Basic Sections Research Articles

The Impact Mechanism of Non-Economic Policies on Social and Investor Disagreement in China: A Dual Analysis Based on Empirical Evidence and DSGE Models

This study investigates the integration of non-economic policies into the framework for assessing macroeconomic coherence as applied by the Chinese government, with a particular focus on green policies. We examine the impact of non-economic factors on social disagreement and investor disagreement (expectations), and how these influences interact with macroeconomic regulation, employing both empirical evidence and dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) theoretical models. In the basic analysis section, we merge statistical data on social divergence with policy implementation, utilizing multiple regression and deep neural network models. Our findings provide direct evidence that non-economic policies significantly regulate social sentiment. Additionally, theoretical analyses using contagion models, grounded in real textual data on social and investor divergence, demonstrate that expectations of social sentiment can ultimately affect economic variables. In the extended analysis, we enhance the classic DSGE model to delineate the pathways through which non-economic policies impact the macroeconomy. Drawing from our analyses, we propose specific optimization measures for non-economic policies. The results indicate that targeted policy optimization can effectively manage social disagreement, thereby shaping expectations and harmonizing non-economic with economic policy initiatives. This alignment enhances the coherence of macroeconomic policy interventions. The innovative contribution of this study lies in its provision of both theoretical and empirical evidence supporting the formulation of non-economic policies for the first time, alongside specific recommendations for improving the consistency of macroeconomic policies.

Driving Safety and Comfort Enhancement in Urban Underground Interchanges via Driving Simulation and Machine Learning

Urban transportation systems, particularly underground interchanges, present significant challenges for sustainable and resilient urban design due to their complex road geometries and dense traffic signage. These challenges are further compounded by the interaction of diverse road users, which heightens the risk of accidents. To enhance both safety and sustainability, this study integrates advanced driving simulation techniques with machine learning models to improve driving safety and comfort in underground interchanges. By utilizing a driving simulator and 3D modeling, real-world conditions were replicated to design key traffic safety features with an emphasis on sustainability and driver well-being. Critical safety parameters, including speed, acceleration, and pedal use, were analyzed alongside comfort metrics such as lateral acceleration and steering torque. The LightGBM machine learning model was used to classify safety and comfort grades with an accuracy of 97.06%. An important ranking identified entrance signage and deceleration zones as having the greatest impact on safety and comfort, while basic road sections were less influential. These findings underscore the importance of considering visual cues, such as markings and wall color, in creating safer and more comfortable underground road systems. This study’s methodology and results offer valuable insights for urban planners and engineers aiming to design transportation systems that are both safe and aligned with sustainable urban mobility objectives.

Design and Optimization of Steel Structures for Solar Panel Systems

Abstract: Structural components are fundamental for supporting mechanical machines in industrial settings. These structures are designed not only to bear the weight of the machines but also to withstand the vibrations generated during operation. The project at hand focuses on integrating basic structural sections to create a complete mechanical framework. Our goal is to collaborate with an industry specializing in support structures for various electrical units. From our initial analysis, we observed that many of these industries rely on conventional manufacturing practices and past experience to design structures, often leading to overdesign. No finite element analysis (FEA) or theoretical calculations are typically applied. We propose introducing modern FEA techniques and concepts to optimize and refine these designs for improved efficiency.

Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province

Abstract The management of rainwater collection in a practical way is a fundamental need for the management of water resources in a manner that is sustainable. The goal of this research is to determine whether or not remote sensing technology is effective in providing data on precipitation for the purpose of locating rainwater collection tank locations in the province of Karbala. Rainfall patterns fluctuate considerably. Remote sensing may not capture variability enough to estimate the rainfall period and location. Sustainable rainfall harvesting requires accurate rainfall timing and distribution. This information is applied in the modeling of hydrological processes, the management of disasters, and environmental research. Following the completion of a geographical study, it has been established that the city of Karbala may be divided into two basic sections. Through the use of estimation, it is possible to more easily identify the region that is ideal for the location of rainwater-harvesting reservoirs and lakes. On the contrary, it is crucial to keep in mind that a location that was chosen based on average rainfall over a period of two years could not be suitable for other time periods. This is an idea that should be kept in mind several times. To put this into perspective, when choosing a location, it is vital to take into consideration the severity of the rainfall as well as the geographical location of the area. Particularly in locations such as Karbala, the implementation of data visualization systems into water management practices has the potential to improve both the efficiency and sustainability of water management methods. The findings of this study show the significance of implementing precise site selection techniques to enhance rainwater collection systems and encourage activities that are environmentally responsible for water management.

