Basic Tendencies Research Articles

Zmiany granic administracyjnych miast w Polsce w latach 1990–2017 i ich wpływ na wielkość zaludnienia

Głównym celem autora artykułu jest określenie wpływu odrodzenia się samorządności lokalnej w Polsce na zmiany granic administracyjnych miast po 1990 r. Badaniami objęto miasta funkcjonujące w latach 1945–2018 (1041 jednostek), a ich istotą było zebranie informacji na temat wszystkich zmian granic administracyjnych miast w okresie powojennym. Uwzględniono jedynie zmiany związane z wcieleniem lub wyłączeniem z granic miast innych miejscowości, pomijając tym samym zmiany granic miast związane ze zmianą przynależności administracyjnej terenów niezurbanizowanych. W efekcie stwierdzono, że po 1989 r. intensywność zmian granic administracyjnych miast w Polsce znacząco zmniejszyła się w stosunku do okresu poprzedzającego (lata 1945–1989). Wyróżniono trzy zasadnicze tendencje współczesnych zmian administracyjnych miast: rozpad miast-zlepieńców, rozpad zlepieńców miejsko-wiejskich i wcielanie w granice miast podmiejskich wsi.

THE PECULIARITIES OF EDUCATION MARKET AND THE LABOR MARKET OF UKRAINE

The article deals with the peculiarities of education market and the labor market. This analysis is based on the basic tendencies of their development and interaction between them. The features of modern education reform of Ukraine, mechanisms employment of graduates. It identified possible ways of their harmonization to improve of the economic situation of the county.It is argued that both the labor market and the education market, despite their market nature, are governed by the state, which is also the regulator of their functioning. The establishment of an effective socio-economic mechanism for the interaction of labor markets and educational services is an important factor in the economic growth of the state, which in turn creates material conditions for human development, including for raising and expanding education.In the social partnership system, the state must perform a number of functions, including acting as an owner, employer, mediator, coordinator and legislator. The main task of the state is to create an effective social partnership mechanism with the participation of entrepreneurs and workers, which would ensure a balanced consideration of interests and meeting the needs of participants. Ensuring partnerships between the state, employees and employers will reduce the burden on state bodies of social protection of the population and improve the socio-economic situation in the country.

Сучасні тенденції та проблеми авіаперевезень у міжнародному туризмі України

The aviation park of Ukraine, the safety of air transportation, the interaction of tourist companies with the domestic and foreign air carriers are analysed. The problematic issues and perspective directions of development of aviation passenger transport of Ukraine are identified according to social, political and technological prerequisites. The set of methods was used in the research: the method of analysis of Internet sites of companies-experts in the air transportation market, as well as methods of synthesis and the analysis of collected materials. The peculiarities of the current state of safety of transportation on the airlines of Ukrainian carriers are considered. The materials of the Sector for Analysis and Prevention of Aviation Events of the National Bureau of Investigation of Aviation Events and Incidents with Civil Aircraft in the Territory of Ukraine are analysed. The events and incidents with air carriers that have been entered in the register of civil aircraft of Ukraine and foreign registration, which occurred in 2018 by hazard classes, were revealed. The qualitative and quantitative status of the modern passenger fleet of Ukraine, which is involved in tourist air transportation, is investigated. The basic peculiarities, modern features and tendencies of development of the Ukrainian airlines engaged in tourist transportation in the domestic and international tourism are complexly characterized. The real technical state of the airlines of scheduled and charter flights of Ukraine is revealed. Worldwide and national passenger safety requirements are defined. The practical relevance of the study is determined by its topicality. The main problems that hinder the development of aviation transport in the Ukrainian and world markets are identified. The mechanisms of improvement of tourist air transportation in Ukraine are offered. Key words: air transportation, aviation transport, international tourism, tourist air transportation.

