Basic Provisions Research Articles

Tensions undermining equitable school funding: insights from Australia

ABSTRACT School funding policy in Australia not only promotes educational equity in some ways but also creates substantial between-school resource inequalities due to its embrace of market ideologies. School funding policies are designed to promote school choice and competition, based on the assumption that they are both a right and an effective lever for improving educational outcomes. School funding is used to create an educational marketplace with varying ‘price points’, leading to the acceptance of a two-tiered system of basic provision via the public sector and enhanced provision for those willing to pay via the private sector. Political commitment to making school funding more equitable has been largely absent. Marketisation is the mechanism by which schooling maintains its capacity to reproduce social inequality without evoking class-based discourse or anxiety.

Reconstruction of The Social Security System Policy in National Development of Indonesia

This research aims to analyze the policy of the national social security system in Indonesia, which refers to the 1945 Basic Law stating that every citizen has the right to employment and a decent living. However, in its implementation, it has not yet fully reached all layers of society and citizens. Data collection was performed through literature review and policy analysis on the applicable legal regulations concerning the national social security system. The findings identified that since the enactment of Law No. 14/1969 concerning Basic Provisions Regarding Manpower, followed by Law No. 3/1992 concerning Social Security for Workers in Indonesia, and up to Law No. 13/2003 concerning Manpower, Law No. 40 of 2004 on the National Social Security System, Law No. 36 of 2009 on Health, and Law No. 24 of 2011 on the Social Security Administering Body, the national social security system in Indonesia has not reached all citizens, still focusing on providing protection for workers/laborers. The correlation analysis between economic growth and poverty rates from 1998 to 2019 shows a negative relationship, where economic growth can significantly reduce poverty levels. Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) contribute 61.41% to Indonesia's GDP and provide employment for 96.71% of the labor force, playing a crucial role in the country's economic growth, yet many are still not protected by the national social security system, especially those not working in the formal sector. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the government's role in providing national social security and health assurances for all citizens has proven the government's capability to provide health security and national assurances to all Indonesian citizens, and has managed to sustain the Indonesian economy which continues to grow robustly.

Evaluating ‘pocket’ public spaces in Al Wehdat refugee camp, Jordan: challenges and opportunities

ABSTRACT The main objective of this research is to evaluate public ‘pocket’ spaces in Al Wehdat Refugee Camp, Jordan. The paper aims to identify the challenges associated with implementing pocket space upgrades and make visible some opportunities that enhances their socio-economic viability. By doing so, the research seeks to contribute to providing long-term solutions for refugee settlements, going beyond basic shelter provision, and creating community facilities and public spaces to enhance the living conditions and well-being of camp residents. The study addresses three key questions: What are the different types of pocket spaces in the camp? How do community members perceive their potential uses? What are the challenges and opportunities for implementing pocket space upgrades in Al Wehdat camp? The research utilised mapping and semi-structured interviews, which revealed various pocket space types. This exposed distinct pattern of public space appropriation within different camp zones, including informal privatisation of public space, linked to the spaces’ morphology rather than ownership. Community preferences for upgrading strategies differed based on pocket types, with small-scale greening and place-making strategies favoured in informally privatised pockets to maintain privacy, while parks or playgrounds were preferred in mixed-use areas. The research found that the main challenge facing public space upgrades lies in the conflicting dual management structure between UNRWA and the local municipality, necessitating administrative strategies for long-term improvement. Community involvement and heritage preservation proved crucial for sustaining upgrades. While specific to Al Wehdat, the findings offer insights into creating community public spaces in refugee camps and informal settings, potentially benefiting other long-term refugee camps.