Physical Patterns and their Relationship to Sport Injuries in Gymnastics Course among Male Students in the Department of Physical Education at Al al-Bayt University

The current study aimed to reveal the relationship between physical pattern and sports injuries among male students who completed the gymnastics course at Al al-Bayt University. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, a tool consisting of three sections was developed: the first is the basic information section, the second is to determine the physical type, and the third includes (7) items related to sports injuries in the gymnastics game. The validity and reliability of the study tool were verified, and the study sample included (28) students who had completed the gymnastics course. The results showed that the prevailing physical type is thin, and the incidence of injuries in the gymnastics course amounted to (1.54) injuries for each student, and the injury rates were as follows: muscles, humerus, bruises. Also, the injury was of moderate severity, and the injury was one time and the injuries associated with the parallel device and insufficient warm-up were the most frequent, and there were no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α = 0.05) between the sports injuries of the students of the Department of Physical Education due to the physical style and the academic year. The researchers recommended the necessity of adequate warm-up before training, paying attention to the students’ physical fitness, and taking preventive measures when using the parallel bar and floor movement mat during training.

PUPLIC DIPLOMACY AND ITS IMPACT IN THE STATES FOREIGN POLICY (QATAR TYPICAL)

The subject of the research tagged (public diplomacy and its role in the foreign policy of the state (Qatar as a model)) dealt with how and the extent of the impact of public diplomacy on the foreign policy of the state, and the importance that the researcher sees for public diplomacy at the international level and its role in making events, directing political policies and decisions and influencing international relations is a basic starting point for studying the subject, and then crystallizing it into a problem worth researching and studying. Which lies in a major question is the meaning of how public diplomacy affects the making and implementation of the foreign policy of the state, has divided the research into three basic sections, the first topic: looking at the concept of public diplomacy and concepts approach, the second topic: focuses on the dimensions of public diplomacy and tools, The third section seeks to clarify its role in the foreign policy of the state by studying the public diplomacy of the State of Qatar as a model for the state that is interested in this form of diplomacy and employs it in its international relations. This led to different results, the most important of which is that the definitions of public diplomacy differed according to the stages they went through and based on the circumstances and variables of the international reality at each stage, and the future of public diplomacy depends on scientific research based on the participation of researchers from different sciences such as communication sciences, media, public opinion, politics and international relations. In this regard, the State of Qatar has been able to overcome its demographic and geographical weaknesses by providing a range of strategic soft power means, including public diplomacy

Clinical Knowledge and Reasoning Abilities of AI Large Language Models in Anesthesiology: A Comparative Study on the American Board of Anesthesiology Examination.

Over the past decade, artificial intelligence (AI) has expanded significantly with increased adoption across various industries, including medicine. Recently, AI-based large language models such as Generative Pretrained Transformer-3 (GPT-3), Bard, and Generative Pretrained Transformer-3 (GPT-4) have demonstrated remarkable language capabilities. While previous studies have explored their potential in general medical knowledge tasks, here we assess their clinical knowledge and reasoning abilities in a specialized medical context. We studied and compared the performance of all 3 models on both the written and oral portions of the comprehensive and challenging American Board of Anesthesiology (ABA) examination, which evaluates candidates' knowledge and competence in anesthesia practice. Our results reveal that only GPT-4 successfully passed the written examination, achieving an accuracy of 78% on the basic section and 80% on the advanced section. In comparison, the less recent or smaller GPT-3 and Bard models scored 58% and 47% on the basic examination, and 50% and 46% on the advanced examination, respectively. Consequently, only GPT-4 was evaluated in the oral examination, with examiners concluding that it had a reasonable possibility of passing the structured oral examination. Additionally, we observe that these models exhibit varying degrees of proficiency across distinct topics, which could serve as an indicator of the relative quality of information contained in the corresponding training datasets. This may also act as a predictor for determining which anesthesiology subspecialty is most likely to witness the earliest integration with AI. GPT-4 outperformed GPT-3 and Bard on both basic and advanced sections of the written ABA examination, and actual board examiners considered GPT-4 to have a reasonable possibility of passing the real oral examination; these models also exhibit varying degrees of proficiency across distinct topics.