Sacrifice in its archaic essence

The article reveals the influence of archaisms on the motivational potential of psyche. The article proves that among different archaisms (the Oedipus complex, guilt, slaveholding / slaveconquerness etc) sacrifice (self-sacrifice) plays a synthesizing role. There are some grounds to state the interconnection of all these categories with the Oedipus complex, finding its display in the universality of the image: “guilty without guilt” (Jesus Christ). Like Jesus Christ Oedipus turned to be an innocently suffering person who had destined himself to death (having put out his eyes and having refused to eat). Psychodynamic paradigm (formed by the group of researches for more than forty years) gives theoretic-methodological prerequisites to explore archaisms, the most prominent of which is sacrifice. The leading conclusion of the research concerning depth psychology is that a person’s motivation-meaningful potential in its archetypical essence is the central problem of psychology, uniting binary of views on psychic in the living and scientific, academic and applied, traditional and depth understanding of it. Consideration of the issue on the motivational potential of archaisms (expressing themselves in the archetypical symbolism) comprises doubled contents, which are inherent for a human from birth, that have not only individual and personal (ontogenetic) nature, but also phylogenetic one. The article is fixed on the basic archaic-dynamical tendencies of the psyche, namely: the Oedipus complex, guilt, self-sacrifice, slaveholding etc. A special attention is paid to the methods of the psyche depth cognition in the context of detecting the motivational influence of the self-sacrifice archaism on the person’s psyche. The process of the mankind development is connected with prosocial restrictions, causing unfreedom to realize the natural instincts, which set the spontaneous activity of the psyche. The archaic heritage of the mankind is presented concerning the research’s results of the possibilities to cognize the integrity of psychic, its motivation-meaningful potential. The article proves a considerable role of the archaisms in the individual’s personal development with his characteristic tint of the past that is synthesized in the category “suffering”, which accompanies with self-sacrifice. The article does not only give scientific and fact-finding material on the mentioned problem, but also a short-hand record of the dialogic-analytical work with a respondent, that proves a tendency of his psyche to his own suffering (self-sacrifice) due to his parents’ or his teachers’ incorrect treating him. The article shows that in the process of ASPC it is possible to nullify the destructions of the psyche, having the prospect of the psychical re-establishment due to the expansion of self-realization, evoking the self-preservation instinct. The last one opens the prospect of nullifying the tendencies to self-punishment, self-criticism and self-deprivation.

HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT, PROSPECTS OF CONSTRUCTION, RECONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION OF RECLAMATION SYSTEMS

Purpose of research. To analyze the basic tendencies and prospects of the development of construction, reconstruction and restoration of irrigation and drainage systems in Ukraine and to outline the main areas of researches and achievements of Reclamation Department of the Institute on the issues of reliable and effective functioning of water management and reclamation complex.
 Research Method - Analytical, Statistical.
 Study results and main findings. The article analyzes the current state of the irrigation and drainage sector in Ukraine in the context of climate change and emphasizes its decisive role in obtaining stable and predictable crop yiels, increasing land productivity and further developing agricultural production. The history of development and the nascent stages of the scientific departments of the Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Land Reclamation (now the Institute of Water Problems and Land Reclamation of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) dealt with the issues of water management construction, operation, maintenance, repair and restoration of the engineering infrastructure of irrigation and drainage systems, sprinkling equipment, hydraulic structures and equipment were considered. The results of multi-year researches, main areas of scientific activity, developments and achievements of the specialists of the departments of irrigation and drainages, operation of water management and drainage systems, drainage and irrigation reclamation of the Institute on the issues of reliable and efficient functioning of water and land reclamation complex were systematized. Technical and technological basis for improving the infrastructure of irrigation and drainage systems were justified and the ways of solving the existing problems were proposed. It was noted that at present, given climate change and management conditions, increasing productivity and sustainability of agriculture requires searching for new scientific, methodological, technical and technological approaches to the restoration and further development of irrigation and drainage.
 Prospects. At the same time, reforming the management of the water sector supported by an appropriate legislative framework and the active involvement of water users in management processes is a prerequisite. The necessity of implementing the provisions and measures proposed in the “Irrigation and Drainage Strategy of Ukraine for the Period until 2030”, prepared with the participation of the specialists from IWPLR NAAS, was emphasized, which will contribute to the effective use of irrigation and drainage systems potential to increase the agricultural production in the conditions of climate change.

