Basic State Research Articles

Mean field responses in disordered systems: an example from nonlinear MHD

Understanding the generation of large-scale magnetic fields and flows in magnetohydro-dynamical (MHD) turbulence remains one of the most challenging problems in astrophysical fluid dynamics. Although much work has been done on the kinematic generation of large-scale magnetic fields by turbulence, relatively little attention has been paid to the much more difficult problem in which fields and flows interact on an equal footing. The aim is to find conditions for long-wavelength instabilities of stationary MHD states. Here, we first revisit the formal exposition of the long-wavelength linear instability theory, showing how long-wavelength perturbations are governed by four mean field tensors; we then show how these tensors may be calculated explicitly under the ‘short-sudden’ approximation for the turbulence. For MHD states with relatively little disorder, the linear theory works well: average quantities can be readily calculated, and stability to long-wavelength perturbations determined. However, for disordered basic states, linear perturbations can grow without bound and the purely linear theory, as formulated, cannot be applied. We then address the question of whether there is a linear response for sufficiently weak mean fields and flows in a dynamical (nonlinear) evolution, where perturbations are guaranteed to be bounded. As a preliminary study, we first address the nature of the response in a series of one-dimensional maps. For the full MHD problem, we show that in certain circumstances, there is a clear linear response; however, in others, mean quantities – and hence the nature of the response – can be difficult to calculate.

Agricultural carbon emissions in China: measurement, spatiotemporal evolution, and influencing factors analysis

IntroductionThe agricultural sector is the second largest emitter of greenhouse gases, accounting for 23% of global anthropogenic carbon emissions. Analysis of the basic state of carbon emissions from China's agriculture is helpful to achieve carbon reduction targets.MethodsAgricultural carbon emissions were calculated using the emission factor method, based on data from the China Rural Statistical Yearbook and various provincial statistical yearbooks. To analyze spatial patterns, the standard deviation ellipse method and the center of gravity migration model were employed, uncovering the migration path of agricultural carbon emissions. Regional disparities and the driving factors of agricultural carbon emissions were further examined using the Theil index and the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) model.ResultsThe analysis indicated that the emissions center has gradually shifted towards the central and western regions, reflecting changes in agricultural production activity areas. Intraregional differences are the primary contributors to the imbalance in agricultural carbon emissions, with pronounced disparities in grain production and consumption balance regions. Key influencing factors include agricultural production efficiency, adjustments in agricultural industrial structure, economic structure and output, and urbanization levels. The economic output effect and urbanization effect are identified as the main drivers of increased carbon emissions, while declining production efficiency has hindered emission reduction efforts.ConclusionThe findings provide valuable insights for regional management and policymaking in China's agricultural sector, highlighting the need to enhance production efficiency and optimize agricultural structure to reduce emissions.

Institutional Logic of Fragile States: Afghanistan and South Sudan in Comparative Perspective

ABSTRACT In the violence trap framework, ruling elites use rents to control contending elites who pose a violent threat. Political development results in transitions from a fragile state, wherein rents are tentative and personalized, to a basic natural state, and then a mature natural state, through standardization of elite privileges, consolidated state control of the political-military apparatus, and the enactment of a credible contracts regime. Accordingly, the institutional logic of fragile states is rooted in the incentives that undergird elite bounded rationality, transacting under highly personalized, tentative patronage networks. The paper addresses the question of why fragile states fail to develop into basic natural states. In doing so, it applies the violence trap analytical framework to illustrate the logic of the fragile state through a most different systems (MDS) comparison of Afghanistan and South Sudan. The main finding is that the institutional logic of the fragile state in the two cases is rooted in a lack of three necessary conditions: institutional incentives for broadening elite consensus, credible patronage agreements among different elite groups, and a consolidated state with specialized political and military functions.

