Basic Techniques Research Articles

Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery: Basic Technique

Transsphenoidal surgery(TSS), a revolutionary approach for treating pituitary lesions, was developed at the beginning of the 20th century. However, it has been disused owing to its high complication and fatality rates. In the 1960s, Hardy et al. introduced microscopy into TSS and established its safety, making it a standard procedure that has spread worldwide. In the 1990s, endoscopes were introduced, and further advances were made. In other words, advances in optical instruments have significantly contributed to the development of TSS. Endoscopic TSS(eTSS)has made significant strides since the introduction of high-definition endoscopes in the 2010s. This report outlines the advantages and disadvantages of eTSS and its basic techniques.

Cultivation of Asexual Intraerythrocytic Stages of Plasmodium falciparum.

Successfully developed in 1976, the continuous in vitro culture of Plasmodium falciparum has many applications in the field of malaria research. It has become an important experimental model that directly uses a human pathogen responsible for a high prevalence of morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world and is a major source of biological material for immunological, biochemical, molecular, and pharmacological studies. Until present, the basic techniques described by Trager and Jensen and Haynes et al. remain unchanged in many malaria research laboratories. Nonetheless, different factors, including culture media, buffers, serum substitutes and supplements, sources of erythrocytes, and conditions of incubation (especially oxygen concentration), have been modified by different investigators to adapt the original technique in their laboratories or enhance the in vitro growth of the parasites. The possible effects and benefits of these modifications for the continuous cultivation of asexual intraerythrocytic stages of P. falciparum, as well as future challenges in developing a serum-free cultivation system and axenic cultures, are discussed.

The eyes see what the mind knows - Interpretation of magnetic resonance imaging.

: In 1978, the advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was a remarkable volte-face in the world of diagnostics. Employing the phenomenon of nuclear resonance enables us to exploit the properties of differential protons in living tissues. The ability of providing higher and variable contrast and the absence of ionizing radiations make it superior to computed tomography. Being the diagnostic tool of choice, it is an indispensable part of assessment of the location and characteristics of different ocular and orbital pathologies (vascular, inflammatory, and neoplastic). : The intrinsic and extrinsic properties of MRI provide multi-parametric imaging, making it of paramount importance in ophthalmological evaluation. Also, MRI-dynamic color mapping provides non-invasive and quantitative assessment of soft tissues in motion. An in-depth knowledge of the basic principle and technique of MRI aids in diagnosing as well optimal planning of surgical interventions. : In this video, we shall be displaying the anatomical, clinical, and radiological aspects of MRI with an overlap to make it easier to understand the implications of this miraculous invention. : A good understanding of MRI analysis makes the ophthalmologists independent and helps in ruling out the differential diagnoses, exact extent and invasion, precise surgical planning and therefore, avoiding tragic outcomes. This video is an attempt to simplify and emphasize on the importance of MRI interpretation for an ophthalmologist. Video link https://youtu.be/r5dNo4kaH8o.

Effect of solvent on ZnO nanoparticles by simple sol-gel method

ZnO nanoparticles are prepared by a simple sol–gel method with the initial precursors as water and ethanol, followed by heat treatment to obtain the ZnO nanoparticles in a single phase. In this study, water and ethanol are used as solvents to create zinc oxide nanoparticles that may control the shape, size and composition, which are then subjected to various characterization investigations. Basic characterization techniques are involved in investigating the structural, morphological and dielectric/electric properties of the material. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) is used to investigate the nanoparticle and confirm the material has formed in a crystalline nature with a single phase where there is no secondary phase obtained. Changes in its vibrational and morphological exposures are characterized through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. In our experiment of synthesizing the ZnO nanoparticles, different solvents are employed to elucidate the change in its properties. Particle size analyzers investigate the particle size of the synthesized nanoparticles. Variation of Z′ and Z″ is studied from the impedance analyzer using an LCR meter. The outcomes of the overall optimized trials provide the best ZnO nanoparticle performance for a variety of technological applications.

