in their quality" and formulating proposals for their elimination. The object of the study is social relations directly related to the state financial monitoring of politically exposed persons. The subject of the study is the regulatory models for determining politically exposed persons in terms of state financial monitoring. The methodological basis was formed by both general scientific and special research methods, which made it possible to present a comprehensive cross-section of the relevant issue. Results. The "quality" of the regulatory definition of PEPs implies the following: a) consideration of international legal and European standards for preventing and combating the legalisation of "dirty money" as a "basis" for national thematic rulemaking; b) regulatory distinction between "main PEPs", with criteria that allow determining the "uniqueness" of their legal status, and "additional PEPs" (persons who do not have the main features of PEPs, but may potentially be involved in relations with them); c) "criterionality" of the "main PEPs" is directly related to the "influential" position and significant public functions performed by the person (it is mandatory to have these positions enshrined in the law, with the corresponding correlation of functions); d) delimitation of "additional PEPs", with the identification of those persons who are "related" by family and other relations with the "main PEP". For each category of such persons, the guideline is to standardise their list, which makes it impossible to vary the interpretation of the relevant provisions and diversify law enforcement practice.

Special matrices used in the analysis of the Boolean quadratic forms

In this article we deal with the special matrices used in the analysis of the Boolean quadratic forms. We define basic notation and terminology, like Boolean independence or Boolean cumulants, which are useful to formulate the matrix problem. We check for which matrices appropriately constructed quadratic forms are Boolean independent. We show that the size of the matrix matters in this problem. We present the methods useful to find matrices for which corresponding Boolean quadratic forms are or are not Boolean independent.

On (Measuring) Recidivism, Penal Populism and the Future of Recidivism Research

It is common criminological knowledge that recidivism – relapse into criminal behaviour – is a major predictor of future criminal behaviour, one could say a ‘hard-core’ criminogenic factor, esp. when displayed at a young age. Yet, despite its prominence and importance in both criminology and the discipline and practice of criminal law, there is an ongoing confusion about the concept and social construction of recidivism, its basic terminology, approaches to its measurement (methodology), and finally about the best ways to deal with it. In the paper at hand, we aim to unravel at least some of the grand mysteries surrounding recidivism and its research, targeting particularly domestic criminal justice professionals and researchers, since we have found a certain lack of relevant and up-to-date Croatian publications on this topic. Instead of simply presenting or arguing for any of the competing perspectives, such as the criminological, normative or penological, or a more practical instead of a scientific perspective (to name but a few), we critically analyse each of these perspectives, highlighting their pros and cons, while leaving it to the readers to choose any or all of them – depending on their own perspectives and purposes. Thus, key findings from recidivism research are discussed in the context of steadily growing penal populism, which is characterised by broadening the scope of criminalisation and increasing sentencing frameworks as well as harsher punishment practices, targeting in particular recidivists. All this occurs in the context of populist public and media discourse about crime and criminals, which effectively undermines any notion of evidence-based crime policy. But times are changing and the future of recidivism research, spearheaded by neuropenology, might very well provide us with a new kind of knowledge and understanding needed to put a check on penal populism.

Improving basic terminology regarding valuation in accounting and reporting

For any organization, the basis of its accounting and reporting is valuation. At the same time, as our research has shown, today the basic terminology in this area still needs significant improvement. This article is devoted to improving this terminology. The following methods were used in the research: analysis and synthesis, comparison, grouping method, logical approach, systematic approach, method of analogies. As a result of the research, this article critically analyzes the basic terminology used in relation to the category of valuation in various accounting and non-accounting sources, and presents the author’s view of this terminology, meeting the requirements of modern times. The results obtained in this work will be of interest to a wide range of readers who analyze various problems of accounting and reporting, including the valuation of accounting objects and reporting elements. Also, the results reflected in this article can be used in the educational process of higher educational institutions and in the practical work of accounting departments of all modern organizations (including healthcare). In addition, the results of this study can be used in the development and improvement of relevant regulatory documents on accounting and reporting.