СТАН ТА ОСНОВНІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ ФІНАНСУВАННЯ ІННОВАЦІЙНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ В УКРАЇНІ ВПРОДОВЖ 2015–2018 РОКІВ

Modern realia of rapid informatization of society trigger the increase of labor research intensity level when science becomes an immediate productive force. In turn, the innovation processes underpin the changes in social production as well as in public administration. The service sector is developing rapidly. Economic activity of business entities goes beyond the national economy boundaries and becomes more global, as evidenced by the growing role and significance of the information component in both the economic and the social domains. Based on the analysis of the total expenditure in a particular area out of all funding sources (S) and the ratio of total costs for a specific area in the total expenditure (E), with regard to a number of other indicators, the author suggests an overview of the current state, structure and major trends in the field of funding innovative activity in Ukraine. The recent research and publications review offered the opportunity to verify the relevance of the need to explore the contemporary issues relating to the state and the basic tendencies of funding innovations in Ukraine. To accomplish the objectives of the study, the following general and specific economic research methods have been applied, in particular, the methods of aggregation, data grouping and graphical display along with making use of Microsoft Excel spreadsheet to build cross-tabulation and the graph that enables to visualize the trend embedded in numerical information. The study provides data revealing the actual state and the key trends in the area of innovation funding in Ukraine in recent years and argues that despite minimization of the financial factor effect as a disincentive to business innovations within 2008–2016, this factor challenges further in-depth analysis and research. It is demonstrated that the situation as to government financing of innovations in Ukraine is characterized by a drop of innovation expenses by domestic enterprises in 2018 compared to 2015 by 11.8%; the dominance of the enterprise equity capital in total structure of innovation expenditures and the increase of loans in the structure of innovation costs; the increased share of innovation expenditure from state and local budgets; growth in business spending on R&D in the structure of innovation expenditures; the spending pattern of industrial enterprises is biased towards domestic R&D rather than to external R&D investments. The research findings revealed a slight reduction in the volume of total operating expenditure of industrial enterprises for the purchase of machinery, equipment and software within the period 2015–2018. The highest expenditures of industrial enterprises for the purchase of machinery, equipment and software have been observed in the enterprises of Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhia and Kharkiv regions and in the city of Kyiv. The suggested characteristic of one of the main factors of impact on innovative activities (financing) contributes to expanding the understanding of the current state, scale, structure and trends in the area of innovation funding in Ukraine.

RAZVOJ KONCEPTA NEOPRAVDANOG OBOGAĆENJA U RECEPCIJI RIMSKOG PRAVA

The author in this article analyses the development of the unjustified (unjust) enrichment as a general and an independent source of obligations on the basis of Roman law. Although such a concept admittedly did not exist in Roman law, certain actions therefrom were largely used in the formative period of the civil and canon law scholarship in the Middle Ages, as well as in the subsequent reception of Roman law at the courts in continental Europe. On that basis contemporary theoretical analyses and case law often use Roman legal terminology in the context of unjustified enrichment (condictio and diferent condictiones, actio de in rem verso, etc.). The aim of this analysis is to propose a contribution to a more complete and a more accurate appreciation of the connection between actions from Roman law and the formation of the concept of unjustified enrichment, and with that also their connection and relevance in a contemporary context. Accordingly, the general development in the Middle Ages is the first part of the analysis, followed by two basic different tendencies in the development. One of them is associated with the French law, where Roman actio de in rem verso had an important role in the development of the unjustified enrichment law. The other is related to the German law, which is in this respect based on Roman condictiones. Besides, the English common law and the historical Hungarian private law, or the private law of the Tripartitum in its application in the Kingdom of SHS, or the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, are also analysed as examples of the systems originally unrelated to Roman law in this regard, but experiencing strong influence later on, principally by means of systems more strongly shaped on the basis of Roman condictiones. Conclusive remarks discuss the general presence of Roman law in the development of unjustified enrichment law and in its contemporary variants, as well as the optimality of the systems more authentically based on Roman legal sources.

Newest trends in the research of individual’s economic behavior at the beginning of the XXI century

Relevance of the research topic. There are a large number of schools which study the economic behavior of an individual in modern economic science, who is the starting point in the decision-making system. Research on the latest trends in the study of an individual's economic behavior is relevant, as it enables us to use new approaches to solve pressing problems in economic science. Formulation of the problem. Mainstream and heterodoxy exist in economic science at the same time. It is necessary to clearly distinguish what aspects and ideas a particular trend is exploring, and what questions determine which scientific world is drawn to and why. Recent studies have shown that scientists are inclined to use the ideas of heterodoxy, since its methodology, ideas and conclusions can address a number of questions and provide answers about the peculiarities of an individual's economic behavior. Analysis of recent research and publications. In a wide range of domestic and foreign publications the basic ideas of modern scientific approaches to the economic behavior of the individual are covered. However, these studies do not systematize information about mainstream heterodox schools. The purpose of the study is to systematize information about ideas of the modern heterodoxy and to substantiate the existence of pluralism in modern economic science. The methodological basis of the article was general scientific and specific research methods, including induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis and comparison. Results: The main schools of the beginning of the 21st century are examined, which explore the process of decision making by an individual in the economic system. The basic tendencies of sympathizing the scientific world to the views of representatives of heterodoxy, who consider that a person is not a rational subject, are covered. Information about all schools is systematized in the conclusion The analysis of why the neoclassical approach is mainstream is made in the end of the article.It is assumed whether there is a chance and under what conditions modern pluralism can change the basic models of economics. Conclusions. The reasons for applying the ideas of mainstream and heterodoxy were outlined on the basis of the study. It was determined that the using of ideas from different approaches is caused by the conditions of the research and the problem that the researcher wants to solve.