EFFORTS TO IMPROVE THE ABILITY OF BASIC PASSING TECHNIQUES UNDER THE GAME OF VOLLEYBALL THROUGH PAIRED METHODS

This research is a classroom action research that aims to improve the ability of the basic technique of passing down in volleyball games through the pair method in Class X TKJ SMKN 5 Bone. This is due to students learning outcomes on the material passing under volleyball is still low while down passing is a technique the most basic and also the easiest for students to do. So that researchers want that in the implementation of learning there is an intensity of activity because students are able to practice these skills through learning activities with the pair method. The research was carried out in two cycles, each cycle consisting of planning, implementation, action, observation, and reflection. The research subjects were students of class X TKJ 1, totaling 36 students. There are 24 male students and 12 female students. Data collection techniques are by tests, observations, documentation, and field notes. Data analysis used quantitative descriptive statistical analysis techniques. The results showed that through the pair method can improve the ability of the basic technique of passing down in volleyball games in class X TKJ 1 SMKN 5 Bone. The results of the data obtained from the results of the first cycle of students who completed 41.67% with a frequency of 15 students, then increased in cycle II and students who completed 94.44% with a frequency of 34 students. The conclusion of this study is that through the pair method in learning passing down in volleyball games can improve student learning outcomes in class X TKJ SMKN 5 Bone.

ANALISIS SHOOTING FUTSAL PUTRA PADA PERTANDINGAN LIGA PROFESIONAL 2021/2022

This study discusses the analysis of basic shooting techniques and shooting areas for the Bintang Timur Surabaya team in the 2021/2022 proof-of-work league matches. The purpose of this study was to determine the basic technical abilities of the futsal shooting game in the Bintang Timur Surabaya team in the 2021/2022 professional futsal league and the dominant shooting and area shooting techniques carried out by the Bintang Timur Surabaya team. The method used is descriptive quantitative which later the data will be analyzed, processed and arranged to find existing problems. The source of the data taken was by watching the replay of the Bintang Timur Surabaya team in the second round which included an analysis of shooting techniques. The results of the analysis of the basic shooting techniques and shooting areas of the Bintang Timur Surabaya team during the second round. the total shot taken was 459 times, the instep was shot 300 times (65%), the toe was 48 times (11%) and the foot was shot 111 times (24%). Based on the results that have been done, it can be said that the characteristics of the shooting techniques carried out in Professional Futsal League matches use more of the instep. Shooting area (kicking area) The characteristics of the shooting area in the 2021/2022 Professional Futsal League match for the East Bintang Surabaya Team are as follows: a total of 459 shots were taken, with shooting in the weak area 214 times (47%) and shooting in the strong area as much as 245 times (53%). So it can be said that the characteristics of shooting techniques carried out in Professional Futsal League matches are mostly carried out in the strong area.

Penerapan Color Grading dalam Proses Editing Program Dokumenter “Doctive Persona”

The development of digital television technology was also followed by the rapid growth of audio-visual media including YouTube, Netflix, Instagram, Tiktok and many other digital platforms. Programs that present information and entertainment include documentaries. The author produces a documentary biography of an artist engaged in puppets or dolls. One of the things that can improve video in editing is color grading. When observing documentary works, there are several works that ignore the application of color grading resulting in color jumping. The purpose of creating this production work is to apply color grading techniques using basic correction, color wheels and HSL Secondary. The results of the analysis show that basic correction techniques are used to maintain white balance, exposure, contrast, highlights, shadows, blacks, and saturation in images so that they have balance and continuity between images. Furthermore, the application of color wheels is applied to create the mood or atmosphere that the story wants to build so that it can add dramatic and aesthetic elements to the documentary. Then HSL Secondary is applied using a circle of color elements and a luma slider so that the skin tone or skin tone of the sources and talents looks more real and comfortable for the audience to see.