Composing Radiographic Dictionary for Radiology Students and Radiographers

The rapid development of science and technology on radiology requires radiology students in particular and radiographers in general to be able to understand and master the science and technology through books or scientific articles, which are mostly written in English. To help them understand the radiological scientific information easily, a complete basic terminologies dictionary on radiology is needed. This study aimed to analyze the vocabularies contained in radiology textbooks linguistically which then are compiled into a radiological pocket dictionary. This research used a qualitative descriptive method. Data were taken in the form of vocabulary list resulted from previous research conducted by the author on radiology textbooks in 2019. This research had 7 stages of activities which include syntactic, morphological, semantic, and phonetic analysis. In addition, the vocabularies then went through 2 stages of evaluation to check the perfection of words regarding to their writing, meaning, and pronunciation. Furthermore, each vocabulary was given an example of its use in the form of sentences in the context of radiology. Results of the study in the form of a pocket dictionary consisting list of basic radiological vocabulary/terms accompanied by the syntactic categories, the meaning of words in Indonesian language that are in accordance with the scientific context of radiology, phonetic transcription, and examples of the use of words in sentences in the context of radiology are expected to contribute to improving the quality of human resources of radiographers in Indonesia.

The Construction of Seaports in the Arctic: Prospects and Environmental Consequences

The Arctic zone of the Russian Federation is of strategic importance for the country. Considering the fragility of Arctic ecosystems, special attention needs to be paid to the sustainable development of transport and related infrastructure within the framework of the “blue economy” concept, which is relevant for Arctic waters. At the same time, it is necessary to identify the main factors and tasks of creating transport and port infrastructure, building a modern fleet, and organizing fisheries and tourism in an environmentally sound manner. The purpose of the study is to consider the problems of anthropogenic influence for seaport facilities and to create a conceptual model of an environmental risk management system. The existing problems of Arctic ports and infrastructure are analyzed and existing business processes are considered, taking into account the peculiarities of their functioning in Arctic conditions. To systematize environmental assessments and establish dependencies between the main indicators describing the impact of port activities on elements of the natural environment, ontological domain engineering is proposed. It systematizes the basic terminology used within different subject areas of ecology and risks and allows one to visualize the relationships between elements of the natural environment, objects, port systems, their parameters and impact factors to assess the impact of the seaport on the natural environment. The results of ontological engineering (design and development of ontologies) in the field of risk management are presented. Future research will be aimed at developing the applied aspect of applying the results of ontological engineering in terms of specific engineering studies related to the assessment of anthropogenic load on the Arctic territory using simulation modeling.

Directed acyclic graphs for clinical research: a tutorial.

Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) are useful tools for visualizing the hypothesized causal structures in an intuitive way and selecting relevant confounders in causal inference. However, in spite of their increasing use in clinical and surgical research, the causal graphs might also be misused by a lack of understanding of the central principles. In this article, we aim to introduce the basic terminology and fundamental rules of DAGs, and DAGitty, a user-friendly program that easily displays DAGs. Specifically, we describe how to determine variables that should or should not be adjusted based on the backdoor criterion with examples. In addition, the occurrence of the various types of biases is discussed with caveats, including the problem caused by the traditional approach using p-values for confounder selection. Moreover, a detailed guide to DAGitty is provided with practical examples regarding minimally invasive surgery. Essentially, the primary benefit of DAGs is to aid researchers in clarifying the research questions and the corresponding designs based on the domain knowledge. With these strengths, we propose that the use of DAGs may contribute to rigorous research designs, and lead to transparency and reproducibility in research on minimally invasive surgery.

Transhumanism and Posthumanism(s) on Education

ABSTRACT This paper provides a philosophically informed survey of transhumanism and ‘posthumanism(s)’ on education. It has two primary aims: (1) bringing clarity to the widespread confusion surrounding even the most basic theoretical contents and terminology of transhumanism (TH) and ‘critical posthumanism’ (CPH), the two dominant forms of posthumanism in academic and popular discourse, and (2) descriptively surveying the discourses of TH and CPH on education. The first section contains description of TH’s and CPH’s basic theoretical contents, brief histories of TH and CPH, and a proposal for sorely needed standard terminology. The second section surveys the TH and CPH literature on education, emphasizing the way education typically is technologized by THs and politicized by CPHs. The conclusion considers possibilities for alternative forms of ‘posthumanism.’

Permutations, Signs, and Sum Ranges

The sum range SRx;X, for a sequence x=(xn)n∈N of elements of a topological vector space X, is defined as the set of all elements s∈X for which there exists a bijection (=permutation) π:N→N, such that the sequence of partial sums (∑k=1nxπ(k))n∈N converges to s. The sum range problem consists of describing the structure of the sum ranges for certain classes of sequences. We present a survey of the results related to the sum range problem in finite- and infinite-dimensional cases. First, we provide the basic terminology. Next, we devote attention to the one-dimensional case, i.e., to the Riemann–Dini theorem. Then, we deal with spaces where the sum ranges are closed affine for all sequences, and we include some counterexamples. Next, we present a complete exposition of all the known results for general spaces, where the sum ranges are closed affine for sequences satisfying some additional conditions. Finally, we formulate two open questions.