Optimizing a Dynamic Vehicle Routing Problem with Deep Reinforcement Learning: Analyzing State-Space Components

Background: The dynamic vehicle routing problem (DVRP) is a complex optimization problem that is crucial for applications such as last-mile delivery. Our goal is to develop an application that can make real-time decisions to maximize total performance while adapting to the dynamic nature of incoming orders. We formulate the DVRP as a vehicle routing problem where new customer requests arrive dynamically, requiring immediate acceptance or rejection decisions. Methods: This study leverages reinforcement learning (RL), a machine learning paradigm that operates via feedback-driven decisions, to tackle the DVRP. We present a detailed RL formulation and systematically investigate the impacts of various state-space components on algorithm performance. Our approach involves incrementally modifying the state space, including analyzing the impacts of individual components, applying data transformation methods, and incorporating derived features. Results: Our findings demonstrate that a carefully designed state space in the formulation of the DVRP significantly improves RL performance. Notably, incorporating derived features and selectively applying feature transformation enhanced the model’s decision-making capabilities. The combination of all enhancements led to a statistically significant improvement in the results compared with the basic state formulation. Conclusions: This research provides insights into RL modeling for DVRPs, highlighting the importance of state-space design. The proposed approach offers a flexible framework that is applicable to various variants of the DVRP, with potential for validation using real-world data.

“Basic Solid State Chemistry Second Edition” by Anthony R. West

“Basic Solid State Chemistry Second Edition” by Anthony R. West

Basic Affective Systems and Sex Differences in the Relationship between Anger and Fear.

The possible interactions between anger and fear have not been widely explored in the psychological literature. Fear and anger are currently beginning to be studied by looking at their interrelationships, rather than seeing them as simply opposing emotions. Furthermore, there is a tendency to think that anger is more typical of men and fear of women. Our contribution proposes a particular perspective of affective neuroscience. The objectives of the study are as follows: (1) to assess possible differences in affective systems, and states and traits of anger in relation to biological sex; (2) to assess correlations between ANGER, FEAR, and SADNESS, as well as state and trait anger in both a female and male sample; (3) to assess possible differences in basic affective systems in relation to different levels of ANGER, FEAR, and SADNESS, state and trait anger, in female and male samples. A non-clinical sample of 339 females and 99 males completed the ANPS 3.1 to assess basic affective states and the STAXI-2 to assess anger states and traits. No significant differences were found for ANGER and FEAR scores and for state and trait scores between the male and female samples. Clear correlations emerged (p < 0.01) between SADNESS and FEAR in both the female and male samples. Among the differences that emerged in the affective systems, we emphasise that in the female group, the highest scores on the SEEKING and PLAY scales are expressed by the group of women who have the lowest scores in FEAR; PLAY and CARE also vary in relation to different scores in SADNESS. Given the importance of the SEEKING and PLAY variables, it is of paramount importance to monitor the environmental and relational situations to guarantee that women, too, are provided with the conditions of safety and protection that are prerequisites for their well-being and the positive expression of their resources.

Altered vocal communication in adult vasopressin-deficient Brattleboro rats

The neuropeptide, arginine vasopressin (AVP), has been implicated in social communication across a diverse array of species. Many rodents communicate basic behavioral states with negative versus positive valence through high-pitched vocalizations above the human hearing range (ultrasonic vocalizations; USVs). Previous studies have found that Brattleboro (Bratt) rats, which have a mutation in the Avp gene, exhibit deficits in their USVs from the early postnatal period through adolescence, but the magnitude of this effect appears to decrease from the juvenile to adolescent phase. The present study tested whether Bratt rats continue to exhibit USV deficits in adulthood. USVs of adult male and female Bratt and wild type (WT) rats were recorded in two contexts: a novel environment (empty arena) and a social context (arena filled with bedding soiled by same-sex conspecifics). The number, frequency, and duration of 50 kHz USVs were quantified by DeepSqueak after validation with manual scoring. Twenty-two kHz measures were quantified by manual scoring because DeepSqueak failed to accurately detect USVs in this frequency range. Adult Bratt rats did not exhibit deficits in the number of 50 kHz USVs: male Bratt rats emitted similar 50 kHz USVs as male WT rats, whereas female Bratt rats emitted more USVs than female WT rats. USV frequency and duration were altered in adult Bratt rats, but in a context-dependent manner. Twenty-two kHz USVs were less affected by the Bratt mutation. The present study demonstrates how chronic AVP deficiency impacts social communication across the lifespan. The present findings reveal a complex role for AVP in vocal communication, whereby disruption to the Avp gene leads to sex-, context-, and developmental phase-specific effects on the quantity and spectrotemporal characteristics of rat USVs.