Economic Evolution of The Nigerian Telecommunication Industry: Emne’s and Downstream Value Chain Transmission

Recent developments in the Nigerian telecommunication industry have significantly been attracting multinational investors from emerging markets into the country, especially from African and Asian countries. This has led to massive influx of investors into the country’s Global System for Mobile (GSM)communications market since 2001. This paper investigates the value chain effect of these developments on the telecommunications sector of the Nigerian economy. There is focus on the industry itself, subsidiary industries as well as the downstream value chain creation arising from the influx of emerging markets multinational enterprises (EMNEs) into the sector. Using basic statistical techniques, the study finds that the entrance of the multinational investors into the industry following the market liberalization policy of 1999 has not only created a vibrant telecommunications market but also enhanced the value chain on the Nigerian economy at large. The findings of this study provide further insight into the value chain creation debate as it concerns the telecommunications industry not just in Nigeria but in countries of similar economic stature and structure. Additionally, the findings are important to the regulators and policy makers in developed and developing economies alike, for evidence-based policies.

Peningkatan keterampilan teknik dasar lay up melalui audio visual dalam permainan bola basket

The problem of this research is the lack of basic lay-up techniques in the Garuda Sukabumi basketball club. This study aims to determine the increase in basic lay-up technique skills through audio-visual media in basketball games. This type of research is qualitative with the action research method and the research design uses the Kemmis and Taggart spiral models. The population of this research is 20 people taken by purposive sampling technique. This research was conducted in 10 meetings with a lay-up training process using audio-visual media, in which the initial test (pretest) was carried out for the first meeting, then the second to ninth meetings were given actions and for the tenth meeting, the final test was carried out (posttest). . Based on data processing, the results of the research during the training process in cycle I were that the participants experienced an increase in the lay-up movement, the increase in the training process for the participants in the lay-up movement can be seen from the results of the instrument test on the lay-up movement through audio-visual media and got 83% of the meeting first to the 10th meeting in cycle I. In conclusion, the training process is given easily and the knowledge of lay up increases.

Analysis of Directive Speech Acts in the Film "Imperfect: Karier, Cinta & Timbangan"

The research is motivated by the importance of knowing the actions or utterance that the speaker wishes to convey to the interlocutor. So that the interlocutor can catch the intent conveyed by the speaker. Based on this, this study aims to: (1) describe the form o directive speech acts in the film "Imperfect: Karier, Cinta & Timbangan". (2) describe the function of directive speech acts in the film "Imperfect: Karier, Cinta & Timbangan". This type of research is descriptive qualitative. The data collection method used is listening method with basic tapping techniques, advanced listening techniques free of involvement, and note-taking techniques. The data analysis method used is the pragmatic equivalent method with determining elements, and advanced comparative comparison techniques equate. The results of this study are that there are 154 data classified as follows, there are 36 data in the form of orders, 30 data in the form of requests, 17 solicitation form data, 18 data in the form of advice, 35 data in the form of criticism, and 18 data in the form of prohibilitions.

Core techniques and values of full-endoscopic spine surgery via transforaminal approach

Full-endoscopic spinal surgery via transforaminal approach (TF-FESS) originated from the minimally invasive techniques of percutaneous interventional treatment of intervertebral disc diseases through posterolateral approach.Thanks to the continuous development and improvement of full-endoscopic equipment alongside surgical instruments and techniques, a developed technical system has been established in discectomy, spinal canal decompression, interbody fusion, etc. The combination of these basic techniques can treat relatively complex degenerative spinal diseases. The core techniques of TF-FESS include percutaneous puncture, foraminoplasty, spinal canal decompression, discectomy, annulus fibrosus suture, interbody fusion. This paper elaborates on the key points of the core techniques, indications, advantages, disadvantages, and prospects of the TF-FESS.