Intangible assets and integrated management systems

The purpose of the research. It is established that in order to enter new markets and increase the competitiveness of goods in the international market in the conditions of information economy and distribution of intangible assets for domestic enterprises, the role of integrated management systems is increasing. The purpose of the study is to analyze the challenges for Ukrainian enterprises in the times of European integration, which requires solving the problems related to the definition of an algorithm for the implementation of international quality standards and mechanisms for assessing the productivity of their use. Methodology. In this work a retrospective analysis of quality management systems at the enterprise is carried out, the results of which revealed the evolutionary components of the quality requirements and the structures of its implementation at the enterprise: input control of raw materials; production processes; international standards; environmental and social management; security of activity and information. Results. The basic world tendencies of economic development are revealed: increasing of global competition, growth of the sphere of services, acceleration of scientific and technological progress, internationalization of financial markets. Characteristics of the modern economy of Ukraine: resource structure of exports; a small component of intangible assets; static attitude to quality. The classification of intangible assets of the enterprise by assets and competencies as a basis for accelerating the process of obtaining the effect of economic activity. Thus, for the implementation of the strategy of entering the European markets, domestic enterprises need to activate the management of the formation of potential capabilities of the enterprise through the development of staff competencies for quality, management systems and negotiation activities to attract additional investments, as well as the adoption of quality standards. Based on the study of the evolution of quality management concepts at the enterprise, the process of integration of management systems is proposed. Integrated management tools (affinity, relationships, lead times): maximize the synergistic effect of integration. Practical meaning. It is established that the spread of integrated management systems will allow: consumers – to get the product with the maximum combination of price and quality; to business owners – to form a systematic attitude of staff to quality, to partners – to reduce the risks of implementation of agreements; to society – to obtain additional sources of funding by increasing export revenues from processing industries and improving environmental and safety performance. Prospects for further research. The direction for further research on the introduction of integrated management systems is proposed – the search for economic-mathematical models that optimally combine internal tangible assets and intangible assets that fall outside the competence of an individual enterprise.

Gender Particularities of Value Ideals of Chiefs

The research work substantiated the relevance of studying the individual values of chiefs as the creators of organizational culture, which affect the socialization of a wide range of Ukrainian adults. The gender particularities of the content and structure of the value orientation of the private business chiefs were described in detail (data of comparative research of 39 respondents with the help of the Schwartz Personal Values Questionnaire). A significant difference in the evaluation of such basic motivational tendencies as "Power," "Hedonism," and "Tradition" were proved and the differences in the structural organizing of the value hierarchy of different representatives was also shown. The lists of terminal and instrumental values of chiefs were analyzed in detail and the leading tendencies in accordance with the gender status were also singled out. The structure of correlations between the value types was identified individually in the male and female respondents of the sample, demonstrating radical differences. A new scientific discovery that requires further development and verification was found as well as the gender differences in the realization of the desire to get sensual satisfaction and structurally organizing the values according to sex were identified.