KEPASTIAN HUKUM TERHADAP TANAH DRUWE PURA MELALUI PENDAFTARAN TANAH SISTEMATIS LENGKAP (PTSL)

The aim of this research is to find out more clearly and in depth about legal certainty regarding Druwe Pura land through complete systematic land registration (PTSL). This research is a type of normative legal research (doctrinal legal research). Article 19 of the Basic Agrarian Law states that in order to ensure legal certainty that the Government will carry out land registration throughout the territory of the Republic of Indonesia, the National Land Agency as the implementer of duties in the agrarian sector in Indonesia is obliged to serve the needs of the people who wish to register their land. To implement the order contained in Article 19, Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997 concerning Land Registration was issued. Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia (PHDI) has made a Memorandum of Understanding with the National Land Agency (BPN) Number: 189/PH.PHDI.Pusat/V/2023; Number: 20/SKB-HK.03.01/V/2023 concerning Implementation of Land Registration, Assistance for Prevention and Handling of Land Asset Problems under the auspices of Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia. The implementation of this Memorandum of Understanding is further regulated in the Cooperation Agreement between Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia and the National Land Agency (BPN), with Number: 269/PH.PHDI.Pusat/II/2024; Number: 4/SKB-100. HK.03.01/II/2024.. Registration of land belonging to the Temple (Pura druwe land) as a place of worship through Complete Systematic Land Registration (PTSL)

Disaster Protection Education and Training Concepts and Policies

In the context of natural human rights, the foundation of the modern state, as well as the systems approach, relevant basic concepts and state policies have been generated to increase the effectiveness of disaster and crisis protection education and training. Their goals for increasing the effectiveness of officials training in the state and local administration, as well as the population for disaster and crisis response, are substantiated. An organizational-cultural approach to the formation of an appropriate, citizen engaging, cultural model for more effective achievement of these goals has been considered. As an important system-forming element, a key regulatory framework for disaster protection, which must be known and applied by the state and local administration, as well as the population, is analyzed. On this basis, necessary and relevant concepts and policies to increase the effectiveness of disaster and crisis protection education and training are derived and substantiated.

Protection of Civilian Victims of Armed Conflict Based on International Law (Case Study of the Israeli and Palestinian Conflict)

International armed conflict is defined as a conflict between two or more states or between one state and another party that does not yet have state status. In the world of international law, the Geneva Conventions have been considered the right decision because the results of the convention have been agreed and signed by countries that have been recognized by the United Nations. The essence of the convention is an agreement that protects the safety of military members wounded during the war. In the application of the results of the Geneva Conventions and international human rights law is still not fully applicable. An alliance of countries that gives full support to the Israeli-Palestinian war causes legal defects. The conflict between the two countries has been going on since the early 20th century until now. The Israeli-Palestinian armed conflict is slowly attacking civilians as well. This research is a normative research, which is used to see problems related to armed conflict through legal studies. When viewed from the point of view of the basic state and the principles of the International Law of War, the Israeli-Palestinian war does not follow the existing rules. Several international rules already exist to deal with similar cases, which provide rules and protection. The United Nations here serves to maintain world peace from conflicts between countries.