The Development of a Box Rebounder Tool as a Media for Training Basic Passing and Controlling Techniques in Football

This study aims to develop a box rebounder tool as a training medium for basic passing and controlling techniques. The research was conducted in April 2023. The research location was at SSB Cemerlang Sidodadi Ramunia and SSB Kualanamu. The research subjects in this study were 10 people for small group trials and 20 people for. This research method is research development (R & D). In the small group trial of the athlete subject, a score of 540 was obtained with a percentage of 77.14% (valid) meaning that the product of the development of the box rebounder tool for passing and control techniques is valid. In the small group trial of the training subjects, a score of 61 was obtained with a percentage of 81.33% (valid) meaning that the product of the development of the box rebounder tool for passing and control techniques is valid. In the trial of the large group of athlete subjects, a score of 1204 was obtained with a percentage of 86% (valid) meaning that the product of the development of the box rebounder tool for passing and control techniques is valid. And for testing large groups of training subjects, a score of 211 was obtained with a percentage of 93.78% (valid) meaning that the product of the development of the box rebounder tool for passing and control techniques is valid. So it can be concluded that the development of the Rebounder Box Tool as a Media for Training the Basic Techniques of Passing and Controlling in Football is considered valid (successful).

The Effect of Variation of Push-Up Training on Extracurricular Volleyball Servis Skills

Extracurricular participants at SMPN 1 Tanah Merah basically haven't really mastered the basic technique of overhand service correctly and well, when they first saw playing they still didn't have good arm strength, so they had difficulty doing the overhand serve, so to improve their skills top service then requires an effective and efficient training method. This study aims to determine the effect of variations of push-up exercises on upper service skills in volleyball extracurricular activities at SMPN 1 Tanah Merah. This research is a quasi-experimental study using the one-group pretest-posttest design method with the top service test instrument. The data analysis technique used was the paired sample t-test, with the results of the t-test and t-table with a significant value of 0.00, t-count 24.80 > t-table 8.93 with a value of 0.00 <0.05. Thus the hypothesis states "There is an effect of variations in push-up exercises on upper service skills in the extracurricular activities of SMPN 1 Tanah Merah".

2022 January Events and CSTO Peacekeeping Mission in Kazakhstan

In January 2022, Kazakhstan was faced with an attempt of a violent change of power in the form of mass protests that spread throughout the country and were organized with the basic techniques of color revolutions. The country’s own law enforcement forces were not able to cope with radical citizens, looters-rioters, and terrorists, and in these circumstances the head of state, K.K. Tokayev, decided to request the support of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) allies, who immediately sent the united peacekeeping troops to the republic. The CSTO peacekeeping mission, coordinated by Russia, successfully restored constitutional order in the country and prevented a violent coup d’état. The purpose of this research is to analyze the course of the January events and actions of the CSTO, as well as their impact on Kazakhstan, the region and the organization itself. The paper is based on interviews with experts from the CSTO member states, studies carried out in this area of research, and statements by official authorities. The synthesis of the research results is divided into thematic blocks and supplemented by the author’s conclusions. The paper mentions aspects such as the transition of power, changes in Kazakhstan’s domestic and foreign policies, the effectiveness of the CSTO organization and the expansion of its potential use. Proposals are also provided regarding the strengthening of defense integration and the need to develop a common regional identity. The research is unique in that it brings expert opinions from six CSTO member states, the results of studies carried out by researchers from Russia, Kazakhstan, and abroad, and the theoretical terminology of Western political ideology. The author presents the area of responsibility of the CSTO as a Eurasian security community based not only on collective security, but also on economic interdependence and a sense of community among the nations of its member states.

Linguocultural adaptation in TV series translation

The article considers common challenges of translating culture-bound vocabulary in popular American TV series. The article is aimed to determine basic techniques of linguocultural adaptation in Russian translation of “Friends” TV series. Traditional comparative and statistical analysis methods are applied to examine culture-bound elements of the original text of the above-mentioned sitcom, and therefore, to identify adequate techniques of linguocultural adaptation in its Russian translation. Moreover, “Friends” TV series contains a huge number of phraseological units, puns and jokes adequately conveyed in its Russian translation, and therefore, keeping the target audience interested in the sitcom. Scientific novelty of the research is determined by the author’s attempt to compile some essential tips for linguocultural adaptation while translating TV series from English into Russian. Research findings have proved that achieving success in both linguistic and cultural adaption implies the translator’s ability to take into account the particular nature of both the form of the material presented and its perception by the target audience. Thus, the linguocultural adaptation whiletranslating TV series from English into Russian requires a translator to have a bicultural competence that involves background knowledge (linguistic and extralinguistic) about both the source and target cultures.