Developing an international concept-based curriculum for pharmacology education: The promise of core concepts and concept inventories.

Over recent years, studies have shown that science and health profession graduates demonstrate gaps in their fundamental pharmacology knowledge and ability to apply pharmacology concepts in practice. This article reviews the current challenges faced by pharmacology educators, including the exponential growth in discipline knowledge and competition for curricular time. We then argue that pharmacology education should focus on essential concepts that enable students to develop beyond 'know' towards 'know how to'. A concept-based approach will help educators prioritize and benchmark their pharmacology curriculum, facilitate integration of pharmacology with other disciplines in the curriculum, create alignment between universities and improve application of pharmacology knowledge to professional contexts such as safe prescribing practices. To achieve this, core concepts first need to be identified and unpacked, and methods for teaching and assessment using concept inventories developed. The International Society for Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Education Section (IUPHAR-Ed) Core Concepts of Pharmacology (CCP) initiative involves over 300 educators from the global pharmacology community. CCP has identified and defined the core concepts of pharmacology, together with key underpinning sub-concepts. To realize these benefits, pharmacology educators must develop methods to teach and assess core concepts. Work to develop concept inventories is ongoing, including identifying student misconceptions of the core concepts and creating a bank of multiple-choice questions to assess student understanding. Future work aims to develop and validate materials and methods to help educators embed core concepts within curricula. Potential strategies that educators can use to overcome factors that inhibit adoption of core concepts are presented.

Konstantin Grigorievich Grigoriev — the last professor of fundamental theology at the Kazan Theological Academy

The article is devoted to studying the theological heritage of the professor, the last teacher of fundamental theology at the Kazan Theological Academy, Konstantin Grigorievich Grigoriev (1875–1933). The work uses previously unpublished archival materials. The program of K. G. Grigoriev’s lecture course on fundamental theology, preserved in the State Archives of the Republic of Tatarstan, as well as some of his journal publications on the same topic, are analyzed, with special attention paid to his methodology of teaching fundamental theology and the basic section of the discipline — proofs of the main religious truths (existence of God and immortality of soul). It is revealed that in teaching fundamental theology, K. G. Grigoriev largely adhered to the method and subject structure developed by bishop Mikhail (Gribanovsky). It is demonstrated that this method had also been previously supported and developed by the Kazan Theological Academy professors V. A. Snegirev and V. I. Nesmelov. The results obtained in the course of the study allow us to speak of K. G. Grigoriev’s rather high scientific and apologetic potential, which, at the same time, did not remain fully realized. The Kazan professor’s main merit is that he managed to accumulate the best achievements of his predecessors in the field of fundamental theology. K. G. Grigoriev, contrary to the liberal trends in contemporary theological science, managed to maintain the teaching of fundamental theology not only at a high scientific level, but also in accordance with the Orthodox worldview.

Numerical investigation of heat transfer in spirally coiled corrugated pipes: Assessment of turbulence models

The Archimedean spiral coil made of a transversely corrugated pipe represents the radiant heat absorber of a parabolic dish solar concentrator. The main advantage of the considered design is the coupling of two passive methods for heat transfer enhancement: coiling the flow channel and changing the surface roughness. The aim of this numerical study is to assess the capability of RANS models of different complexity (realizable k-?, SST k-?, and RSM linear pressure-strain) to adequately represent the heat transfer phenomena in the considered complex flow geometry for wide ranges of Reynolds and Prandtl numbers. The obtained results indicate that the realizable k-? model with enhanced wall treatment is inadequate to simulate the heat transfer for all flow conditions, while both SST and RSM slightly overestimate experimental data in the turbulent region and are able to predict laminarisation at low Reynolds numbers. The SST model predictions are more accurate in the transitional and at the beginning of the turbulent region, irrespective of the curvature ratio. The RSM predictions are generally more accurate in the turbulent region. Numerically obtained circumferential distributions of local Nusselt number reveal that considered turbulence models are unable to completely anticipate the interactions between the complex flow in the basic section of the pipe and the vortex flow within the corrugations.