Schoolchildren’s creation of educational videos as a way to organize integrative orthography revision (on the example of preparing for task 6 of the Russian language basic state examination (OGE))

The article considers the issue of finding effective ways to organise integrative orthography revision while preparing for the OGE in the Russian language. The aim is to propose, justify, and characterise one of such possible ways, namely the creation of educational videos by schoolchildren (using the example of preparing for task 6 of the Russian language OGE). The main research methods included theoretical (analysis of scientific and educational literature, normative documentation), empirical (scientific observation of the educational process in middle school and pedagogical experiment), and statistical (quantitative analysis of the obtained experimental data and their processing) ones. The article analyses the content and format of OGE task 6. Based on this analysis, the main reasons for the difficulties that schoolchildren experience in orthographic word parsing are revealed. The paper identifies the stages of work on creating educational videos (organisational, information search and processing, script writing, creating a presentation, voice acting, and recording a video). Moreover, the article describes the activities of the teacher and students at each stage. The experience of team designing an educational video discussing the topic "Prefixes ending in -z (-s)" is presented. Based on the analysis of the data from the control stage of the experiment, the study concludes that the proposed method of organising integrative orthography revision is effective. The materials presented in the article (an algorithm for doing OGE task 6; the author’s educational orthography videos) can be used in Russian language teachers’ practice to train students for completing orthographic tasks in the Russian language OGE.

Turbulence, Richardson number (Ri) distributions, and parametric instabilities in the turbopause region (96–105 km) from Na LIDAR measurements at the Andes Lidar Observatory (ALO)

Turbulence in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (MLT) region is responsible for vertical mixing and transport of constituents and heat and the formation of the turbo-pause. A study of turbulence at the Andes Lidar Observatory (ALO) by Philbrick et al. (2021) found, for 25 nights of lidar observations, the probability of Ri < 1/4 decreased with altitude above 100 km, whereas the power in turbulence increased. The objective of this study is to understand the atmospheric process responsible for the observed increase in turbulence power with altitude. Conventionally turbulence is caused by instabilities due to convection (Ri < 0), and Kelvin-Helmholtz Instabilities (KHI), 0 < Ri < 1/4. These criteria are based on laminar flow, a waveless basic state. However, wave-modulated states requiring Floquet theory may dominate the MLT region and can generate instabilities and turbulence under more stable conditions (Ri > 1/4, Klostermeyer, 1990). It was determined in this study the probability of Ri > 1/4 to be >70% at 105 km, consistent with parametric instability (PI) where large tidal induced wind shears and gravity wave presence are contributing factors.

The plane piston problem in a weakly gravitating generalized Chaplygin gas

The present study examines the behavior of a plane piston problem as it moves at a constant velocity in a generalized Chaplygin gas in the presence of a weak gravitational field. A systematic perturbation approach is utilized to obtain an analytical solution for the flow field up to the first order of ϵ. Also, the basic state solution is derived in case of weak shock waves. Further, we analyze the distribution patterns of flow variables for different values of α graphically. Moreover, an approximate solution for the strong shock wave has been found and discussed. The acquired solutions are highly influenced by generalized Chaplygin gas and the applied gravity, which is intriguing aspect from both a physical and scientific standpoint.

Study on the relationship between berry, grape, red wine consumption and cognitive impairment in middle-aged and elderly people in China.

Some evidence suggests that fruit and alcohol consumption may be related to cognitive impairment. This study conducted a cross-sectional study on the "correlation between eating habits and cognitive function of the middle-aged and elderly population in China." The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between fruit consumption, drinking habits and cognitive impairment in Chinese people over 50 years old. The results show that the protective factors of cognitive impairment are the preference for berries and the daily intake of 100-200 grams grapes in Chinese middle-aged and elderly people with objective cognitive unimpaired. The habit of drinking red wine is a protective factor for cognitive impairment in Chinese middle-aged and elderly people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, this study did not find the relationship between white wine, beer, yellow rice wine, liquor and cognitive impairment. Therefore, we believe that berries, grapes and red wine consumption can protect the cognitive function of the middle-aged and elderly people in China, and the protective function is related to the basic cognitive state.