Strategi Peningkatan Mutu Lembaga Pendidikan Madrasah

The quality of education is the main goal that every madrasa wants to achieve. Quality is a must that must be achieved in order to increase public trust in madrasas. Because quality-oriented madrasahs will be the institutions of choice, this is because most madrasas, especially madrasahs managed by the community, have suffered setbacks. The quality of madrasah education services will be determined by the extent to which madrasahs can optimally manage all existing capabilities and resources, the paradigm that must be built by madrasahs is to build quality. This research method uses descriptive qualitative research methods dan the type of research used is the library research method . is a study based on the philosophy of postpositivism that uses interpretative and constructive paradigms. Quality management aims to improve the quality of work, increase productivity and efficiency by increasing performance and improving the quality of work. High-quality education is not only reflected in the quality of graduates but also in the quality of educational institutions that can meet and serve customer needs according to applicable quality standards. The central basic technique for continuous quality improvement is improving the quality of all objects processed in education administration, starting from teachers, students, curriculum, learning processes, educational institutions, financing, and also relations with the community. Madrasas that live mainly from, through, and for the community need attention and support from all parties. Quality improvement does not occur without input from all parties. Therefore, to improve their quality, madrasas must be assisted to maintain and struggle so that they can live and develop and compete with other educational institutions. Keywords: Concept of Quality, Quality of Education, Quality Strategy

Circuit training bosu ball: Effect on balance and accuracy of archery athletes

Background and Study Aim. Balance is very decisive in producing good and correct basic archery techniques, resulting in good archery accuracy. This study aims to determine the effect of circuit training bosu ball on improving balance and accuracy in archery athletes. Material and Methods. This study was an experimental research design that involved 12 archery athletes at Bibis Archery Club Bantul Regency, aged between 14-17 years. The training program consisted of 18 circuit training sessions using a bosu ball. The archery accuracy test was used to assess the athletes' accuracy in sticking arrows to a target located 30 meters away. The balance test was conducted using the Stork Stand Test, which involved standing on one leg, on the dominant leg, for as long as possible. The statistical analysis used was a t-test, specifically paired sample test. Results. The pretest balance and archery accuracy scores of the 12 archery athletes at Bibis Archery Club Bantul Regency were recorded. The pretest balance score averaged 44.12 seconds, and the pretest archery accuracy score was 216.50. After 18 circuit training sessions with bosu ball, the posttest balance score increased to an average of 51.44 seconds, and the posttest archery accuracy score increased to an average of 282.83. Statistical analysis revealed that the improvement in balance and archery accuracy was significant, with a p-value of 0.000 <0.05, indicating that the training using bosu ball can effectively improve the balance and archery accuracy of young athletes. Conclusions. Overall, our findings suggest that circuit training with bosu ball significantly improves balance and archery accuracy in young athletes. Specifically, the participants demonstrated an average increase in their balance scores improvement in their archery accuracy following the training. These results highlight the potential benefits of incorporating bosu ball exercises in the training regimen of archery athletes.

Konstruksi Frasa Idiomatik dalam Novel Orang-Orang Biasa Karya Andrea Hirata

This study applies a theoretical approach to phraseological syntax, as well as a qualitative descriptive methodological approach. Methods and techniques of data collection using the listening method combined with basic tapping techniques and advanced techniques in the form of note taking techniques. The method of data analysis is the distribution method with the direct element division technique (BUL) and the advanced technique in the form of the dissipation technique. Methods of presenting the results of the analysis in the form of informal methods and formal methods. This study obtained the results in the form of 10 forms of idiomatic phrases collected from Andrea's Ordinary People novel, namely the phrases stick your nose, subordinates, golden child of justice, blind pay, street vendors, raise your hands, open your mouth, wash money, go out of business, and cold-blooded. The patterns of idiomatic phrase formation consist of patterns of Noun+Noun (N+N), Noun+Noun+Noun (N+N+N), Noun+Adjective (N+Adj), Noun+Numeralia (N+Num), Verbs+Nouns (V+N), and Verbs+Adjectives (V+Adj). It is hoped that this research can add insight into the forms and patterns of idiomatic phrase formation in Andrea Hirata's Ordinary People novel as well as become a reference source for further research on similar topics.