Проектирование конфликтологической готовности курсантов в процессе профессиональной подготовки в военном институте

The article reveals the content of conflict readiness as a form of professional potential of a cadet in a military institute. It is proved that conflict readiness characterizes the cadet’s ability to solve professional tasks in conditions of social tension and conflict. The components of the cadet’s conflict readiness are revealed: 1) knowledge about conflict, skills of working in conflict conditions (cognitive subsystem of readiness); 2) skills of assessment, prevention, and resolution of service and labor conflicts (practical subsystem of readiness); 3) goals, needs, motivation to overcome the conflict (personal subsystem of readiness). Based on the analysis of the research data of the conducted interview (16 military experts, heads of military structural units of the National Guard of the Russian Federation were interviewed), the content of the design of the conflict readiness of cadets was clarified as a process of preliminary development of the basic sections of the project aimed at the formation of conflict potential, clarifying the main features of the joint interaction of teachers, managers, as well as cadets in order to form conflict readiness. The basic sections of this management design are disclosed: 1) the formation of a state project for the growth of the material provision of cadets, maintaining the practices of their material and spiritual expanded consumption, ensuring compliance with the level of physical and intellectual service and labor costs, as well as the monetary allowance of the cadet; 2) formation of cumulative understanding, knowledge, skills of conflict diagnostics, realization of military professional activity in conditions of uncertainty of external social environment, effective actions and decisions in conditions of various types and kinds of conflicts; 3) prevention of emerging conflict practices in the process of professional training of cadets at the military institute (analysis of information flows about conflict risks in the system of service labor actions of students; designing a conflict free culture of communication; maintenance and stimulation of conflict free practices).

Total and differential ionization cross sections in collision between nitrogen atom and singly charged sodium ion

We present a theoretical study of the ionization of nitrogen atom by a singly charged sodium ion using the classical trajectory Monte Carlo method. Although we suffer from a lack of cross section data of this collision system, the knowledge of the basic cross sections is essential in fusion science, because this reaction has potential applications in the diagnostic of magnetically confined fusion plasmas. In our investigations, the Na+–N collision system is reduced to a three-body problem. The interaction between the collision partners is described by the Garvey-type model potential. The results of our study provide insight into the dynamics of singly charged sodium–nitrogen interactions. The total cross sections are presented in the impact energy range between 10 keV and 10 MeV and compared them with the available experimental data. The single and double differential cross sections are presented at 30, 40, 50 and 60 keV energies related to the energies of the plasma diagnostic used in the nuclear fusion.

DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay

Today, there is an increasing interest in antioxidants, especially to prevent the known harmful effects of free radicals in human metabolism and their deterioration during processing and storage of fatty foods. In both cases, natural-source antioxidants are preferred over synthetic antioxidants. So, there has been a parallel increase in the use of assays to estimate antioxidant efficacy in human metabolism and food systems. Today, there are many bioanalytical methods that measure the antioxidant effect. Of these, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) removing assay is the most putative, popular, and commonly used method to determine antioxidant ability. In this review, a general approach to the DPPH radical scavenging assay has been taken. In this context, many studies, including attempts to adapt the DPPH radical scavenging method to different analytes, search for the highest antioxidant activity values, and optimize the method of measurement, have previously been performed. Therefore, it is highly important to introduce measures aimed at standardizing the conditions of the DPPH radical scavenging activity, including the various reaction media suitable for this assay. For this aim, the chemical and basic principles of DPPH free radical scavenging are defined and discussed in an outline. In addition, this study describes and defines the basic sections of DPPH free radical scavenging in food and biological systems. Additionally, some chemical, critical, and technical details of the DPPH free radical removal method are given. This is a simple assay in which the prospective compounds or herbal extracts are mixed with the DPPH solution and their absorbance is measured after a certain period. However, despite rapid advances in instrumental techniques and analysis, this method has not undergone extreme modification. This study presents detailed information about the DPPH method and an in-depth review of different developments.