LOANS OF WORD IN SYNONYMY OF THE TATAR LANGUAGE

The vocabulary of each language consists of words that enable people to call the things they see and express their attitude towards them, characterize and compare them with the others. To do it, one uses lexical and grammatical means of native language and the borrowed ones from other kindred languages and unrelated languages. If in the beginning these “foreign” words are perceived as exoticisms, with time, without suspecting of their foreign origin, they can enter into its active lexical fund, take a place in dictionaries, be actively used in oral and written speech. However, they may be forgotten, not accepted by the canons of the language, or become archaisms and historicisms. The relevance of the study is explained by the tasks of revealing the role of the activity of loan words with the synonymy of the Tatar language. The article presents the materials that reflect the experience of research of the teachers of the Kazan Federal University in cooperation with the colleagues from other countries on the study of Turkic languages, including the Tatar language in synchrony and diachrony. It is well known that the etymological affinity of the borrowed lexicon from different languages is not the same, as well as their morphological and semantic features. If the most active words are the words related to nouns and adjectives, then verb forms in Turkic languages are rarely borrowed. This paper aim is a lexico-semantic description of the synonymous connections of the verbs with borrowed stems in the Tatar language, as one of the representatives of the Turkic world. During the research, the authors got insight into modern works of Russian and foreign authors on linguistics, philology; analyzed the lexical material fixed in bilingual dictionaries and in “The Dictionary of Synonyms” of the Tatar language; made comparisons of the dictionary fund and practical Tatar speech; revealed the basic tendencies of development of the modern literary language.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE

The article deals with the basic concepts and tendencies of the digital economy. The current state of the digital economy and prospects for its development in Ukraine are analyzed. It is proposed to consider the digital economy development as an element of the social development strategy. The research methodology includes neo-institutional and systemic approaches, as well as analysis of statistics and data from social studies. The work concerns equally the theoretical and applied aspects of the topic. The paper is based on secondary data that has been collected from the official statistics, the Internet, science articles, interviews, papers, etc. The analysis results indicate a relatively unfavorable situation in Ukraine. The digital economy development entails dramatic changes in social relations. These processes include both risks (the market is being restructured in a new way, leading to challenges related to jobs, skills, security and privacy), as well as prospects (stimulating innovation, increasing governance efficiency, improving service delivery, inclusion and sustainable economic growth, the well-being of citizens, countries and society). The society and the state should be properly prepared for such changes. Therefore, the digital economy development in terms of public administration should be seen as an element of a social development strategy that requires proper scientific and expert substantiation. The concept of digital economy development in Ukraine envisages several measures aimed at addressing digital gap (from digital jobs to digital initiatives in the modern world, conducting digitalization of industry and business, defining basic digital services, preparing educational modernization measures, as well as forecasting digital development in Ukraine until 2020). On January 17, 2018, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine approved the Concept for the Development of the Digital Economy and Society of Ukraine for 2018-2020 and a plan of measures for its implementation. The document emphasizes that the path to the digital economy and digital society of Ukraine lies through the domestic product market, use and consumption of information and communication or digital technologies. The digital economy development is a set of mechanisms, motivation factors, and incentives for the implementation of digital technologies, and, therefore, a branched digital infrastructure for harnessing the state's capabilities, enhancing its competitiveness, and increasing the well-being of citizens. Currently, Ukrainian market of information products and services is at the stage of formation. The market of information products consists of technical and technological components (modern information equipment, powerful computers, advanced computer network and related information processing technologies, which enables to work on the global computer network Internet, search information, customers, goods, hypertext management technology, e-mail); regulatory and legal components (the legal basis for regulating the information market); organizational components (elements of state regulation of interaction between producers and distributors of information products and services). At the same time, the tasks of identifying specific practical legal, regulatory (organizational), economic and financial infrastructural mechanisms for the development of the «digital society» that would facilitate the rapid growth of the digital economy remain unresolved.

DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL ECONOMY AS AN ELEMENT OF THE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY IN UKRAINE

The article deals with the basic concepts and basic tendencies of the digital economy. The state and prospects of the development of the digital economy in Ukraine are analyzed. These processes contain both risks and prospects. Therefore, the development of the digital economy should be seen as an element of a social development strategy that needs due attention from academics and experts. In January 2018, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine approved the Concept of Development of the Digital Economy and Society of Ukraine for 2018-2020 and approved a plan of measures for its implementation. The document emphasizes that the path to the digital economy and digital society of Ukraine lies through the domestic market for the production, use, and consumption of information and communication technologies and digital technologies. Currently, in Ukraine, the market of information products and services is at the stage of formation. At the same time, the tasks of identifying specific practical legal, regulatory (organizational), economic and financial infrastructural mechanisms for the development of the «digital society» that would facilitate the rapid development of the digital economy remain unresolved.Keywords: digital economy, digital society, information economy, state administration, Ukraine.JEL Classifications: P21, L86, L88DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.8606

SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES TO MANAGING OF QUALITY COSTS OF MACHINE-BUILDING COMPANIES

In order to achieve the goals of minimizing costs and efficiency of management decisions it is important to recognize the significance of quality cost management at the machine-building enterprises in the context of the economic transformation efforts in Ukraine as well as the crisis phenomena in politics and the economy of the country. The transition of machine-building enterprises to the new technical requirements for products in the form of technical regulations, international standards and the standards of the country of the customer to maintain the competitiveness of products has led to the need for significant investment in production. The growth of specific requirements for quality management systems in the world automotive industry also has created the need for the introduction of new rules in the quality management system of national machine-building enterprises in this sector.National machine-building enterprises of the automobile industry are the object of the analysis in the field of the approaches to the management of quality costs. The analysis of scientific and practical aspects of monitoring and quality cost management is the basis for improving methodological approaches to the management of quality costs. The scientific approaches to the classification of quality costs at machine-building enterprises were considered. The analysis of the use of the classical cost-benefit model for the quality calles Prevention-Appraisal-Failure (PAF) and the cost-division of costs for machine-building enterprises according to four groups (costs for preventive actions, costs for evaluation and control, internal costs due to defects and failures, external costs due to defects and failures) was carried out. Elements of cost groups for quality were also identified. The conclusions on the difficulties of machine-building enterprises in determining the number of elements of cost for quality for the purposes of monitoring and management as well as obtaining benefits were made.The results of monitoring and managing of quality costs of machine-building companies were analyzed. A comparison of the distribution of costs for quality at the enterprises with a relative specific weight of quality costs of the average enterprise was done. The basic tendencies of the distribution of quality costs according to the classification of groups of costs elements in the quality management system of automotive companies were determined. A tendency for a significant advantage of the cost of preventive actions and the assessment and control of losses from internal and external defects was found. Conclusions on the positive impact of the received cost allocation by groups on the reduction of losses from external and internal nonconformities during the period of changes in technical requirements and requirements for quality management system in the automotive industry were made. The possible influence of distribution of quality costs on the competitive advantages of products was also established.

Efficiency and Price Effects of Mergers in European Union's Trade and Manufacturing Sectors

There are two basic tendencies operating simultaneously in every merger case: i) welfare gains due to efficiency related price reductions and ii) welfare losses associated with rising market power and resulting higher prices for consumers. The question of which will prevail is theoretically ambiguous, and consequently has to be settled empirically. The main objectives of this paper are to explore the effects of mergers on efficiency of consolidated firms, and to study their effects on prices in the trade and manufacturing sectors. To explore the effects of mergers on efficiency and prices we employ both a micro and macro approach by relying on firm-level data in the analysis of efficiency effects and on national-level data in the evaluation of price effects of mergers by using the Difference-in-Difference (DiD) approach on a sample of merger cases regulated by the European Commission (EC) during the 2010-2013 period. The DiD based results show that consolidated firms performed better than their competitors in the second year following the merger. Estimated efficiency gains seem to be led by efficiency growth of merged firms in the manufacturing sector. At the same time, we find evidence that compared to their unaffected counterparts, countries and economic activities in which the consolidation took place experienced a higher associated inflation in the year of the merger. Therefore, our results suggest that price effects unfold in the year when the merger is realized while efficiency effects occur with a delay of two years.

Modern Tendencies in Architecture on the Example of Pavilions of Serpentine Gallery in London

The aim of the research is to analyse basic tendencies in modern architecture on the example of temporal summer pavilions of art-gallery of Serpentine, located in Kensington Gardens, Hyde Park, London, into the creation of which during 2000s–2018s the best-known architects from all over the world were engaged. Research methods. The methods of synthesis, comparison, generalization, and historical approach have been used, as well as a thorough analysis of the project practice and the works of leading theorists in history of architecture. The scientific novelty is in the analysis of modern tendencies in architecture of exhibition pavilions with the discovery of new approaches in the architectural planning, formation, application of new building materials, taking into consideration stylistic transformations and creative handwriting of the author. Conclusions. The retrospective review of eighteen pavilions of Serpentine Gallery in London allows to distinguish a number of tendencies in modern architecture. At first, prominent architects of senior generation, by and large representing the style of deconstructivism, were engaged in creation of pavilions. More recently, a tendency has emerged to invite young avant-garde architects who successfully combine both technological innovations and authentic ethnic patterns in their works. Besides architects, artists, sculptors, landscape designers and engineers take part in a creative process, joining together to create a unique object. There is a notable tendency of transition from internal space into external, and interpretation of building as an object of art. Along with traditional building materials for pavilions such as steel and wooden constructions, fiberglass and polymeric foil are used.