Aircraft Takeoff and Landing Weight Estimation from Surveillance Data

Aircraft weight estimation is a common problem facing researchers working with aircraft surveillance data. Although knowledge of an aircraft’s weight and thrust is required for many types of analyses, such as those evaluating aircraft acoustic noise, fuel burn, and emissions, these parameters are typically not available from surveillance sources. Instead, researchers generally only have access to basic aircraft states: lateral position, groundspeed, and altitude. Therefore, methods for estimating the weight of aircraft from these basic states become necessary in cases where aircraft performance is a key component of the analysis. This paper introduces two weight estimation models: one for the estimation of aircraft takeoff weight from departure data, and another for the estimation of aircraft landing weight from arrival data. The models are mathematically simple but grounded in knowledge of aircraft certification, airline operations, and aircraft flight management system logic. The landing weight estimation model proposed is shown to have a mean absolute error equivalent to 2.66% of maximum takeoff weight and a standard deviation of 3.35% of maximum takeoff weight when validated using onboard data recordings from 240 Airbus A320 flights. Similarly, the proposed takeoff weight estimation model is shown to have a mean absolute error of 2.83% of the maximum takeoff weight and a standard deviation of 3.55% of the maximum takeoff weight when applied to the same validation dataset.

Shrinkage separation prediction of concrete-filled steel tube arch bridge: A coupling model concerning multiple factors

The shrinkage separation is one of the key factors restricting the development of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) arch bridge. In this paper, its mechanism and evaluation method concerning multiple factors, including structure, environment, material and construction were investigated. Firstly, the hydration process of in-tube concrete was simulated using the hydration degree as a basic state parameter. Then with the consideration of energy and mass conservation, as well as the moisture and heat transmission effects, the temperature and relative humidity fields, early-age mechanical properties, basic creep, and total deformation of in-tube concrete were further calculated. On the basis, in accordance with the stress criterion and displacement coordination, a multi-field (hydro-thermo-hygro-constraint) coupling model was finally established, taking the ratio of normal stress to bonding strength at the steel-concrete interface as the shrinkage separation risk index. The simulation results obtained from the model were in good agreements with the full-scale CFST model test.

Development of a method for recognizing emotions from a speech signal

The purpose of research is automatic recognition of the speaker's emotions, based on the processing of sound recordings intended for use in alarm systems when working with operators of locomotive crews and dispatch services.Methods. Human emotion recognition has been a rapidly developing area of research in recent years. Features of the vocal tract, such as sound power, formant frequencies, are used to detect certain emotions with good accuracy. A method was used to determine the signal energy by highlighting the dominant frequency. The work has developed a program code, on the basis of which an analysis of four emotions is given - anger, joy, fear and calm. The most important and difficult step is to determine the features most suitable for distinguishing emotions and the availability of databases. Collecting databases is a complex task requiring the manifestation of sincerity of emotions. Often, the collection of a database takes place in an artificial environment and the speech may sound staged; to eliminate such problems, it is necessary to use call center recordings.Results. Recordings of basic emotional states, such as anger, joy, sadness, fear and surprise, which are the most common case of the study, were obtained and processed. The developed software code allows us to get closer to automatically determining emotions from a speech signal. To analyze speech recordings in samples, indicators of signal energy and identification of the dominant frequency were used.Conclusion. The implemented method of monitoring the emotional state of a human operator using a speech signal is widely used in the prevention and improvement of indicators of the psychophysiological professional suitability of locomotive crew workers and the preservation of their professional health. Distinct differences are observed in the characteristics of all types of emotions.