Modeling and Simulation of a Micro strip Antenna in Annular Geometry

In the last decade, the study of multidimensional systems for signal filtering purpose has attracted the attention of many research teams, which are motivated by various interesting real world applications such Image processing, video signal filtering processing, video signal filtering Computational tomography, distributed parameters systems. The representation of the state space realization for two-dimensional (2D) filters by a transfer function, with minimal delays is a crucial problem; the minimal realization can avoidmathematical complexities as well as technical benefit to hardware requirement. Unfortunately, it is not possible to find the minimal state space realization for every 2D system other than the 1D system, but we can find it for a specific cases of all-pole or the all-zero. Lattice filter is classified as an important structure in digital signal processing. In fact, it minimizes the computation complexity, reduces the finite word length and requires less hardware compared to the direct form digital filter with similar design specifications. The authors in two delay units z1-1 , z2-1 are used. In this paper we propose a new lattice-ladder structure of 2-D digital filter, composed of a delay units z1-1 and a basic lattice section z1 and z2-1 - Using matrix representation of the basic lattice sections and we derived transfer functions of the proposed 2-D digital ladder-lattice filters. The proposed structure is composed by a minimal number of delays and a minimal number of basic lattice sections. Furthermore, we have considered the description of the proposed lattice structure by using a state-space n-D Roesser form description presented in below and the implementations suggested by the authors in literatures. Besides, the state space equations for 2-D digital filter are presented, where the dimension of the matrices of the proposed lattice structure verify the minimal state space realization. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows; first is devoted to the proposed -D lattice-ladder structure and realization and in the second is dedicated to the state space realization. As conclusion this work has allowed us to approach a field that has experienced a great growth in recent years which is constantly evolving in order to improve, understanding and control the complex systems and processes that surround us.

Re-examination of centre of buoyancy curve and its evolute for rectangular cross section, Part 2: Using quadratic functions

In this paper, exact hydrostatic particulars equations for the centre of buoyancy curve and metacentric locus curve are given for rectangular cross section using quadratic functions. Those equations have not been given for the hyperbola range of the heel angles so far, and here it is done by using basic quadratic functions and their horizontally symmetric immersion shapes, with two new methods defined: 1. Rotation of basic cross section shapes, and 2. Hydrostatic cross section area complement method that uses homothety or scaling properties of emerged and immersed areas of the rectangular cross section. Observed metacentric curve for rectangle consists of semi-cubic parabolas and Lamé curve with 2/3 exponent and negative sign, resulting in the cusp discontinuities in the symmetry of those functions definition. In order to achieve above, two theorems are given: the theorem about scaling using hydrostatic cross section area complement and the theorem about parallelism of centre of buoyancy tangents with waterlines. After non-dimensional bounds are given for the existence of the swallowtail discontinuity of metacentric curve for rectangular cross section in the Part 1 of this paper, the proof of its position in the symmetry of rectangle vertex angle is given in this Part 2 of the paper, thus confirming its position from theory.

The complex impact of family caregiver kinship type on the rehabilitation of patients with mental disorders in rural communities of China.

In 2009, the Chinese government incorporated severe mental disorders into the central subsidized local health funding project for the effective management, treatment, and reintegration of patients with severe mental disorders from hospitals into the community (Project 686). The conditions that were classified as 'severe' by this project included: schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorders, paranoid disorders, bipolar disorders, mental disorders caused by epilepsy, and mental retardation accompanying mental disorders. Patients in rural communities received better care after project implementation, of which 62.91% were farmers. This paper attempts to investigate the complex impact of Project 686 on the levels of rehabilitation of patients by their families. The last follow-up visit of the community psychiatrists in city H in 2020 was used as the time point. Finally, 174 samples were used in the analysis model. The type of kinship between family caregivers and patients with mental disorders was operationalized according to the information provided under the 'primary caregiver' item within the basic information section of the follow-up form. The software Stata15 was used to perform descriptive statistics, baseline regression model analysis, and a robustness test on the types of kinship identified and patients' recovery. The types of kinship, current symptoms, and medication use all affected patients' recovery, were found to have regression coefficients of -0.148, -1.756, and 0.902, respectively. Parents of patients with mental disorders remain in the caregiver category with the largest proportion. Community acceptance of patients is high; current symptoms, medication use, and types of caregiver-patient relationships influence patients' recovery levels. Project 686 has solved some of the rehabilitation and living difficulties of patients with mental disorders in rural communities. The types of kinship between family caregivers and patients with mental disorders in rural communities affect patients' rehabilitation levels. Patients' current symptoms and medication use can effectively moderate the impact of kinship type on patients' recovery in terms of complete self-knowledge, productive work, and life and good social relationships. It is necessary for mental illness prevention-treatment organizations to establish supplemental, replacement, and substitution mechanisms for the life and rehabilitation of patients with mental disorders in rural communities. Furthermore, the sense of reward and concern for family caregivers should be actively enhanced, and greater scientific use of the rehabilitation function of the 'family care + village doctor management' model should be made.