무성서원 院規의 유래와 내용상의 특징

In this paper, the origin and characteristics of the academic regulations of Museong Seowon, which are currently included in the 1884 and 1936 edition of the Seowon historical Book, were examined. According to this, the academic regulations of Museong Seowon, which is currently handed down, was made based on “Seoksil Seowon Hakkyu” by Kim Won-haeng (1702~1772). Accordingly, in this paper, I first examined why the academic regulations of Museong Seowon was established with Kim Won-haeng's “Seoksil Seowon Hakkyu” as the original. In this regard, this paper paid attention to the fact that Kim Won-haeng was appointed as the third director of Pilam Seowon in a similar location in the same Jeolla-do area in 1762 (Yeongjo 38). Regarding the characteristics of the contents of the academic regulations of Museong Seowon, this paper reviewed two main points. First, I examined how Toegye Yi Hwang (1501~1570)'s “Isanwongyu” clause 6, which says, “Books cannot go out of the gate of Seowon,” was adopted as a rule of Museong Seowon, and I examined how important and difficult the management of books of Museong Seowon had been at that time. Second, I reviewed the reasons why articles 2 and 21 among Seoksil Seowon Hakkyu, which are provisions on the appointment of the director and reading activities on the academic regulations held on the 1st and 15th day of every month were not adopted as the academic regulations of Museong Seowon, even though they were the basic provisions for the education and operation of Seowon. According to the paper's consideration, the reason why the two provisions of Seoksil Seowon Hakkyu were not adopted as the academic regulations in Museong Seowon seems to be because Museong Seowon was in such a difficult situation that there was no director until 1871 and the memorial service for spring and fall was not properly held. On the other hand, it can be interpreted as evidence that the academic regulations of Museong Seowon were not simply followed by Seoksil Seowon Hakkyu, but were made based on a cool self-awareness of the reality of the Museong Seowon.

Enhancing Socio-Economic Sustainability in South Africa: A Review of Local Municipalities in Managing Inward Migration from the Periphery to the Core

This conceptual paper aims to examine the prevailing patterns of migration from local municipalities to metropolitan areas in the context of socio-economic transformations. Emphasizing the crucial role of local municipalities in addressing and mitigating migration towards urban cores, the paper underscores that the effectiveness of such efforts relies on factors like good governance, enhanced economic prospects, basic service provision, infrastructure development, and tailored skills training within the unique context of each municipality. Migration is a multifaceted phenomenon entwining economic, socio-cultural, and security dimensions. The unsustainable influx from the periphery burdens metropolitans, particularly in rural regions, challenging the mandated responsibilities. The failure of local municipalities to adequately deliver services exacerbates the strain on metropolitans already grappling with limited resources. The migration exodus from rural to urban centers often stems from pervasive socio-economic disparities, making migration a perceived solution to enhance the quality of life. Despite the advent of democracy, developmental progress in rural areas remains limited, necessitating a comprehensive approach that integrates rural development strategies with urban planning, job creation in urban areas, and the resolution of systemic issues. It is crucial to acknowledge that addressing migration requires a holistic perspective, as rural development alone may not suffice to deter migration to urban centers, given the diverse opportunities and amenities they offer. The paper advocates for a coordinated, multi-stakeholder approach involving governmental bodies, local communities, NGOs, and the private sector to achieve meaningful and sustainable results in curbing migration from local municipalities to metropolitan areas. In conclusion, the study underscores the importance of achieving a more balanced and sustainable population distribution across municipalities for overall societal well-being.

Methodological problems of taxation in the Republic of Uzbekistan

The article discusses current issues of improving the methodology of taxation of legal entities. The author finds out to what extent the basic provisions of leading scientific schools were taken into account when carrying out a fundamental tax reform in the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2019–2020. Proposals for the development of the classification of tax payments in the context of increasing global and internal challenges are substantiated. Recommendations are given to ensure a balance between the basic sectors of the national economy.