Salicylic acid-doped iron nano-biostimulants potentiate defense responses and suppress Fusarium wilt in watermelon

IntroductionChemo- and bio-genic metallic nanoparticles (NPs), as a novel nano-enabled strategy, have demonstrated a great potential in crop health management. ObjectiveThe current study aimed to explore the efficacy of advanced nanocomposites (NCs), integrating biogenic (bio) metallic NPs and plant immunity-regulating hormones, in crop disease control. MethodsIron (Fe) NPs were biosynthesized using cell-free supernatant of a Fe-resistant strains, Bacillus marisflavi ZJ-4. Further, salicylic acid-coated bio-FeNPs (SI) NCs were prepared via co-precipitation method under alkaline conditions. Both bio-FeNPs and SINCs were characterized using basic analytical techniques, including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and scanning/transmission electron microscopy. ResultsBio-FeNPs and SINCs had variable shapes with average sizes of 72.35 nm and 65.87 nm, respectively. Under greenhouse conditions, bio-FeNPs and SINCs improved the agronomic traits of the watermelon plants, and SINCs outperformed bio-FeNPs, providing the maximum growth promotion of 32.5%. Soil-drenching with bio-FeNPs and SINCs suppressed Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum-caused Fusarium wilt in watermelon, and SINCs provided better protection than bio-FeNPs, through inhibiting the fungal invasive growth within host plants. SINCs improved the antioxidative capacity and primed a systemic acquired resistance (SAR) response via activating the salicylic acid signaling pathway genes. These findings indicate that SINCs can reduce the severity of Fusarium wilt in watermelon by modulating antioxidative capacity and potentiating SAR to restrict in planta fungal invasive growth. ConclusionThis study provides new insights into the potential of bio-FeNPs and SINCs as biostimulants and bioprotectants for growth promotion and Fusarium wilt suppression, ensuring sustainable watermelon production.

Bioassay Techniques in Entomological Research

BIOASSAY (Bio - life, Assay - determination) is the measurement of the potency of any stimulus (physical, chemical, biological, and psychological) and the reactions that it produces in living matter. In Entomology, to know about the potency, Specificity of any compounds, standardization of doses, and identify modes of action bioassay is needed. In addition to the basic bioassay methods such as poison food, dry film techniques, etc., depending upon the researcher’s necessity, they are modified or newly developed. Diet covering and diet incorporation for lepidopterans and homopterans have been developed as advancements over the poison food assay method, by using insecticide-incorporated artificial diet. WHO cone, Wire ball test, Susceptibility test, CDC bottle assay and MCD assay developed for mosquito resistance monitoring and Larval Packet Technique (LPT) for cattle ticks, Sandwich method, TIBS, and Adult vial test are advancements over dry film technique. In Thrips Insecticide Bioassay System (TIBS), treated vials can be stored for up to 3 weeks at 4˚C for future efficacy assays at the field level. Adult Vial Tests have been developed for pentatomid and mirid adult bug bioassays. Larval Immersion Technique (LIT), Adult Immersion Technique (AIT) for cattle ticks, and MEBS have been developed as advancements over topical bioassay. In Mite Egg Bioassay System (MEBS), entomopathogenic fungi have been tested against Tetranychus cinnabarinus. MTT colorimetric assay and Trypan Blue Dye Exclusion assay helps to identify cell viability in insect cell line cultures. Spodoptera frugiperda cell line, Sf – 21 was tested against a scorpion, Leiurus quinquestriatus toxin β– BUTX – LQQ1a and the toxicity was determined through the viability of cell lines. Various basic and advanced bioassay techniques are discussed elaborately in this review.