Priority of Emergency Vehicle Dynamic Right-Of-Way Control Method in Networked Environment

This paper proposes a dynamic right-of-way priority control approach for emergency vehicles (PDR-EVs) to improve their efficiency on basic road sections in the city based on a cooperative vehicle infrastructure system. Specifically, a movable physical function area was set in front of the EVs to prohibit connected vehicles (CVs) from entering a lane or to request them to change lanes to avoid a collision. Setting up a dynamic monitoring area at the EV’s front end affords real-time monitoring of the CV’s headway distribution in the inner lane. Moreover, a lane change request is sent when the CVs enter the buffer area, and the traversal search method predicts the optimal time and rate of speed to change the lane change and guides the CVs ahead of the EVs to merge into the target gap. Extensive simulations using the SUMO platform revealed that the priority of the dynamic right-of-way (PDR) control method reduced the average delay of the EVs by more than 70%, given that the road saturation did not exceed 0.8 and hardly increased the delay of the CVs (not more than 8%). Moreover, the simulations revealed that the long buffer area was suitable for low-volume conditions, and the short one was suitable for high-volume conditions. The proposed methodology fully employs the road space resources and enhances the EV’s operating efficiency on basic road sections while considering the CV’s operating efficiency.

Fe3O4@nano-almondshell/Si(CH2)3/2-(1-piperazinyl)ethylamine as an effective magnetite almond shell-based nanocatalyst for the synthesis of dihydropyrano[3,2-c]chromene and tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives

The preparation and design of nano-catalysts based on magnetic biopolymers as green and biocompatible nano-catalysts have made many advances. This paper deals with the preparation of magnetite biopolymer-based Brønsted base nano-catalyst from a nano-almond (Prunus dulcis) shell. This magnetite biopolymer-based nano-catalyst was obtained through a simple process based on the core-shelling of nano-almond shell and Fe3O4 NPs and then the immobilization of 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane as linker and 2-aminoethylpiperazine as a basic section. Structural and morphological analysis of this magnetite biopolymer-based nano-catalyst were done using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Thermogravimetric analysis, Vibrating sample magnetization, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and Transmission electron microscopy techniques. The performance of the synthesized Fe3O4@nano-almondshell/Si(CH2)3/2-(1-piperazinyl)ethylamine as a novel magnetite biopolymer-based nano-catalyst for the synthesis of dihydropyrano[3,2-c]chromene and tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran was investigated and showed excellent efficiency.

The Impact of the Significance of the General Pronunciation on the Rule of Usury Through the Book of Interpretations of the Ahmadiyya Lamla Jeon "T 1130 AH"

Praise be to God. We praise Him and seek His assistance, guidance, and forgiveness; we seek refuge in God from the evils of our actions and thoughts. He whom God guides is not misled, and he who misleads him, there is no guide for him. As for the legal rulings that are the basis of our life that God Almighty has drawn for us and approved by His servants, scholars must understand these rulings and communicate them to the people. The early scholars were keen to sit down to elicit and understand these rulings, so it is not possible to judge something as permissible or forbidden without referring to it. These rules, and among these basic rules, are the semantics of the words that are indispensable to any scholar who is diligent about them. Everyone who addresses fatwas and interpretation must be familiar with these rules, and the general significance is one of the basic semantics sections, which is the significance in terms of the situation where it determines who is covered by the speech. To demonstrate this type of connotation, we took an example that we hear constantly now due to its widespread prevalence among us, and we shed light on the impact of the general connotation in this ruling and how the legislator used it to abolish this treatment to preserve the society. To achieve the best result, we divided the research into several demands: The first requirement: introducing Mullah Jun, the Hanafi Indian scholar (died 1130 AH), and his book (Al-Tafsir al-Ahmadiyya). The second requirement: we have defined the general term and its form and significance according to scholars and their disagreements about it. The third requirement: we dealt with the effect of the general significance in deducing the ruling on the prohibition of usury. The fourth requirement is concerned with the effect of general significance in interpreting the meaning of usury. The fifth requirement: is the reason for the interest. We have concluded this research with the most important results we have reached, including the absolute prohibition of usury and the absence of exceptions or licenses in this ruling. And with this, we have concluded this research with the praise of God Almighty.
 Keywords: general connotation, usury, Mullah Jeon, Ahmadi interpretations