“We need to confirm at least from two or three”: Healthcare workers’ discretion as gatekeepers in the context of the Ethiopian abortion law

IntroductionWomen’s access to legal and safe abortion is a vital means to reduce unsafe abortion, which in turn is known to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. In 2005, Ethiopia enacted a relatively permissive abortion legislation. However, there is evidence that access to abortion care services may be challenging and controversial even if progressive abortion laws are in place. This article examines women’s access to abortion services from the perspective of healthcare workers in a rural setting in Ethiopia. Drawing on Lipsky’s theory of street-level bureaucrats, the article discusses healthcare workers’ discretion and the substantial authority they hold as gatekeepers to safe abortion services.MethodsThe study draws upon a qualitative, interpretative methodological approach, with in-depth semi-structured interviews with healthcare workers as the key method of data generation. The data was analyzed and interpreted thematically. Healthcare workers’ perspectives were examined with reference to the national abortion legislation and guidelines.ResultsThe findings reveal that healthcare workers make decisions on behalf of the women who seek abortion, and they involve parents and partners in abortion-related decision-making processes. Moreover, they assess the social context of the pregnancy such as the marital and economic statuses of the abortion-seeking women in ways that restrict women’s access to legally-endorsed abortion services.ConclusionsHealthcare workers’ practices in this rural area were found to challenge the basic provisions laid out in Ethiopia’s abortion legislation. Their negative discretion of the legislation contributes to the substantial barriers Ethiopian abortion-seeking women face in gaining access to legal abortion services, despite the presence of a progressive legal framework and guidelines.

ECOLOGIZATION OF TOURISM AS A COMPONENT OF THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Topicality. The ecologization of production processes and the transfer of the entire system of economic reproduction of humanity to the principles that meet the objectives of environmental protection are an important condition for sustainable development. The strategy of sustainable development is one of the key and priority in all branches of industry, national economy and economics. Its principles and main provisions are aimed at achieving harmony between the growth of economic indicators, stability in the social sphere and environmental protection. Preservation of natural resources, maintenance of their sustainability and the transition to resource-saving, energy-efficient technologies is almost one of the key tasks on the agenda Aim and tasks. The purpose of the work is the analysis of the basic theoretical provisions of the concept of "ecologization of tourism" and the development of its directions. Materials and Methods. Calculation and compliance with the norm of permissible tourist load on the territory involves the normalization of loads based on quantitative indicators as one of the methods of ecologically-oriented management of the development of tourist activity. Reserch results. Within the framework of the conducted research, we consider it expedient to single out the main directions of ecologization of the tourism sphere at two levels: the first - measures directly related to the implementation of ecological principles in the tourism sphere; the second level does not directly concern the tourism industry, but in general promotes the implementation of the ecological trend in the development of the tourism industry. Conclusion. It is worth noting that the implementation of the areas of ecologization proposed in the work will contribute to the sustainable development of tourism, thanks to which it is possible not only to reduce the negative impact of tourism on the environment, but also to increase the level of ecological safety of the territories, as well as to more effectively implement the strategy of sustainable development.

PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVEMENT THE LINGUISTIC FORM OF THE RUSSIAN CRIMINAL LAW TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT OF THE KYRGYZ EXPERIENCE

The article considers the basic theoretical provisions on the importance of the comparative legal method in scienti c researches and in the practice of national criminal law-making. The article proves the admissibility and expediency of using the comparative legal method in the scienti c substantiation of ways to improve the linguistic form of the Russian criminal law. It is speci ed that the possibilities of the comparative legal method in this area are limited, as each national law is written in the original na-tional language, which has features of the lexical composition and grammatical structure, therefore, it is not the national systems of lexical and grammatical means themselves that are important for improving the linguistic form of the Russian criminal law, but rather positive experience with regard to general approaches to their use in the formulation of the content of criminal law prescriptions. Based on the analysis of the Criminal Code of the Kyrgyz Republic, a number of successful legislative decisions are identi ed in terms of giving precision and clarity to the language of criminal law, attention is focused on the pragmatic function of legislative de nitions, revealing the meaning of terms used in criminal law and giving them strictly xed normative content, which contributes to the formation of uniform law enforcement practice; and it is substantiated that the Kyrgyz experience in this area deserves the close attention of the Russian legislator.