СВОЕОБРАЗИЕ ПРОБЛЕМАТИКИ РОМАНА ДЖАНЕТ ФИТЧ «БЕЛЫЙ ОЛЕАНДР» В КОНТЕКСТЕ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ США РУБЕЖА XX-XXI ВВ.

The article provides a detailed analysis of the problematics of the Californian authoress Janet Fitch’s novel “White Oleander”. The researchers characterize the USA literary context at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries, mention the basic tendencies of the USA literature of this period and identify the authoress’s approach to representing the key themes and problems of the modern American society, such as the conflict of generations, “mother - daughter” relations. The paper concludes that Janet Fitch’s novel is in tune with the basic tendencies of the modern American literature but traditional for “women’s prose” problems are considered at the philosophical and esthetical level.

ДОВІРА ГРОМАДЯН ДО ПОЛІТИКИ ПРАВОГО СПРЯМУВАННЯ В КРАЇНАХ ЄВРОПИ: ІНТЕГРАЦІЙНИЙ АСПЕКТ

The role and influence increase of the right forces in Europe, their exit outside marginal support of electors forms the actual aim of the basic tendencies research of the citizens’ trust level increase to such political parties in the European Union countries in relation to their influence on integration politics in a region. This analysis consistency was achieved by using the historical method for sources research, preconditions and general lines of the right forces of interwar period and their modern development. A comparative method allowed to define identical elements in understanding the concepts of “right-wing” and “right-wing populism”, as well as assisted to disclosure distinctions between the right and left political parties of Europe.An accomplished analysis proved that during the last two decades, the right-wing got the considerable credit of trust of the key electorate who became a middle class on the whole, formed general slogans in relation to the denial of politics of European Union in direction of limitation of migration, fight against terrorism, distribution of quotas on the reception of refugees, interference with the internal affairs of the state that levels maintenance of originality of ethnoss and nations. Populism, euroscepticism and increase of representative office in European parliament, puts under a threat maintenance of integration politics that was predictable and clear for all participants of association and direct countries-partners. Ukraine in this case must work on making of new strategy of co-operating with Europe, taking into account new tendencies.

Graffiti and perceived neighborhood safety: a neuroimaging study

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to uncover the neural basis underlying the negative impact of graffiti on evaluations of neighborhood safety. Design/methodology/approach While in a functional magnetic resonance imaging scanner, participants rated the perceived safety of neighborhood scenes shown in photographic images. Some scenes were systematically altered to include graffiti, surveillance cameras or framed public art. Findings Consistent with previous research, the average safety rating for each scene including graffiti was significantly lower than for every other non-graffiti scene presented. The powerful salience of graffiti (as demonstrated by increased activation of the left fusiform gyrus) accompanied a decreased salience of other built environment scene elements (as demonstrated by reduced activation in the right parahippocampal gyrus). It appears as though the presence of graffiti causes the cognitive impact of other scene elements to fade. This redirection of cognitive focus may help to explain the dominant impact of graffiti on neighborhood safety evaluations. Practical implications Because of these basic perceptual tendencies, graffiti will necessarily dominate neighborhood safety evaluations. In any attempts to improve neighborhood safety evaluations, combating graffiti should be accorded a position of great importance, in keeping with these cognitive realities. Originality/value This is the first neuroimaging study of graffiti and perceived neighborhood safety.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ТВОРЧЕСТВА М. М. ПРИШВИНА В КИТАЕ: ИСТОРИЯ И СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ

The article shows the most important achievements of M. M. Prishvin studies in China. These are relevant sections of textbooks and scientific publications dedicated to the Russian literature, articles in academic journals, dissertations, a monograph about M. M. Prishvin and his creative work. The focus of the Chinese Prishvin scholars is on spiritual search, philosophy of nature, Prishvin’s ecological ideas, as well as mythological motives and specific images of nature in his works. Prishvin’s creativity is often viewed in the comparative aspect as well. The paper aims to identify the originality of the history and current status of studying Prishvin’s creativity in China. The basic tendencies in the development of the Chinese Prishvin studies are determined. This is the scientific novelty of the article.