The Elements of an Article: What Does the Reader Need to Know?

In a prior Editors' Message, I discussed mentorship and writing. Authors often ask what core informational elements should be within an article. Over a decade ago, I worked with a team of software engineers and surgeon advisors to create scientific writing software that would, through the process of answering specific formatted questions, create an article. Each article having the same format would empower search capabilities and content analytics across multiple articles. Most research articles, whether in clinical or basic science, medicine or another discipline, should provide information according to a set of reader expectations. This is why we have the basic sections of an abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, conclusion, and author notes. Although I cannot be sure when consistency in structure truly began, it certainly was not routine even in the 1960s. Articles would typically merge an introduction with some clinical observations. Those observations would serve as the results section, followed by a “commentary.” There was no abstract and no abbreviated version with a “take home” message. At Neurosurgery Publications, we do have a number of article types (ie, review articles) that do have unique formats for the purpose of curating the message. Recently, software has been made available to format notes with some degree of intelligence. ChatGPT is one such approach from OpenAI. Using language generation software, writing for research purposes potentially can be enhanced. We will see where this goes and how it will be adopted. Indeed, even now we find errors in articles because coauthors did not seem to adequately review the work before submission. With computers assisting in writing, this must be checked even more. Research writing is not only about facts but also about nuance. There will always be limits has to how much information or discussion completes the message of the report while also remaining efficient and not verbose. Below are the article elements for traditional scientific research articles that were proposed. These are listed in our Instructions for Authors and associated article type instructions and templates to assist in manuscript composition. The following is an example for a clinical science report: ABSTRACT Background and Objectives What is the background behind your study? What is the purpose of your study? Methods Describe what you did. Describe your patient group. Results Describe your main findings. Describe the main limitation of this study. Conclusion Describe your main conclusion. Describe the importance of your findings and how they can be used by others. INTRODUCTION What is the background of your topic? What is the importance to the reader/community? What is your hypothesis? (What questions did you ask?) What was done in your study? What are the main conclusions from prior reports? What are the main limitations of your research method? METHODS Administrative IRB or Supervisory Authority Approval, patient consent for procedure and/or publication of any PHI. Describe the use of Artificial Intelligence software or other software tools used for writing or analysis. Patient Criteria Age. Sex. Other important patient features (presentation, prior treatment, employment…). Describe disease features. Evaluation Methodologies Describe the intervention. Describe the tests used. What percent of the study subjects completed the tests? Who conducted the tests (study investigators or other parties)? Were the tests validated for use in this kind of study? Statistics Describe the statistical methods or tests used. Describe the study power calculation (if any) and the chosen level of statistical significance. Describe relevant statistical controls (eg, multiple comparisons, matching). RESULTS Provide the results for the most important outcome of your research (ie, survival). Provide any additional outcomes of your study (ie, imaging, functional outcomes, complications). Provide the statistical outcomes (ie, multivariate analyses). DISCUSSION Provide the background and reason for your work and briefly summarize important prior research. Discuss the most important findings in your study. Discuss the various aspects of your work (ie, treatment-related complications, comparisons with other treatment or techniques, cost-effective analysis). Discuss future work and recommendations. Discuss any limitations that may qualify interpretation of the study's results or conclusions. CONCLUSION Describe the major conclusions of the study, implications of the findings, and future directions. We hope that new or experienced authors find these recommendations useful for writing, teaching, or mentoring. Our work continues towards the mutual goal of creating structured, useful, and efficient messages for our readers, be they in the scientific community or the general public. Douglas Kondziolka, MD, MSc Editor-in-Chief, Neurosurgery Publications New York, New York, USA