Towards a Methodological Basis the Study of the «Fourth Power» as an Institution of the Political System within Modern Society

Introduction. This article considers the mass media as the «Fourth Power» in the political system of modern society with the aim of illuminating the place of mass media in the latter. The authors had attempted to achieve this goal in terms of structural-functional, institutional and other explanatory concepts. From a theoretical point of view, the media attract the attention of both political scientists and sociologists, philosophers, historians, journalists and public relations specialists. Research in this direction requires a multiparadigmal methodological approach, since all theoretical and empirical resources for such analysis are available in modern science. Methodology and sources. In the framework of these methodological positions (multiparadigmal methodological approach) “The Fourth Power” appears in various aspects, which also allows to study the latter as an institution of the political system of society, in which the media are not only an indicator of the development of civil society, but also indicate the degree of openness of the political elite and the ruling political class. As methodological sources, this article uses the works of such founders of the concept of “Fourth Power” as J. S. Mill, J. Bentam, J. Habermas, F. Siebert, T. Peterson, W. Schram, etc. Results and discussion. The article studies the possibilities of applying the basic provisions of general scientific and specialized approaches to the study of the concept of «Fourth Branch of Power» as an explanatory methodological approach in modern political and sociological researches. The authors made an attempt to theoretical interpretation of the basic categories and to highlight their conceptual analogues in modern science.Conclusion. The results of the work show that the mass media (“The Fourth Power”) definitely play an ever-increasing role in terms of control over public power and are one of the institutions of civil-political society. Although it is known that the use of the term “The Fourth Power” to denote this political role of the media may cause objections and be a reason for discussion.

DIGITALIZATION OF LABOR-LAW RELATIONS: BASIC PROVISIONS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

The updated national goals of development of the Russian Federation for the period till 2030 and on perspective till 2036, approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 07.05.2024 No. 309, contain the most important directions of further development of our country, including such areas as: technological leadership, digital transformation of public and municipal administration, economy and social sphere involving automation of the most part of transactions within uniform sectoral digital platforms and data-based management model taking into account the accelerated implementation of big data processing technologies, machine learning and artificial intelligence. Achievement of these goals, defined by the Russian President as fundamental for the modern development of the state and systems of public administration bodies, is impossible without strategic development of the branch of labor law. The basis for achieving these national development goals is the development of a trinity of directions: digitalization of labor law relations - expansion of the use of artificial intelligence in the field of labor and employment - development of new forms of employment, such as remote work and platform employment. The goal of digitalization of labor relations is to increase efficiency, optimize resources, improve communication and ensure more flexible and transparent personnel management. As part of the digitalization of labor relations, companies apply various tools and technologies such as electronic HR management systems, online-platforms for recruiting and manpower planning, automated systems of control of working hours, virtual workspaces and other digital solutions. New digital solutions in HR management can become one of the drivers of development of the Russian economy, allowing for adequate savings for employers. The automation of production, the expansion of hiring remote workers, optimization of the use of artificial intelligence in work processes raise the question of deepening the scientific research of these aspects in labor law.

The Significance of Erasmus+ Mobility in Business Education: an Examination of a Successful Bulgarian-Mexican Collaboration

The paper discusses the role of the European Union’s Erasmus+ Mobility Programme in improving business education in universities around the world, with only one located in an EU member country. Based on a case study, the importance of matching basic provisions in the internationalization strategies of universities interested in pursuing such collaboration is highlighted. It also examines some of the more significant organizational prerequisites for the practical implementation of the partnership concept, as well as for monitoring and evaluating the outcomes of mobility and other associated joint activities.

Load Identification in Steel Structural Systems Using Machine Learning Elements: Uniform Length Loads and Point Forces

Actual load identification is a most important task solved in the course of (1) engineering inspections of steel structures, (2) the design of systems rising or restoring the bearing capacity of damaged structural frames, and (3) structural health monitoring. Actual load values are used to determine the stress–strain state (SSS) of a structure and accomplish various engineering objectives. Load identification can involve some uncertainty and require soft computing techniques. Towards this end, the article presents an integrated method combining basic provisions of structural mechanics, machine learning, and artificial neural networks. This method involves decomposing structures into primitives, using machine learning data to make projections, and assembling structures to make final projections for steel frame structures subjected to elastic strain. Final projections serve to identify parameters of point forces and loads distributed along the length of rods. The process of identification means checking the difference between (1) weight coefficient matrices applied to unit loads and (2) actual loads standardized using maximum load values. Cases of neural network training and parameters identification are provided for simple beams. The aim of this research is to enhance the reliability and durability of steel structures by predicting consequences of unfavorable load, including emergency impacts. The novelty of this study lies in the co-use of artificial intelligence elements and structural mechanics methods to predict load parameters using actual displacement curves of structures. This novel approach will enable engineering inspection teams to predict unfavorable load peaks, prevent emergency situations, and identify actual causes of emergencies triggered by excessive loading.