Implementasi Literasi Baca Tulis Siswa Kelas Rendah Di Sekolah Dasar

The purpose of this research is to describe the implementation of literacy reading and writing students of class I in the Basic State School 2 Banjar Tegal, Buleleng district, buleleng-Bali. The research approach is qualitative research with the type of phenomenological research. This research data is a description of implementation the literature reading and written students of grade I in Basic state school 2 Banjer Tegal. The research instruments used are interview guidelines and documentation. The results of the study show that the student's literacy is in the developmental phase. As for the teacher's efforts in developing literacy, the following are: 1) When literacy hours are carried out especially for students with low literacy levels, the teacher invites the student to read the story first from the teacher, whether it's a folk story book, fairy tale or fiction. Then the teacher guides the students to recount the story that has been read by the class teacher in their own language. In the course of recounting the story content, the professor invites students to learn to read some of the pronouns from the contents of the story which makes it difficult for students to read, 2) the teacher uses the media of literature board made of board covered with plates as a place to paste pictures, letters and tribes. With the literacy board media, teachers easily introduce letters and pronouncements to the student whom the teacher first puts a picture on the literation board.

Assessing the influence of nano graphene oxide application in mitigating the adverse effects of runoff pH on the moisture susceptibility of asphalt concretes

The specifications of runoff entered the pavement has an essential role in the severity of moisture damage of asphalt concretes. Changing the pH of runoff has a negative impact on moisture damage and intensifies this damage in asphalt concretes. Accordingly, in this study, the impact of nanographene oxide (NGO) as a contaminant adsorbent and bitumen modified to decrease the destructive impacts of acidity changes in runoff has been investigated. For this purpose, limestone and siliceous aggregates, PG 64–16 bitumen, and NGO in two different contents (0.3 % and 0.5 % of the weight of bitumen) were utilized. To asses the strength of asphalt concretes with different runoff pH conditions, hydrochloric acid and sodium oxide were used to simulate acidic and basic runoffs, respectively. The indirect tensile strength (ITS) of asphalt concretes in different environmental states was tested to compare the severity of moisture sensitivity. Moreover, the surface free energy (SFE) elements of bitumen and aggregates were calculated utilizing the Wilhelmy Plate (WP) and the Universal Sorption Device (USD), respectively. The parameters of SFE theory were used to assess the mechanisms of water damage potential. The SFE results showed that NGO decreased the debonding energy (DE) of the mixtures. Changes in DE in neutral environments were minor, but with the polarization of environmental conditions, especially in basic states, these changes intensified. The application of NGO improved the total bitumen SFE, which reduced the possibility of moisture sensitivity as a cohesive failure. The results of mechanical methods indicated that the use of NGO in specimens with limestone and siliceous aggregate increased the indirect tensile strength ratio (TSR) in moisture conditions with different degrees of acidity. The mechanical experiment results also confirmed the SFE method's results that the effect of using NGO on increasing the TSR index at pH equal to 7 was minor, and it was intensified in acidic and basic waters.

Development of Mg-Al LDH and LDO as novel protective materials for deacidification of paper-based relics

Acidification of paper-based relics is a common problem, leading to their degradation and eventual loss. Paper deacidification is highly dependent on a limited variety of alkaline materials, and the development of new materials that are safe, efficient and easy-to-prepare is highly demanded to ensure a high level of safety and effective protection of paper-based relic. This study proposes the introduction of layered double hydroxide (LDH) and its calcined product, mixed metal oxide (layered double oxide (LDO)), as innovative protective materials for the deacidification of paper with varying levels of acidity. The results demonstrate that treatment with Mg-Al LDH/LDO can effectively modify the pH of acidic paper (e.g., pH ∼ 4.0–6.4) to a neutral or weakly basic state, maintaining this desirable pH range even under long-term accelerated aging condition. Remarkably, LDH proves to be well-suited for the protection of slightly acidified paper (e.g., pH > 5.5), while LDO serves as an especially option for the deacidification of severely acidified paper (e.g., pH ≤ 5.5). During aqueous deacidification, due to the memory effect of the LDH-based materials, LDO is converted to rehydrated LDH, which creates a mild and appropriate alkaline retention in the paper, avoiding damage caused by strong alkalinity such as cellulose degradation and pigment fading during subsequent long-term natural preservation of the paper. Furthermore, Mg-Al LDH/LDO materials also exhibit flame-retardant and bacteriostatic properties. This opens up opportunities for the safe, efficient and multifunctional protection of acidified paper-based relics.