The document theory by Yu. N. Stolyarov as the methodological foundation of modern bibliology

The author focuses on the enormous contribution made by Yury N. Stolyarov to the development of the methodology of modern bibliology, discusses the basic provisions of Stolyarov’s document theory as applied to the studies of special bibliological problems.The author substantiates the priority of documentological approach to the study of the concept of the book, based on the method “from the abstract to the concrete”, which was used by Yu. N. Stolyarov to study the document. The author also argues that this approach enables to consider the book as a component of the comprehensive documentive system and to identify the trends in its development in the digital environment. She also defines the terms of “substantial document” and “functional document”, introduced by Stolyarov to develop the book typology. The contribution of Yu. N. Stolyarov’s works to the system characterization of the book as an object of communication, as well as to the development of problems of book culture and the culture of the book, is emphasized. The author concludes that the fundamental studies in documentology by Yu. N. Stolyarov have laid the foundation for modern bibliology and are highly relevant, in particular for training future librarians and publishers, as they provide the comprehensive understanding of the book and its status in the structure of the document.

TEACHING FUTURE MATHEMATICS TEACHERS BASED ON A CONTEXTUAL APPROACH

Principles of teaching (didactic principles) are the basic (general, guiding) provisions that determine the content, organizational forms and methods of the educational process in accordance with its goals and laws. Such guidelines characterize the ways in which laws and regulations can be used in accordance with intended purposes. The principles of teaching, by their origin, are a theoretical generalization of pedagogical practice. They are objective in nature, arise from practical experience, and therefore are guidelines that regulate activities in the process of teaching people. The principles cover all aspects of the learning process. At the same time, they are subjective in nature, since they are reflected in the teacher’s consciousness in different ways, with varying degrees of completeness and accuracy.

Mathematical model of single-channel search for signals of mobile radio communications with one degree of detection in the frequency-time domain.

In the context of a full-scale invasion and military operations for Ukraine's independence, the issues of radio monitoring of radio emission sources of telecommunication networks and systems are gaining special attention and require fundamentally new approaches to the level of informatization, technical implementation and increase of their efficiency. Today, the technical means of radio interception, monitoring and direction finding in the networks of mobile radio communication systems are realized in the form of software and hardware complexes, the most important performance indicators of which are considered to be speed, accuracy of detection and probability of recognition of mobile radio communication means with their information content. At the same time, these issues still remain problematic and require further development of methods and techniques for searching and detecting signals of mobile radio communications in both frequency and time telecommunication channels and their information processing. To solve this issue, the authors propose a mathematical model for searching for mobile radio signals in the frequency-time domain with one degree of detection. The description of the mathematical model for determining the spectral components of signals in the frequency and time domains is carried out using the basic provisions of the theory of directed probability graphs, geometric probabilities with its well-known problem of meeting in a given time interval, and the theoretical foundations of statistical information processing. The analysis of the proposed model shows that the probability of successful completion of the search for a signal with one degree of detection in the frequency-time domain for a given time depends on the value of the signal duration, the number of analyzed frequency channels, the time of signal analysis in each channel, and the probabilities of errors of the first and second kinds The article presents the results of calculations of the value of the probability of successful completion of the signal search as a function of the search time at different values of the analysis time. It is shown that the application of the mathematical model of single-channel search for signals of mobile radio communication means with one degree of detection in the frequency-time domain in practice will make it possible to determine the quality of the radio monitoring process and increase the efficiency of evaluating the spectral components of radio signals in terms of speed, detection accuracy and probability of recognition of mobile radio communication means with further determination of their information content.

APPLICATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN MEMORY OBJECTS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE TERRITORY OF BABYN YAR

The article is dedicated to researching the possibilities of interaction of modern information and communication technologies with objects of memory, which in the long term will remain the main examples of architectural and sculptural means for immortalizing certain figures, events, circumstances in Ukrainian society, primarily related to the military aggression of the Russian Federation. The relevance of this topic also lies in local familiarization with modern multimedia techniques and information methods, with the help of which it is now possible to emotionally influence the observer and more fully and clearly convey a certain message of a significant place or building. An overview of the currently available studies that fully or tangentially touch on the raised issues has been conducted. The essence of the concept of the research object and its basic provisions are formulated. Significant installations and places of the territory of the National Historical and Memorial Reserve «Babyn Yar» are described in detail, which serve as reference points, samples, based on which conclusions are formed regarding the quality and feasibility of using information technologies. The material on memory objects has been analyzed and synthesized, which can become an impetus for further research and a basis for the creation of memorials and monuments of various types. Еhe use of information and communication technologies in the process of functional-spatial formation of memory objects is the latest effective method for the most complete preservation and the brightest, most expedient delivery of information, strengthening the impression of a place, expressing the composition, etc.

Концепт saeculum в трактатах блаженного Августина Аврелия «Об истинной религии» и «О Книге Бытия буквально»

This article offers a contextual study of the concept of saeculum in the treatises of St. Aurelius Augustine «De vera religione» and «De Genesi ad litteram». Based on the analysis of the use of the noun saeculum in the treatises, the author comes to the conclusion that, although all the basic provisions have already been set out in the treatise «De vera religione», in the treatise «De Genesi ad litteram» they receive significant deepening and development, some new ideas related to this concept appear. These new meanings in the theoretical theological and philosophical basis of the treatises of St. Augustine include the fact that the polysemantic term saeculum — “age”, “world”, can have both a purely temporal meaning of a “temporal era”, and can be contrasted with the reality of human existence with the Divine, in sense of the biblical meaning of “this world”.

Legal Issues in the European Unions Anti-Cross Border Subsidy Measures: A Study

This article provides a panoramic overview of the "Foreign Subsidies Regulation" that passed on June 30, 2022 and officially took effect throughout the European Union on July 13, 2023. It conducts a deep analysis of the Foreign Subsidies Regulation through the background analysis and discusses why is the Foreign Subsidies Regulation made. Then the basic provisions of the Foreign Subsidies Regulations are discussed in detail from the aspects of the definition of foreign subsidies, distortive effects, review procedures of foreign subsidies, and implementing agencies. In future, most of the non-EU companies doing business in Europe could be subject to the European Commission's new rules on foreign subsidies. Then this article provides an objective analysis of access for companies investing in Europe. By discussing the possible influence, this article identifies strategies for non-EU countries' companies investing in Europe from four aspects:compliance management, corporate mergers and acquisitions and investment, public procurement and corporate financing. Hope the suggestions in this article can be helpful.

Психолингвистический аспект обучения иноязычной письменной речи в высшей школе

The aim of the study is a theoretical understanding of the process of generating foreign language written speech from the standpoint of a psycholinguistic approach to optimize the content of teaching writing in a foreign language in training students of both linguistic and non-linguistic specialties. The article theoretically examines the opinions of domestic and foreign scientists regarding the basic models of generating foreign language written speech, and also identifies psychological components such as self-regulation, motivation to learn a language, autonomy, attitude towards learning a language, anxiety, self-efficacy and willingness to communicate in a foreign language, ensuring success in the process of teaching writing in a foreign language. The scientific novelty of the study lies in identifying the basic provisions of the written speech generation process necessary to solve the problems associated with organizing the process of teaching foreign language written speech in higher education. As a result of the study, it was found that the success of generating a written text depends not only on the knowledge of the quantitative and qualitative levels of its structuring, but also on the focus of the learners’ personality and their individual differences.